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Response of hybrid grapes (Vitis spp.) to two biotic stress factors and their seedlessness status

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Published/Copyright: December 30, 2025
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Grape varieties belonging to the Vitis vinifera species are widely grown worldwide, and many of these are susceptible to powdery mildew and downy mildew. However, wild Vitis species are pretty resistant to these diseases. Hybrid genotypes that are resistant or tolerant to diseases can be produced through crossbreeding studies between V. vinifera and other Vitis species. Today, the demand for new table grape varieties, both seedless and disease-resistant or tolerant, has increased. In our study, we scored the resistance of F1 hybrid grape genotypes developed through crossbreeding with different Vitis species to powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) after natural inoculation. Furthermore, both seedless and disease-resistant genotypes were identified using marker-assisted selection (MAS). Disease scoring of 470 hybrid grape genotypes revealed that 31 were highly resistant to both powdery mildew and downy mildew. To determine seedlessness, 351 genotypes were screened using the 5U_VviAGL11 SSR marker using MAS, resulting in 136 potential seedless genotypes. Among these possible seedless hybrid grape genotypes, 77 genotypes were determined to be very resistant or resistant to both powdery mildew and downy mildew. The fruit characteristics of these 77 hybrid genotypes will be evaluated over the next few years, and they will also be utilized in future breeding studies to develop new varieties suitable for a sustainable viticulture model.

Keywords: MAS; powdery mildew; downy mildew; seedless; resistance; table grape

1 Introduction

Türkiye’s location is in a very suitable climate zone for grapevine cultivation, and the history of viticulture dates back to ancient times. In addition, different institutions in Türkiye have conducted breeding studies for many years, and many new grape varieties have been developed as a result of these studies [1]. In particular, recent breeding studies conducted for table purposes have focused on developing new seedless grape varieties that are tolerant or resistant to fungal diseases, in response to consumer demands [2]. Growing table grapes in humid regions is not easy due to the damage caused by fungal diseases, such as powdery mildew and downy mildew. It is generally considered that downy mildew (DM) develops mainly in wet periods [3], whereas powdery mildew (PM) grows in dry periods [4]. Due to these diseases, a large number of fungicides are used on grapes throughout the year. This not only poses a significant threat to human and environmental health but also significantly increases production costs during the growing season [5]. In addition, in parallel with climate change resulting from increasing temperatures, researchers are trying to develop new table grape varieties that are more resistant or tolerant to diseases [6].

While the results of breeding studies in viticulture are typically obtained over many years, the desired outcomes can be achieved in a shorter timeframe with the use of newly developed molecular methods and marker-assisted selection (MAS) [7]. The hybrid population is screened with markers that determine seedlessness, and seedless genotypes are selected; seeded ones are not planted unnecessarily in the experimental plot [8].

Researchers have developed a variety of molecular markers to identify seedlessness in grapes [8], [9], [10], [11] random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, and, most recently, simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. Two SCAR markers (SCC8-1080 and SCF27-2000) were developed through bulk segregant analysis (BSA) by associating the imbalance with a seed development inhibitor (SDI), and they were found to be suitable for populations in which both parents were seedless [12], 13]. Mejia et al. [14] reported that short ’insertions’ and ’deletions’ (INDELs) suppressed the expression of the VviAGL11 gene, and they reported that the VviAGL11 gene may be responsible for seedlessness.

Hybridization between V. labrusca and Vitis vinifera increases resistance to fungal pathogens without compromising seedlessness traits. We hypothesized that cross-breeding Vitis species with known resistance loci can yield disease-resistant, seedless table grape genotypes, enabling reduced pesticide use and increased sustainability in humid climates. This study assessed the resistance of 470 hybrid genotypes derived from a table grape breeding program to powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases. Additionally, the widely known 5U_VviAGL11 SSR marker was used to determine the seedlessness status of the hybrid genotypes.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Plant materials and trial area

The trial area is in Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute (YAHCRI) in the centre of Yalova Province. Its coordinates are 40° 39 min 40 s North latitude and 29° 17 min 22 s East longitude; the altitude is 3 m, and the distance to the sea is approximately 150 m. Important climate data for the long-term and trial years of the nursery area where hybrid genotypes are located are given in Figure 1. The hybrid genotypes used in this study were obtained from cross-breeding studies between different Vitis species. The origins of the parents used in the cross-breeding studies are briefly as follows;

Figure 1: Important climate data for long term and trial years of the nursery area where hybrid genotypes are located.
Figure 1:

Important climate data for long term and trial years of the nursery area where hybrid genotypes are located.

K-77 (V. labrusca): This genotype was taken from a vineyard near Ankara by YAHCRI during a selection study in 2017 and grafted into the genetic resources parcel.

Bronx Seedless (Interspecific Cross) (Goff X Iona) X Sultana): The Bronx Seedless variety was developed in 1925 by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station and New York Botanical Garden.

Beyaz Çavuş (V. vinifera): This variety is grown in different provinces of Turkey. A clone selection study was conducted by YAHCRI in 1997 for this variety, and three clones were selected. Clone No. 13 was used in this study.

Crimson Seedless (V. vinifera): This variety was selected in 1983 by David Ramming as a result of breeding work done at the Horticultural Field Station USDA/ARS.

Red Globe (V. vinifera): This variety was selected and registered in 1958 as a result of the breeding work done by Olmo et al. at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California.

Yalova Seedless (V. vinifera) (Beyrut Hurması × Perlette): This variety was selected and registered as a result of the breeding work carried out in YAHCRI in 1990.

86/1 (V. vinifera) (Hafızali X Muscat Reine des Vignes): This hybrid genotype was obtained due to crossbreeding studies conducted by YAHCRI, but it was not registered due to its female flower structure. It was protected in the genetic resources parcel of the same institute and used as a parent in subsequent breeding studies.

Ruby Seedless (V. vinifera) (Emperor x Sultana Moscata): This variety was selected and registered in 1950 as a result of the breeding work done by Olmo at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California.

More information and photos of the parents are given in Table 1 and Figure 2. These F1 hybrid grape genotypes constituted the primary material of the study. Following the experiment, specific coding was performed for each F1 hybrid individual obtained from the combinations. While the letter used in the coding represents the year of cross-breeding, the first number on the right side indicates the combination number, and the rightmost number indicates the genotype number. The seeds extracted from the hybrid grapes during harvest were germinated in the greenhouse the following spring, and F1 hybrid grape seedlings were obtained. Cross-breeding, disease scoring, DNA isolation, and PCR were performed in a nursery, an experimental greenhouse, and a biotechnology laboratory located at the Yalova Atatürk Horticulture Central Research Institute. Capillary electrophoresis was performed in the molecular genetic laboratory of the Horticulture Department of Ankara University.

Table 1:

Characteristics of the parents of the hybrid genotypes used in the study.

Combination code Mother (♀) parent Pollinator (♂) parent
B-5 K-77 (V. labrusca)

This grape genotype was selected by YAHCRI as a result of selection breeding. It has berries that are resistant to fungal diseases, black in colour, and have seeds and an intense foxy flavour.		 Bronx seedless (interspecific cross)

(Goff X iona) X sultana)

It has foxy-flavoured, red and seedless fruits.
B-10 Beyaz Çavuş (V. vinifera)

It has a female flower structure, yellowish green colour, slightly oval, and large berries with 1–2 seeds. It has a flavour specific to the variety.		 Crimson seedless (V. vinifera)

Its berries are elliptical, red, seedless, crunchy fleshy and large (3.7 g). It harvests in the middle and late period.
B-16 Red globe (V. vinifera)

The berry characteristics are round/slightly elliptical, pinkish red and very large berries (12–14 gr).		 Yalova seedless (V. vinifera)

It was registered in Yalova ABKMAE in 1990. The berry is oval, white, large (4–5 gr.), seedless and thin-skinned.
B-20 86/1 (V. vinifera)

(Hafızali X Muscat Reine des Vignes)

It has a female flower structure, yellowish green colour, slightly oval, and middle size berries with 1–2 seeds also it has intense muscat flavour		 Bronx seedless (interspecific cross)

(Goff X iona) X sultana)
B-21 86/1 (V. vinifera)

(Hafızali X Muscat Reine des Vignes)		 Ruby seedless (V. vinifera)

(Emperor x sultana Moscata)

It has red, large and seedless berries.

  1. Variety name of the parents are in bold.

Figure 2: Photos of parents used in cross-breeding studies.
Figure 2:

Photos of parents used in cross-breeding studies.

2.2 Scoring the resistance of F1 hybrid grape genotypes to powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) and downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) diseases

This study consists of two main stages. The first part involved scoring the resistance of F1 hybrid grape genotypes to powdery mildew (E. necator) and downy mildew (P. viticola), and the second part involved determining the resistance of similar genotypes to seedless genotypes via marker-assisted selection (MAS).

The parents used in the study consist of interspecific hybrids, V. labrusca and V. vinifera. Among these, the Ren2, Ren3, Ren9 and Ren10 regions of the powdery mildew disease resistance gene loci of interspecific hybrids; V. vinifera varieties may contain the Ren1, Ren1.2, Ren 14 and Ren 15 loci. In terms of resistance to Downy mildew disease, interspecific hybrids from parents Rpv4, Rpv7, Rpv11, Rpv17, Rpv18, Rpv20 and Rpv21; V. vinifera Rpv28, Rpv29, Rpv30, Rpv31, Rpv36, Rpv37 and finally V. labrusca varieties may contain Rpv3.2 loci [1]. F1 hybrid grapevines rooted in pots were assessed to determine the resistant level of the genotypes to powdery mildew and mildew diseases. The disease source grapevine plants were grown in the greenhouse to prevent early transmission of the disease and were placed at equal intervals within the F1 population in the last week of May for downy mildew and in the second week of June for powdery mildew. The distance between diseased plants and F1 hybrid plants varies between 30 cm and 200 cm. In order to ensure equal disease transmission, artificial air movement was created with fans and all hybrid plants were infected equally.

As a result of many years of observations, the resistance status of the parents used in the study against both diseases is as follows; K-77 is resistant to both diseases because it belongs to the V. labrusca species. Bronx seedless, an interspecific hybrid, is similarly resistant to both diseases. Other varieties belong to the V. vinifera species, of which Red Globe, Beyaz Çavuş, 86/1 and Crimson Seedless are more tolerant to downy mildew than other varieties. In terms of powdery mildew, Red Globe and Crimson Seedless are tolerant, while other V. vinifera varieties are sensitive [5], 15].

Following the development of 10 leaves on the shoots, these grapevines were placed in natural environments close to the diseased grapevines on the grape plots of the institute, and they were infected with powdery mildew and downy mildew by the natural inoculation method. At this stage, no fungicide was applied to the grape plants in the main plot or the F1 plants in the pot. Powdery and downy mildew infections on the leaves were examined and scored on the dates when the infection was most intense.

Downy mildew scoring was performed on 21 June, and powdery mildew scoring was performed on 10 August. Powdery and downy mildew infections in the genotypes were detected between the fourth and eighth leaves from the tip of each young hybrid grapevine plant. The coverage area of the infections was determined by calculating the percentage of disease lesions observed in the entire leaf area according to the procedure of OIV-452, 455, and 456 [16]. Tables 2 and 3 show how downy and powdery mildew scoring was performed. Additionally, examples of hybrid genotypes scored for powdery mildew and downy mildew are given in Figure 3.

Table 2:

Powdery mildew infection scoring and disease resistance definitions of genotypes under the same conditions.

Score Symptoms Description
1 Very low (tiny spots or no symptoms; neither visible sporulation nor mycelium) Very resistant
3 Low (limited patches <2 cm diameter; limited sporulation and mycelium; the presence of Erysiphe is only indicated by a slight curling of the blade) Resistant
5 Medium (patches usually limited to a diameter of 2–5 cm) Tolerant
7 High (vast patches; some limited; strong sporulation and abundant mycelium) Susceptible
9 Very high (very vast, unlimited patches or totally attached leaf blades; strong sporulation and abundant mycelium) Very susceptible
Table 3:

Downy mildew infection scoring and disease resistance definitions of genotypes under the same conditions.

Score Symptoms Description
1 Very low (tiny necrotic spots or no symptoms; neither sporulation nor mycelium) Very resistant
3 Low (small patches <1 cm in diameter; little sporulation or mycelium) Resistant
5 Medium (little patches 1–2 cm in diameter; more or less strong sporulation; irregular formation of mycelium) Tolerant
7 High (vast patches; strong sporulation and abundant mycelium; leaf drop later than below) Susceptible
9 Very high (vast patches or totally attached leaf blades; strong sporulation and dense mycelium; very early leaf drop) Very susceptible
Figure 3: Photos and scores of diseased leaves of some hybrid grapes used in the study.
Figure 3:

Photos and scores of diseased leaves of some hybrid grapes used in the study.

2.3 Determination of seedless genotypes with MAS

For MAS analyses, 100 mg of fresh leaf samples of each genotype were taken, placed in a 2.0 mL high-pressure resistant plastic tube with a metal ball and then immersed in liquid nitrogen for approximately 30 s. After removal from liquid nitrogen, the samples were shredded using a Qiagen Tissuelyser-II shredder until they turned into powder. Using the Qiagen DNeasy Plant Mini Kit, DNA was extracted from the powdered samples.

A Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Implen N-60 Touch) and 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis were used to measure the quantity and quality of the DNA. The DNA isolation processes for genotypes with insufficient DNA quantity and purity were repeated. All DNA was diluted to a final volume of 10 ng/μl. The 5U_VviAGL11 SSR marker was used to determine possible seedless genotypes among the isolated DNA samples. The forward and reverse sequences of this marker are as follows [17].

Forward primer: 5′-CGC CCATTC TCT CTC GCT AT-3′

Reverse primer: 5′-GTG CAA AAA CGC GTA TCC CA-3′

The following mixture was made for the PCR procedure using this primer: 100 ng of DNA, 10 pmol of forward primer, 10 pmol of reverse primer, 12.5 μL of master mix, and a final volume of 25 μl of PCR water. With the mixture prepared in this way, the following program in the Bio-Rad T-100 Thermal Cycler device was used: 3 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min at 55 °C, 2 min at 72 °C, and finally 10 min at 72 °C (35 cycles for steps 2, 3, and 4).

The amplification of PCR products was checked by loading 10 μL of each sample on a 2 % agarose gel. Gel images were taken with a Vilber E-Box imaging system. A 10 μL DNA Ladder (50–1000 bp) was loaded into the first well of each gel, and band sizes were determined with the help of this ladder. For samples that did not work, the PCR process was repeated in the same way. The exact band sizes of the PCR products were determined by capillary electrophoresis in a DNA fragment analysis system.

Peak images were obtained with a capillary electrophoresis (Advanced Analytic Fragment Analyser) system at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Ankara University Department of Horticulture. Then, ProSize software was used to determine allele sizes in the peaks.

3 Results

3.1 Scoring of F1 hybrid genotypes for powdery mildew and mildew diseases

Scoring results for powdery mildew (E. necator) and downy mildew (P. viticola) diseases as a result of natural inoculation of F1 hybrid grape genotypes are given in Tables 4. Additionally, in Figure 4, powdery mildew and downy mildew scores are shown in a circular graph (right) according to the number of genotypes in the combinations (left graph) and the percentage distribution of genotypes.

Table 4:

Scoring results for powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases as a result of natural inoculation of F1 hybrid grape genotypes. (G.Code: Genotype Code, PM: powdery mildew and DM: downy mildew).

G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM
B5-2 1 3 B5-95 3 3 B10-167 5 3 B10-231 3 1
B5-3 1 1 B5-97 3 3 B10-168 3 1 B10-232 3 1
B5-4 3 1 B5-100 1 1 B10-169 3 3 B10-234 3 1
B5-5 1 1 B5-104 1 1 B10-170 7 5 B10-237 3 1
B5-6 1 5 B5-105 5 3 B10-171 5 3 B10-238 3 1
B5-7 3 3 B5-109 3 3 B10-172 5 3 B10-246 3 1
B5-8 3 3 B5-111 3 3 B10-173 5 5 B10-247 3 1
B5-9 1 3 B5-114 1 3 B10-174 3 1 B10-253 5 1
B5-10 3 3 B5-117 5 1 B10-175 3 1 B10-264 5 1
B5-11 1 1 B5-122 5 5 B10-178 5 3 B10-265 7 3
B5-15 5 1 B5-125 3 1 B10-180 5 3 B10-270 5 3
B5-16 1 1 B5-127 1 5 B10-181 1 1 B10-273 5 3
B5-17 1 1 B5-128 1 3 B10-182 5 1 B10-277 1 3
B5-18 1 1 B5-129 3 1 B10-183 5 3 B10-284 3 1
B5-19 3 1 B5-137 3 3 B10-185 5 1 B10-290 5 3
B5-20 3 3 B5-130 3 1 B10-186 5 3 B10-296 1 3
B5-21 3 5 B5-133 7 3 B10-187 1 5 B10-302 5 5
B5-22 1 3 B5-135 3 3 B10-190 7 3 B10-327 3 1
B5-24 1 1 B5-136 3 3 B10-193 3 3 B10-329 1 1
B5-25 3 1 B5-138 1 3 B10-194 1 3 B10-333 3 1
B5-26 3 3 B5-139 3 1 B10-195 1 3 B10-337 5 1
B5-27 3 3 B10-127 7 5 B10-196 1 3 B16-2 3 3
B5-29 3 3 B10-129 7 5 B10-198 3 1 B16-8 3 5
B5-31 5 3 B10-132 5 3 B10-199 3 1 B16-9 3 3
B5-32 3 1 B10-133 5 3 B10-200 5 1 B16-15 5 3
B5-33 3 3 B10-134 5 5 B10-203 5 3 B16-16 3 5
B5-35 1 5 B10-136 7 3 B10-204 5 1 B16-18 3 5
B5-37 3 1 B10-137 5 5 B10-205 3 5 B16-22 3 3
B5-39 5 1 B10-138 7 3 B10-207 1 3 B16-27 3 3
B5-41 3 5 B10-141 5 1 B10-209 7 3 B16-28 1 5
B5-46 1 3 B10-145 5 3 B10-213 3 1 B16-29 3 3
B5-49 3 1 B10-146 5 3 B10-214 3 5 B16-30 3 3
B5-52 5 1 B10-147 3 5 B10-215 3 3 B16-38 3 3
B5-58 3 1 B10-149 5 1 B10-216 3 5 B16-39 3 3
B5-59 3 3 B10-151 5 1 B10-217 1 3 B16-41 1 3
B5-61 5 1 B10-154 5 1 B10-218 5 1 B16-43 3 3
B5-62 5 1 B10-155 5 1 B10-220 3 3 B16-58 1 5
B5-67 1 5 B10-157 3 1 B10-221 5 3 B16-68 3 3
B5-69 3 3 B10-158 5 1 B10-222 7 3 B16-76 3 3
B5-70 3 1 B10-160 5 1 B10-223 1 1 B16-85 3 1
B5-71 5 1 B10-161 5 1 B10-224 5 1 B16-87 3 1
B5-81 1 3 B10-162 3 3 B10-226 3 3 B16-88 3 1
B5-82 1 1 B10-164 3 3 B10-227 3 1 B16-104 5 3
B5-93 1 1 B10-165 5 3 B10-229 3 1 B16-108 3 1
B5-84 3 1 B10-166 5 3 B10-230 3 1 B16-109 1 3
B16-126 3 1 B16-190 7 3 B20-68 1 3 B20-129 3 5
B16-128 3 1 B16-191 5 1 B20-69 1 5 B20-130 5 5
B16-134 3 1 B16-192 3 3 B20-70 3 3 B20-131 3 3
B16-135 5 3 B16-196 3 3 B20-71 5 3 B20-132 3 3
B16-140 3 1 B16-197 3 3 B20-72 1 1 B20-133 3 1
B16-142 3 1 B16-198 3 3 B20-73 1 1 B20-135 3 5
B16-143 1 1 B16-200 5 3 B20-74 1 3 B20-136 3 3
B16-144 1 1 B16-201 3 5 B20-76 3 3 B20-138 3 1
B16-145 3 5 B16-203 3 3 B20-77 3 3 B20-139 1 3
B16-146 1 1 B16-204 3 5 B20-80 5 5 B20-140 3 1
B16-147 3 3 B16-205 3 3 B20-81 3 3 B20-141 3 5
B16-148 1 5 B16-208 1 5 B20-82 3 3 B20-142 3 3
B16-149 3 1 B16-210 3 3 B20-83 3 3 B20-145 1 3
B16-150 1 1 B16-211 1 3 B20-84 1 3 B20-146 1 3
B16-151 5 1 B16-212 5 3 B20-85 1 1 B20-147 1 3
B16-154 5 1 B16-213 5 3 B20-87 3 3 B20-148 3 1
B16-155 3 3 B16-214 1 3 B20-88 3 3 B20-149 3 3
B16-156 3 3 B16-215 3 3 B20-90 3 5 B20-150 5 1
B16-157 3 1 B16-216 1 3 B20-93 1 3 B20-151 1 0
B16-159 5 1 B16-217 3 3 B20-95 5 3 B20-153 1 0
B16-160 5 3 B16-218 3 3 B20-96 3 3 B20-154 1 0
B16-162 3 1 B16-219 3 3 B20-97 3 3 B20-156 1 0
B16-163 3 1 B16-221 5 3 B20-98 3 3 B20-161 3 0
B16-164 3 1 B16-222 5 3 B20-99 3 3 B20-162 0 3
B16-165 5 5 B16-223 3 3 B20-101 3 3 B20-163 3 0
B16-167 3 1 B16-225 3 1 B20-105 3 3 B20-165 1 0
B16-168 1 5 B16-226 1 3 B20-107 3 3 B20-166 5 1
B16-169 3 3 B16-227 5 3 B20-110 3 3 B20-167 3 1
B16-170 3 3 B16-228 3 1 B20-111 3 1 B20-168 3 0
B16-171 5 1 B16-230 3 1 B20-113 1 3 B20-171 3 1
B16-172 1 3 B16-231 3 0 B20-114 1 3 B20-172 3 1
B16-173 5 1 B16-232 3 3 B20-115 3 3 B20-175 1 3
B16-174 3 3 B16-233 3 3 B20-116 3 3 B20-180 3 3
B16-176 3 3 B16-234 3 1 B20-117 1 5 B20-181 3 3
B16-177 1 1 B16-236 3 1 B20-118 1 5 B20-187 3 1
B16-178 1 3 B16-237 5 3 B20-119 5 3 B20-188 5 3
B16-182 3 3 B16-238 3 3 B20-120 3 3 B20-190 5 1
B16-183 3 3 B16-239 0 1 B20-121 5 3 B20-194 3 5
B16-184 3 5 B16-240 3 1 B20-122 3 1 B20-206 3 3
B16-185 3 3 B16-241 3 3 B20-124 3 3 B20-220 3 1
B16-186 5 3 B16-242 0 1 B20-125 3 3 B20-222 1 3
B16-187 3 3 B20-62 1 3 B20-126 3 3 B20-228 3 3
B16-188 3 5 B20-64 1 1 B20-127 3 3 B20-230 3 3
B16-189 3 3 B20-67 3 3 B20-128 3 5 B20-235 3 3
B20-259 1 3 B21-58 3 3 B21-96 1 5 B21-132 3 3
B20-286 3 1 B21-60 3 3 B21-97 1 3 B21-133 3 3
B20-296 3 3 B21-62 5 5 B21-99 3 3 B21-134 1 5
B20-323 3 1 B21-63 1 3 B21-100 3 3 B21-135 3 3
B20-355 1 1 B21-64 3 5 B21-101 1 5 B21-136 1 5
B20-379 1 3 B21-65 3 5 B21-102 3 3 B21-137 3 5
B20-399 3 3 B21-66 3 3 B21-103 1 3 B21-138 3 5
B20-422 3 1 B21-67 3 5 B21-104 3 3 B21-139 3 3
B20-423 7 5 B21-68 1 3 B21-105 3 5 B21-140 1 3
B20-425 3 5 B21-69 3 3 B21-106 5 3 B21-141 1 3
B20-427 3 1 B21-70 3 3 B21-107 3 3 B21-142 1 5
B20-435 3 5 B21-71 5 3 B21-109 3 3 B21-143 3 1
B20-437 5 3 B21-72 3 3 B21-110 3 5 B21-144 3 3
B20-451 1 3 B21-73 3 5 B21-111 1 3 B21-146 1 3
B21-4 3 5 B21-74 3 3 B21-113 1 3 B21-147 3 3
B21-7 3 1 B21-75 3 5 B21-114 3 3 B21-148 3 3
B21-11 3 5 B21-76 1 3 B21-116 3 3 B21-149 1 5
B21-20 3 5 B21-78 3 5 B21-117 3 3 B21-150 3 3
B21-28 3 5 B21-79 3 5 B21-119 1 5 B21-151 3 1
B21-31 3 3 B21-81 1 7 B21-120 3 3 B21-152 3 3
B21-35 3 1 B21-82 3 3 B21-123 3 3 B21-153 3 3
B21-37 1 5 B21-83 3 5 B21-124 3 5 B21-154 3 3
B21-40 1 3 B21-84 3 5 B21-125 3 3 B21-155 3 3
B21-42 3 7 B21-86 3 5 B21-126 3 3 B21-156 3 5
B21-44 1 3 B21-89 3 3 B21-127 3 3 B21-158 3 3
B21-47 3 3 B21-90 1 5 B21-128 3 3 B21-159 1 5
B21-51 1 7 B21-91 1 5 B21-129 1 3 B21-160 1 5
B21-56 1 5 B21-92 3 3 B21-130 1 3
B21-57 3 5 B21-95 3 3 B21-131 3 3

  1. Name of the hybrids (genotypes) are in bold.

Figure 4: The powdery mildew and downy mildew scores are shown in a circular graph (right) according to the number of genotypes in the combinations (left graph) and the percentage distribution of genotypes.
Figure 4:

The powdery mildew and downy mildew scores are shown in a circular graph (right) according to the number of genotypes in the combinations (left graph) and the percentage distribution of genotypes.

The study scored 66 hybrid genotypes belonging to the B5 combination (K-77 X Bronx Seedless). Powdery mildew scoring revealed that 23 genotypes were classified as highly resistant (HR), 32 genotypes as resistant (R), 10 genotypes as tolerant (T), and one genotype as sensitive (S). For downy mildew, 31 genotypes were scored as HR, 28 genotypes as R, and 7 genotypes as T. In the B10 combination (Beyaz Çavuş X Crimson Seedless), a total of 90 genotypes were scored. In these scoring systems, 11 genotypes were defined as HR, 31 as R, 39 as T, and nine as S against powdery mildew disease, while 40 as HR, 38 as R, and 12 as T according to the downy mildew disease scores. In the B16 (Red Globe X Yalova Seedless) combination, 109 genotypes were scored. For powdery mildew, 20 genotypes were scored as HR, 69 as genotype R, 19 as genotype T, and one as genotype S. For downy mildew, 35 genotypes were scored as HR, 60 genotypes as R, and 14 genotypes as T.

For the B20 (86/1X Bronx Seedless) combination, 105 genotypes were scored. For powdery mildew, 31 genotypes were scored as HR, 63 as genotype R, 10 as genotype T, and one as genotype R. For downy mildew, 31 genotypes were identified as HR, 60 as R, and 14 as T. A total of 109 genotypes were scored in the B21 (86/1X Ruby Seedless) combination. According to the powdery mildew disease scores, 29 HR genotypes, 68 R genotypes, and three T genotypes were identified. There were four HR genotypes, 58 R genotypes, 35 T genotypes, and three S genotypes related to downy mildew.

Among the hybrid grape genotypes used in the research, 11 genotypes from the B5 combination, three from the B10 combination, seven from the B16 combination, and 10 from the B20 combination were determined to be highly resistant to both diseases. The genotype that is highly resistant to both diseases could not be identified from the B21 combination.

According to the scoring results, the percentages of highly resistant genotypes that received 1 point from both disease scores on a combination basis were as follows: 35.48 % for the B5 (Bronx Seedless X K-77) combination, 32.25 % for the B20 combination (Bronx Seedless X 86/1), 22.58 % for the B16 (Yalova Seedless X Red Globe) combination and 9.67 % for the B10 combination (Crimson Seedless X Beyaz Çavuş). The B5 (Bronx Seedless X K-77) combination had the greatest resistance to various diseases (Figure 4). The main reason for this is that its parents are interspecific hybrids and V. labrusca species.

3.2 Determination of seedless genotypes with MAS

In this part of the study, combination B5, which had many problems during the DNA isolation and PCR amplification stages, was excluded from the research. The presence of seedless gene regions was detected in the genotypes of other combinations of PCR products using the 5U_VviAGL11 primer, and their exact band sizes were then determined with the capillary system. The allele sizes of the hybrid grape genotypes were examined with a Fragment Analyser device. The genotypes detected with the 318-bp allele, which is associated with seedlessness, were selected as seedless. As a result of the evaluations made according to the presence of this allele, it was determined that 136 hybrid grape genotypes could be seedless. Tables 5–8 present the MAS results for seedlessness, while Table 9 lists only hybrid genotypes with an allele size of 318-bp that could potentially be seedless.

Table 5:

Allele sizes (bp) of genotypes belonging to the B10 combination amplified with the 5U_VviAGL11 primer.

G.Code Allele size (bp) G.Code Allele size (bp)
B10-127 287 296 327 B10-209 317 325
B10-129 284 294 315 325 B10-213 313 323
B10-132 316 326 B10-214 314 324
B10-133 317 324 B10-215 317 399 463
B10-136 317 325 398 B10-216 316 324
B10-137 285 294 306 317 B10-217 293 315
B10-138 314 324 B10-218 320 331
B10-145 283 292 323 B10-220 317 324 399 461
B10-147 317 B10-221 311 321
B10-149 314 324 B10-222 312 322
B10-155 317 325 B10-223 316 324
B10-157 317 325 399 B10-224 283 292
B10-158 284 293 314 324 B10-225 283 293
B10-160 293 B10-226 284 294 314 324
B10-161 314 324 B10-227 283 291 303 314
B10-162 293 315 B10-229 284 293 305 316
B10-164 293 316 B10-230 283 293 305 315
B10-165 285 294 307 317 B10-231 284 294 306 317
B10-166 284 293 305 B10-232 316
B10-167 315 324 B10-234 284 293 305 316
B10-168 283 293 B10-237 283 292 313 323
B10-169 284 293 314 324 B10-238 313 322
B10-170 317 325 B10-240 315 326
B10-171 284 294 315 325 B10-243 284 293 305 316
B10-172 286 295 316 326 B10-246 316 323
B10-173 316 324 399 462 B10-247 293
B10-174 317 B10-252 314 324
B10-175 284 293 305 316 B10-253 314 324
B10-178 314 321 B10-256 312 324
B10-180 314 325 B10-259 286 295 316 326
B10-181 316 324 B10-264 314 325
B10-182 293 B10-270 313 324
B10-183 284 293 314 324 B10-273 293 316
B10-185 313 323 B10-277 318 325
B10-187 314 325 B10-284 283 292 304 315
B10-190 315 325 B10-289 285 294 317 431
B10-193 285 294 306 317 B10-290 284 293 314 323
B10-194 317 325 399 462 B10-292 284 294
B10-196 314 325 B10-296 293
B10-199 284 293 B10-302 316 324
B10-200 317 325 401 463 B10-323 312 323
B10-203 293 303 316 B10-327 316 324
B10-204 317 324 399 B10-333 315 323
B10-207 284 293 314 324 B10-337 316 324 399
Table 6:

Allele sizes (bp) of genotypes belonging to the B16 combination amplified with the 5U_VviAGL11 primer.

G.Code Allele size (bp) G.Code Allele size (bp)
B16-9 286 310 B16-169 287 315
B16-15 284 307 B16-170 314 323
B16-16 286 314 B16-172 286 310
B16-18 310 323 B16-173 316 325
B16-22 316 324 B16-174 314 323
B16-27 314 322 B16-176 286 314
B16-28 307 B16-177 292 320
B16-29 282 291 302 314 B16-178 282 291 302 313
B16-30 285 314 B16-182 314 323
B16-38 287 314 B16-183 286 314
B16-39 314 325 B16-184 310 322
B16-41 315 324 B16-186 315 322
B16-43 312 320 B16-187 287 315
B16-58 310 323 B16-188 287
B16-68 286 314 B16-189 315 323
B16-76 286 310 B16-191 287 311
B16-85 286 314 B16-192 311 324
B16-87 311 323 B16-197 316 324
B16-88 315 323 B16-200 317 325
B16-104 315 323 B16-201 189 317
B16-108 312 325 B16-203 286 315
B16-109 286 315 B16-204 288 316
B16-126 286 315 B16-205 290 301 312
B16-128 279 307 B16-208 286 310
B16-134 315 323 B16-211 288 316
B16-135 309 322 B16-212 288 317
B16-140 287 311 B16-213 281 308
B16-142 314 322 B16-215 286 314
B16-143 314 323 B16-216 289 313
B16-144 285 309 B16-217 311 324
B16-145 286 314 B16-218 288 317
B16-146 313 322 B16-219 288 312
B16-147 316 324 B16-221 317 325
B16-148 310 323 B16-222 285 313
B16-149 315 324 B16-225 308
B16-150 287 311 B16-226 319 327
B16-151 286 315 B16-227 297
B16-154 288 312 B16-228 283 304
B16-155 286 311 B16-230 318 326
B16-156 310 323 B16-231 291
B16-157 313 321 B16-232 318 326
B16-159 285 313 B16-233 291 318
B16-160 311 324 B16-234 290
B16-162 287 311 B16-237 319
B16-163 287 316 B16-238 291
B16-164 287 315 B16-239 290
B16-165 316 325 B16-240 291
B16-167 311 324 B16-241 323
B16-168 311 323 B16-242 318 328
Table 7:

Allele sizes (bp) of genotypes belonging to the B20 combination amplified with the 5U_VviAGL11 primer.

G.Code Allele size (bp) G.Code Allele size (bp)
B20-62 315 B20-133 327
B20-64 323 330 B20-135 315
B20-67 312 B20-136 326
B20-68 312 312 B20-138 326
B20-69 316 351 382 B20-141 326
B20-70 303 313 321 331 B20-142 315
B20-71 317 326 B20-145 324 358 386
B20-73 325 B20-148 328 339
B20-74 314 324 B20-149 324
B20-76 326 392 B20-151 318 326
B20-77 312 322 B20-152 327
B20-80 325 B20-156 315
B20-83 318 326 B20-161 313
B20-85 325 B20-163 330 336
B20-87 313 325 B20-165 312 323
B20-88 313 325 B20-166 313 324
B20-90 314 326 B20-167 316 326
B20-93 314 B20-188 319 326
B20-95 313 324 B20-190 323
B20-96 312 B20-194 315 326
B20-99 313 322 B20-206 315 325
B20-101 312 321 331 B20-220 333
B20-105 325 B20-222 324
B20-107 313 B20-259 320 332
B20-115 314 322 B20-323 320 332
B20-118 327 B20-355 330 335
B20-119 313 388 B20-379 327
B20-121 315 325 B20-399 330 336 365 373
B20-122 325 B20-423 331 337
B20-124 315 323 B20-425 310 322 339 363
B20-126 326 B20-427 312 323
B20-128 319 326 B20-435 313 323
B20-130 309 319 B20-437 312 323
B20-132 313 323 B20-451 318
Table 8:

Allele sizes (bp) of genotypes belonging to the B21 combination amplified with the 5U_VviAGL11 primer.

G.Code Allele size (bp) G.Code Allele size (bp)
B21-4 326 B21-104 317 325
B21-7 332 B21-105 316 326
B21-11 322 B21-106 318 326
B21-20 318 326 B21-107 315 326
B21-28 323 B21-109 314 325
B21-31 318 332 B21-110 316 326
B21-35 322 335 B21-111 319 327
B21-37 323 B21-114 318 326
B21-40 327 B21-116 318 333
B21-42 326 332 B21-117 317 331
B21-44 317 328 B21-118 324 329
B21-47 326 B21-119 314 325
B21-51 320 334 B21-120 314 325
B21-56 318 B21-122 317 353
B21-57 315 326 B21-123 315 392
B21-58 315 328 B21-124 318 332
B21-60 322 B21-125 325
B21-62 319 328 B21-126 325 351 360 387
B21-63 3B21 335 B21-127 326 332
B21-64 318 326 B21-128 317
B21-65 318 326 B21-130 322
B21-66 326 B21-131 318 326
B21-67 318 326 B21-132 319 326
B21-68 319 B21-133 319 328
B21-71 319 B21-134 318 332
B21-72 316 327 B21-135 318 332
B21-73 318 332 B21-136 318 327
B21-74 307 B21-137 327 332
B21-75 320 332 B21-138 326 332
B21-76 316 327 B21-139 314 325
B21-78 326 B21-140 317 325
B21-79 318 326 B21-141 314 324
B21-81 326 B21-142 3B21 358
B21-82 315 326 B21-143 316 324
B21-83 314 325 B21-144 312 322
B21-84 329 B21-146 316 324
B21-88 325 331 B21-148 306
B21-89 306 317 320 331 B21-149 324 361 390
B21-90 323 334 B21-150 316 3B21 331
B21-91 327 333 B21-151 316 325 408
B21-92 325 332 B21-152 319 320 393
B21-95 320 333 B21-153 324 359 389
B21-96 326 B21-154 316 324 352 399
B21-97 316 325 B21-155 324 361 390
B21-99 327 B21-156 315 325
B21-100 306 317 3B21 331 B21-158 316 407
B21-101 318 332 B21-159 325 361 391
B21-102 316 330 B21-160 316 324 407 466
B21-103 314 326 K-77 282 313
Sultani Çekirdeksizi 318 Crimson seedless 287 296 318
Beyaz Çavuş 290 298 Yalova seedless 286 296 318
Table 9:

Hybrid genotypes and their combinations with the gene region associated with seedlessness.

Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code Genotype code
B10-129 B10-181 B10-240 B16-126 B16-204 B21-20 B21-89 B21-128
B10-132 B10-190 B10-243 B16-134 B16-211 B21-31 B21-97 B21-131
B10-133 B10-193 B10-246 B16-147 B16-212 B21-44 B21-100 B21-132
B10-136 B10-194 B10-259 B16-149 B16-218 B21-56 B21-101 B21-133
B10-175 B10-234 B10-273 B16-203 B20-451 B21-82 B21-124 B21-160
B10-137 B10-200 B10-277 B16-151 B16-221 B21-57 B21-102 B21-134
B10-147 B10-204 B10-284 B16-163 B16-226 B21-58 B21-104 B21-135
B10-155 B10-209 B10-289 B16-164 B16-230 B21-62 B21-105 B21-136
B10-157 B10-215 B10-302 B16-165 B16-232 B21-64 B21-106 B21-140
B10-162 B10-216 B10-327 B16-169 B16-233 B21-65 B21-107 B21-143
B10-164 B10-217 B10-333 B16-173 B16-237 B21-67 B21-110 B21-146
B10-167 B10-220 B10-337 B16-186 B16-242 B21-68 B21-111 B21-150
B10-170 B10-223 B16-22 B16-187 B20-71 B21-71 B21-114 B21-151
B10-171 B10-229 B16-41 B16-189 B20-83 B21-72 B21-116 B21-152
B10-172 B10-230 B16-88 B16-197 B20-128 B21-73 B21-117 B21-154
B10-173 B10-231 B16-104 B16-200 B20-151 B21-76 B21-122 B21-156
B10-174 B10-232 B16-109 B16-201 B20-188 B21-79 B21-123 B21-158

3.3 Determination of disease resistance and seedless genotypes

Hybrid genotypes that have both the seedlessness-associated gene region and are scored as very resistant or resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew are shown in Table 10. Additionally, a visual summary of the method used to select disease-resistant and seedless genotypes in the study is presented in Figure 5.

Table 10:

Hybrid genotypes that have a gene region associated with seedlessness and are also scored as very resistant or resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew.

G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM G.Code PM DM
B10-157 3 1 B10-277 1 3 B16-218 3 3 B21-114 3 3
B10-162 3 3 B10-284 3 1 B16-226 1 3 B21-116 3 3
B10-164 3 3 B10-327 3 1 B16-230 3 1 B21-117 3 3
B10-168 3 1 B10-333 3 0 B16-232 3 3 B21-123 3 3
B10-169 3 3 B16-22 3 3 B16-233 3 3 B21-128 3 3
B10-174 3 1 B16-41 1 3 B16-242 0 1 B21-131 3 3
B10-175 3 0 B16-88 3 1 B20-83 3 3 B21-132 3 3
B10-181 1 1 B16-109 1 3 B20-151 1 0 B21-133 3 3
B10-193 3 3 B16-126 3 1 B20-451 1 3 B21-135 3 3
B10-194 1 3 B16-134 3 1 B21-31 3 3 B21-140 1 3
B10-215 3 3 B16-147 3 3 B21-44 1 3 B21-143 3 1
B10-217 1 3 B16-149 3 1 B21-58 3 3 B21-146 1 3
B10-220 3 3 B16-163 3 1 B21-68 1 3 B21-150 3 3
B10-226 3 3 B16-164 3 1 B21-72 3 3 B21-151 3 1
B10-223 1 1 B16-169 3 3 B21-76 1 3 B21-152 3 3
B10-229 3 1 B16-187 3 3 B21-82 3 3 B21-154 3 3
B10-230 3 1 B16-189 3 3 B21-89 3 3 B21-158 3 3
B10-232 3 1 B16-197 3 3 B21-97 1 3
B10-234 3 1 B16-203 3 3 B21-100 3 3
B10-246 3 1 B16-211 1 3 B21-111 1 3
Figure 5: Visual summary of the method followed in the study.
Figure 5:

Visual summary of the method followed in the study.

4 Discussion

Consumer demands change annually, and people want to purchase new, healthier seedless varieties that meet their expectations for quality. However, fungal diseases are among the most significant problems preventing these expectations. This study has yielded promising results for developing new varieties that meet consumer expectations. The two most significant fungal diseases that threaten world viticulture are powdery mildew and downy mildew. To control these diseases, numerous pesticides must be applied during the vegetative period [17]. However, because of concerns about residue risk and the health of humans and the environment, consumers are showing more demand for grape varieties that use fewer pesticides, as well as new seedless grape varieties. As a result, breeding studies to develop seedless varieties resistant to these two diseases continue in Türkiye and many other countries.

In a similar study, Wan et al. [18] evaluated the resistance of genotypes belonging to different Vitis species to powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases using a 0–7 scale after natural infection. According to their scoring, 46 of 66 genotypes were resistant to powdery mildew, 28 to downy mildew, and 19 to both diseases. In another study conducted by Calonnec et al. [19], powdery mildew and downy mildew infections of genotypes were examined using OIV scores, and different resistance levels were determined based on genotype. In this study, according to the literature, 31 hybrid grape genotypes out of 470 were determined to be highly resistant to both diseases (powdery mildew and mildew). Moreover, according to the results for powdery mildew disease, one genotype from the B5 combination, nine genotypes from the B10 combination, one genotype from the B16 combination, and one genotype from the B20 combination were determined as susceptible. For downy mildew, three genotypes from the B21 combination were detected as susceptible. There was a significant difference in disease resistance between individuals with the same parents. These results indicate that genotypes belonging to different Vitis species may have different levels of disease resistance depending on their parents. Researchers have reported that genotypes obtained from breeding programs in which V. vinifera varieties, which are generally very sensitive to diseases, are used as parents exhibit the same susceptibility to hybrid genotypes in the F1 stage. However, when different Vitis species are included in combinations, more resistance is detected in hybrid genotypes [20]. In this study, hybrid grape genotypes obtained from combinations of V. vinifera, V. labrusca, and interspecies hybrids showed similar results for resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew. Among these genotypes, 16.6 % of the B5 (K-77 X Bronx Seedless) combination genotypes, 3.33 % of the B10 (Beyaz Çavuş X Crimson Seedless) combination genotypes, 6.42 % of the B16 (Red Globe X Yalova Seedless) combination genotypes, and 9.61 % of the B20 (86/1 X Bronx Seedless) combination genotypes are very resistant to both diseases (HR). In other words, a higher resistance/tolerance has been found in combinations using species other than V. vinifera. The results are quite similar to the studies conducted by Wu et al. [21] and Atak et al. [15]. Researchers have reported that genotypes belonging to the V. labrusca genus exhibit increased resistance. The K-77 genotype, one of the B5 series parents used in this study, belongs to the V. labrusca species, and most of the genotypes that are highly resistant to both diseases are composed of the genotypes of this combination.

As in our study, Volynkin et al. [22] scored the hybrid population obtained by crossing V. vinifera with wild Vitis species and screened them for resistance genes against powdery mildew and downy mildew. They reported that a significant number of hybrid genotypes resistant to both diseases were obtained. This demonstrates the importance of interspecific hybrids in disease resistance and may also guide future studies on other quality criteria. Additionally, Salotti et al. [23] report that knowing the disease resistance of grape varieties will not only influence fungicide selection but also significantly reduce unnecessary use of fungicides. This further increases the importance of understanding the disease resistance of new grape varieties, as demonstrated in our study.

With marker-assisted selection (MAS), the characteristics controlled by more than one gene or locus can be determined quickly. The MAS method is used to determine seedless genotypes at early stages in classical breeding studies, especially in individuals with long juvenile sterility, such as grapevines [24]. Different molecular markers are used to determine seedlessness in grapevine hybrids: two sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers, SCC8 [12], the DNA probes GSLP1 [25] and SCF27 [13], and two simple repeated SSR markers, VMC7F2 [25] and p3_VvAGL11 [14]. Each of these markers has been widely used in grapevine varieties, hybrids, or genotypes with different genetic backgrounds [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32].

Later, markers linked with the VviAGL11 gene, which is connected to seedlessness, began to be used in this study. Mejía et al. [14] reported that the VviAGL11 gene may be responsible for seedlessness in table grape varieties. Bergamini et al. [28] evaluated VvAGL11 in 475 hybrid F1 genotypes for MAS purposes. With their study, they confirmed that the VviAGL11 marker can be used for the early selection of negative stenospermocarpy. In parallel with these results, potential seedless hybrid genotypes were successfully selected by scanning the VviAGL11 gene region for seedlessness in the early stages of our breeding program.

To identify seedless individuals among disease-resistant hybrids, we applied MAS using the 5U_VviAGL11 marker, a widely used tool for early seedlessness screening in grape breeding programs. Ocarez et al. [33] studied the 5U_VviAGL11 marker, which was also used in this study, with hybrid genotypes in which the Sultana parent was used and reported that seedlessness was defined at an allele size of 319 bp. Although Sultana grape was not used as a parent in this study, it has been reported that hybrid genotypes obtained from the Sultana variety carrying a band close to the 318 bp allele may be potential seedless genotypes. According to different studies, there may be a difference of up to a few bp between the band sizes obtained with the capillary system and those reported in the literature, possibly due to the use of different media and devices [34], 35]. Chen et al. [36] also reported that depending on the seedless parents used in the cross-breeding combination, differences may be seen in the band sizes obtained from the 5U_VviAGL11 primer to determine seedless genotypes. Taken together, the genotypes that differed by only a few bases from the 318 bp allele size were considered to be seedless and were included in the list of potential seedless genotypes, and a total of 136 hybrid genotypes were selected. Wingerter et al., [37] and Li et al., [38] that PCD in grape plants is triggered by resistance (R) loci, R genes, grape regulators, fungal agents, and phytotoxins. Potential PCD loci also play an important role in providing resistance to powdery mildew and downy mildew in our hybrid grapes. Piarulli et al. [39] shared the same objectives as our study, aiming to develop disease-resistant and seedless hybrid genotypes. They identified a significant number of seedless hybrid genotypes resistant to powdery mildew and downy mildew using similar markers. They also explained the effects of parental combinations and other variables on the development of new table grape varieties and the pyramiding of genes of interest.

5 Conclusions

Currently, the demand for seedless grape varieties consumed for table purposes is increasing in Türkiye and the world. This demand has led to an increase in the number of breeding studies aimed at the development of new seedless grapes. In addition, awareness of both human and environmental health is increasing in our country, as well as all over the world, and in parallel with this, new varieties that can be grown organically are in greater demand. Research on the origins and mechanisms of disease resistance or susceptibility in grapevine has been ongoing for many years to fulfil these demands. Almost every year, new gene regions are being discovered in studies on endurance. Different breeding efforts are being initiated to transfer these genes to susceptible varieties. As a result of this study, the resistance levels and seedlessness status of hybrid grape genotypes against powdery mildew and downy mildew diseases, which are very important for viticulture, were determined. The 77 hybrid genotypes that are both disease resistant and seedless were identified. In future studies, the fruit characteristics of these hybrid genotypes will be investigated, and those with higher quality will be registered as a new variety. Those with low potential as new varieties can be used as parents in future breeding studies due to their disease resistance and seedlessness properties.

Corresponding authors: Gülsüm Ebru Özer Uyar, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye, E-mail: ; and Arif Atak, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Bursa Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye, E-mail:

Acknowledgment

The authors express special thanks to their colleagues at YAHCRI for their help during these experiments.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contribution: Y.D.: conceptualisation, methodology, resources, formal analyses; G.E.Ö.U.: supervision, resources, conceptualisation, writing – original draft; A.A.: conceptualisation, supervision, methodology, supervision, resources, visualisation, project administration, writing – original draft, writing – review & editing; M.A.: project administration; formal analyses, validation. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2025-06-25
Accepted: 2025-11-13
Published Online: 2025-12-30

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  205. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  206. Response of hybrid grapes (Vitis spp.) to two biotic stress factors and their seedlessness status
  207. Metabolomic profiling reveals systemic metabolic reprogramming in Alternaria alternata under salt stress
  208. Effects of mixed salinity and alkali stress on photosynthetic characteristics and PEPC gene expression of vegetable soybean seedlings
  209. Food Science
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  211. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  212. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  213. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  214. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  215. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  216. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  217. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  218. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  219. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  220. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  221. Causal effects of trace elements on congenital foot deformities and their subtypes: a Mendelian randomization study with gut microbiota mediation
  222. Honey meets acidity: a novel biopreservative approach against foodborne pathogens
  223. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  224. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
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  228. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  229. Fluorescent detection of sialic acid–binding lectins using functionalized quantum dots in ELISA format
  230. Smart tectorigenin-loaded ZnO hydrogel nanocomposites for targeted wound healing: synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation
  231. Corrigendum
  232. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  233. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
  234. Retraction
  235. Retraction of “Down-regulation of miR-539 indicates poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1235
Keywords for this article
MAS; powdery mildew; downy mildew; seedless; resistance; table grape
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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