Home Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
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Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

  • Latifa AlHusnain , Atef Shahin , Farid Mehiar , Kotb A. Attia , Mohamed Eid , Yaser Hafez , Nadi A. Al-Harbi and Khaled Abdelaal EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 15, 2025
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Wheat yellow (stripe) rust is one of the most destructive diseases worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the most economical and eco-friendly method to control the disease. To determine heritability and gene number of durable resistance to stripe rust, four Egyptian wheat cultivars were crossed to four genotypes; Jupateco 73R, Opata 85, Anza, and Pavon 76 carrying the durable resistant genes were studied to enhance wheat yellow rust durable resistance. The genetic analysis has been done based on F1, and F2 of crosses, and our findings confirmed the di-genic and tri-genic control to this disease. The result from the F2 population showed that Misr2/Opata and Giza168/Anza were segregated fitting the expected ratios of 57 resistant: 7 susceptible. The segregation ratios of resistance and susceptibility of F2 plants showed tri-genic hereditary of yellow rust resistance, permitting the following conclusions about the genes expressed in adult plants suggesting a difference of three dominant genes between the parental cultivars. The cross Giza168/Pavon76 was showed phenotypic ratios fitted the theoretical ratios, 63 resistant: 1 susceptible, suggesting difference of two dominant and one recessive gene for resistance. These genotypes are very important for wheat breeding to stripe rust resistance in Egypt.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: wheat; stripe rust; genetic resistance; inheritance studies; durability

1 Introduction

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an essential crop that delivers food to more than 30% of people on earth [1]. Wheat yield and production are influenced by several stress factors [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Among the biotic factors, wheat rusts, i.e., stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust, are dramatically harmful grain yield all over the world [8]. Yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici [Pst] is one of the most harmful diseases of wheat [9,10,11,12] causing losses in yield [13,14,15,16,17,18]. The appearance and quick spread of new races of yellow rust, i.e., virulence-Yr9 in 1990, virulence-Yr27 in 2011, virulence-Yr32 race in 2014, were recorded in many countries. Recently, the warrior race of wheat Pst with extensive distribution in 2015 has shown a new pathotype of the stripe rust in Egypt. Therefore, some cultivars were recognized to be resistant and become susceptible [19,20]. Puccinia striiformis can attack many wheat cultivars, causing yield losses ranged from 10 to 70% and up to 100% in extreme conditions, the highest damage was recorded with wheat genotype; Gemmeiza11, followed by Misr1 then Misr2 and Sids12 [21].

Seventy-five genes with official or temporary symbols have been reported for stripe rust resistance [17,22]. Eighty‐five resistance genes, designated Yr, have been known, these genes are dominant, race-specific and so do not deliver durable resistance alone. The durable resistance is a kind of resistance that has continued effective during wheat cultivation for many generations [23]. Yr18, Yr29, and Yr46 are the most known genes for durable adult plant stripe rust resistance in hexaploid wheats. Yr18 and Yr46 are placed in chromosomes 7D and 4D, respectively, and Yr29 is located in chromosome 1Bl. A previous study for partial resistance on wheat genotypes was conducted to study Yr18/Lr34 partial resistance gene to yellow rust expressed in twenty commercial cultivars [24]. Studying the inheritance of rust resistance is very significant in improving rust resistance [25,26,27,28]. Presentation of such a concept in breeding for stripe and leaf rust resistance, commonly known as slow rusting, or partial resistance, has controlled CIMMYT’s wheat genotypes’ improvement for more than 45 years. Our results indicate that durable resistance, early defined by Khan et al. [23], to leaf and stripe rusts of several cultivars is based on the slow rusting genes having additive effects, as a type of genetic resistance that has remained effective in a wheat cultivar, during its widespread cultivation for a long sequence of generations or a long period of time (many years), in a wide range of environments, favorable to disease. Hence, the present work was executed to study the genetic analysis of durable adult plant stripe rust resistance and determine the genes leading to the heredity of resistance to strip rust in four cultivars of bread wheat.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Host plants and field experiment

The present work was carried out through the three seasons; 2021, 2022, and 2023 at the experimental farm, Sakha, Kafrelsheikh. Misr2, Sids12, Giza160, and Giza168 cultivars showed different levels of response to yellow rust disease; they were crossed with the wheat genotypes carrying durable resistance genes (resistance parents) to stripe rust disease, i.e., Jupateco73R (Yr18), Opata85 (Yr27, Yr18), Anza (YrA, Yr18), and Pavon76 (Yr29, Yr30) to generate F1 and F2. Egyptian wheat genotypes were crossed and an F2 population was generated to study the genetic relationship of adult plant yellow rust resistance possessed by them. Four wheat cultivars were received from the Wheat Department, Agricultural Research Center. The four Yr isogenic lines were provided by the International Center ICARDA (Table 1).

Table 1

Disease severity of the wheat parents across the years of testing

Genotype Additive genes for resistance Field responses across the years of testing Seed origin
2021 2022 2023
Jupateco73R Yr18+ MS MS MSS ICARDA
Opata85 Yr27, Yr18 MR MR MR ICARDA
Anza YrA, Yr18 MS MRMS MR ICARDA
Pavon76 Yr29, Yr30, Lr46 MR MSS S ICARDA
Sids12 Unknown S S S Egypt
Misr2 Unknown S S S Egypt
Giza168 Unknown S S MRMS Egypt
Giza160 Unknown S S S Egypt

MR, moderately resistant; MRMS, moderately resistant to moderately susceptible; MS, moderately susceptible; MSS, moderately susceptible to susceptible; S, susceptible.

In the first season (2021), the sowing of genotypes was done on three dates to harmonize the difference in the flowering stage. The parent was sown in 2 rows; 3 m long, 16 crosses were planned to yield the F1’s hybrid grains. The F1 grains were sown in rows 3 m long and 30 cm apart to produce the maximum amount of F2 grains in the second season. In the 2023 season, 16 F1s, 16 F2s, and their 8 parents were set in randomized complete block design for evaluation. The F1 and F2 were sown in rows 6 m long and 30 cm apart. The plot contains nine rows (one for each for P1, P2, and F1 and six for F2). The highly susceptible spreader cultivar (Morocco) was sown as a distributor to spread the urediniospores (Pst).

2.2 Field reaction to yellow rust inoculation

The inoculation was done at the booting stage [29]. Urediniospores is virulent for Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9, Yr11, Yr12, Yr17, Yr18, Yr27, YrA+, and YrCV and avirulent for Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, and YrSP genes. The reaction of yellow rust was observed during the adult period when the severity was 30% in the susceptible cultivars of the spreader. The severity (%) was observed from the first time of appearance and every 7 days till the early dough period. The infection type was expressed in five types [30]. The resistance and susceptibility types were near immune (I), resistance (R), moderately resistance (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), and susceptible types (S). R and MR were considered resistance, while MS and S were susceptible. The average coefficient of infection was 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8. and 1 for I, R, MR, MS, and S types [31]. The ten physiological races listed were identified during the 2022/23 growing seasons, the races used to evaluate the wheat genotypes. Most of these races were virulent to some differentials with the exception of 0E0, while the most virulent race was 246E174, with virulence to 13 of the 17 differential cultivars during the seedling period (Table 1) in the greenhouse. A mixture of Pst pathotypes was used in the field to inoculate the plants of F1, F2, and F3, including the parents, Yr differential and near-isogenic lines, and susceptible check Avocet S (Table 2).

Table 2

Avirulence and virulence of differential cultivars to distinguish races of Pst during the 2023 growing seasons

Differential cultivars World and European nomenclature system of Pst racesa
0E0 0E44 4E24 4E60 6E24 6E153 6E166 78E159 174191 246E174
Chinese 166 −b − − − + − − − − −
Lee − − + − + + + + + +
Heines Kolben − − + + − + + + + +
Vilmorin 23 − − − − − − − + + −
Moro − − − − − − − − − −
Strubes Dickkopf − − − − − − − − + −
Suwon 92 × Omar − − − − − − − + − −
Clement − − − − − − − − + −
Tirt. Spelt album − − − − − − − − − −
Hybrid 46 − − − − − + − + + +
Reichersberg 42 − − − − − − + + + +
Heine’s Peko − + − + + − + + + +
Nord Desprez − + + + + + − + + −
Compair − − + + − + − + + −
Carstens V − + − + − − + − + +
Spaldings prolific − − − − − − − − − −
Heines VII − − − − + + + + + +
Check; “Morocco” + + + + + + + + + +

aWorld and European group of wheat differential varieties, the nomenclature system of Pst races [23].

b− designates susceptibility of the cultivars and + virulence of the race; v. designates susceptibility of the cultivars and virulence of the race.

2.3 Statistical analysis

The significant difference between expected and observed ratios in F2 populations for yellow rust reaction was observed using the Chi-square test (χ 2). Chi-square test (χ 2) was used to test the significance of difference between observed and expected ratios in F2 populations for yellow rust reaction. The frequency distributions of the F2 populations of the studied crosses were done by dividing the field response into 11 classes, i.e., I, R, 10R, 10MR, 20MR, 10MS, 10S, 30S, 40S, 50S, and 60S. Some genetic parameters were estimates, i.e., means of parents, F1 and F2, environmental variance estimates (VE) = ([VP1 + VP2 + VF1]/3), phenotypic variance VP = VF2, genotypic variance VG = VP − VE, broad sense heritability (h2b% = [VG/VP] × 100) [32], the expected genetic advance at 5% selection intensity (∆g% = [k × (VP)0.5 × h2b]) [33], and wheat entries coefficient of difference GCV% = ([VG/F2 mean] × 100).

3 Results

A field experiment was conducted to study the inheritance of resistance to stripe rust in wheat at the adult stage. Genetic analysis was conducted to determine the inheritance of stripe rust resistance of wheat cultivars. The genetic studies included the evaluation of 8 parents and their F1 and F2 as infected with a mixture of stripe rust (Pst) physiologic races. Stripe rust response segregation among different crosses is discussed separately. Segregation ratio of resistant to susceptible parents, F1 and F2 populations were used to assess the number of genes segregation for resistance in the cross.

3.1 Responses of wheat genotypes and efficiency of the Yr genes

The studied genotypes counting differential hosts and near-isogenic lines to Pst pathotypes showed a wide range of rust responses during the 2021 to 2023 seasons (Table 3). The reaction was different between seedling and the adult plant, whereas genotypes carrying Yr5 and Yr15 exhibited high resistance to Pst pathotypes. Yr1, Yr17, Yr32, and YrSp became ineffective to the new race, 246E175. These genes were resistant to the previously characterized races. The genotypes with Yr5, Yr10, and Yr15 had 0-type or R-type reactions and displayed immune or resistance against the pathogen at the three seasons. The genotypes with Yr2, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, YrSu, and YrA were susceptible. Conversely, Yr29, Yr18, and Anza (YrA + Yr18) genes were shown in moderately susceptible genotypes.

Table 3

Wheat genotypes and reaction to Pst pathotypes produced by yellow rust from 2021 to 2023 seasons

Genotype/Yr gene(s)a Reaction to Pst pathotypesb
Seedling stage Adult stage
Old pst. New pst. 2021 2022 2023
Avocet S 9 9 80S 30S 80S
Avocet R)YrA) 5 8 60S 30S 60S
Yr1/6*Avoc. (Yr1) 0; 3 10S 10S 30S
Yr5/6*Avoc. (Yr5) 0 2 0 0 0
Yr6/6*Avoc. (Yr6) 8 9 80S 60S 70S
Yr7/6*Avoc. (Yr7) 5 9 80S 40S 60S
Yr8/6*Avoc. (Yr8) 2 9 R 0 0
Yr9/6*Avoc. (Yr9) 5 9 80S 60S 80S
Yr10/6*Avoc. (Yr10) 0 6 0 0 10MSS
Yr15/6*Avoc. (Yr15) 0 0 0 0 0
Yr17/6*Avoc. (Yr17) 2 6 10MSS 30MSS 30MSS
Yr18/6*Avoc. (Yr18) 2 8 50MSS 50MSS 30MSS
Yr27/6*Avoc. (Yr27) 2 8 20MSS 10S 20MS
Yr32/6*Avoc. (Yr32) 0 6 5S 10S 20S
YrSp/6*Avoc. (YrSp) 0; 8 0 0 5MSS
Chinese 166 (Yr1) 0 0 0 0 TrS
Lee (Yr7) 0 9 30S 50S 20S
Heines Kolben (Yr6 + 1) 9 9 10S 20S 20S
Vilmorin 23 (Yr3a, 4a) 2 0 5MR 20MR 10S
Moro (Yr10) 0 8 0 0 0
Strubes Dickopf (YrSd) 0 8 5R 5MR 20MS
Suwon 92/Omar (YrSu) 0 8 5R 10MS 5S
Clement (Yr9, 2 + ?) 2 9 10MR 20MR 10MS
Hybrid 46 (Yr4) 2 9 0 0 5R
Reichersberg 42 (Yr7 + ?) 0 9 0 10MS 10MS
Heines Peko (Yr6 + ?) 0 9 5R 10MSS 20MSS
Nord Desprez (YrNd) 7 8 0 0 10MR
Compare (Yr8) 6 5 5R 10MS 10MS
Carstens V (Yr32) 0; 8 5R 5MR TrS
Spalding Prolific (YrSp) 0 5 5MSS 5MS 5S
Heines VII (Yr2 + ?) 1 8 5R 5R 30MR
Federation4/Kavkaz (Yr9) 3 9 10MSS 20MSS 30S
Trident (Yr17) 5 9 50MS 30MSS 20S
Anza (YrA, 18) 2 7 10MRMS 10MS 20MS
Kalyansona (Yr2) 2 9 10MSS 5MSS 20MSS
Triticum spelta album (Yr5) 0 0 0 0 0
TP1295 (Yr25) 0 9 30S 20S 30S
Jupateco “R” (Yr18+) 5 7 5MSS 50MSS 60MSS
Fielder (Yr6, Yr20) 9 9 30S 40S 40S
Lemhi (Yr21) 2 7 30S 50S 60S
LalBahadur/Pavon BL (Yr29) 2 9 5MS 20MS 30MS
Opata 85 (Yr27, Yr18) 2 8 20MS 20MS 30MS
Ciano 79 (Yr27) 2 6 30MSS 30MSS 60MS
Yr28/Avoc. (Yr28) 0 6 30S 30S 60S
Pavon 76 (Yr29, Yr30) 0 8 30MS 30MS 40MS
Pastor (Yr31, APR) 0 8 50MSS 20MSS 30MSS
Morocco 9 9 80S 90S 90S

0 = Immune. R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible and S = susceptible.

aResistance genes [13].

bITs based on Roelfs et al. [34].

3.2 Responses of parents and F1 wheat genotypes

The resistance to Pst pathotypes was detected among the parental local varieties and parental carrying stripe rust resistance genes during the adult period in the field across the years of testing. There was intensive disease stress during the three seasons in the field. The four genotypes carrying stripe rust resistance (Yr) genes: Jupateco 73R (Yr18), Opata85 (Yr27, Yr18), Anza (YrA, Yr18), and Pavon76 (Yr29, Yr30, Lr46) showed stripe rust severity and infection responses ranging from trace responses moderately resistance (MR) to moderately susceptible to susceptible (MSS) responses during the 2021, 2022, and 2023 screening experiments at Sakha. The parents’ cultivars: Misr2, Sids12, Giza160, and Giza168 showed a reaction of susceptible (S) during the adult period in the field in Table 1.

Three Egyptian wheat cultivars, i.e., Misr2, Sids12, and Giza160, are susceptible (S) while the wheat cultivar, Giza 168, displayed a response of MSS to Pst populations at the APR. On the other hand, the four isogenic parents, having stripe rust resistance genes, showed 60MSS, 10MR, 10MRMS, and 20MS, disease field response, respectively. The F1-tested plant showed moderate resistance to moderately susceptible to susceptible responses. Opata 86 crosses with the four Egyptian wheat varieties displayed MR to yellow rust at APR in adult plants under field conditions except for the cross Sids 12/Opata 86, which was the resistance (R) (Table 4 and Figure 1).

Table 4

The reaction to yellow rust under field conditions

Cross name Adult plant reaction to yellow rust
P1 P2 F1
Misr2/Jupateco73R 40S 60MSS 30MSS
Misr2/Opata86 40S 10MR 20MR
Misr2/Anza 40S 10MRMS 30MS
Misr2/Pavion76 40S 20MS 30MSS
Giza168/Jupateco73R 30MSS 60MS 30MS
Giza168/Opata86 30MSS 10MR 20MR
Giza168/Anza 30MSS 10MRMS 20MRMS
Giza168/Pavion76 30MSS 20MS 10MRMS
Sids12/Jupateco73R 60S 60MSS 10MRMS
Sids12/Opata86 60S 10MR 10R
Sids12/Anza 60S 10MRMS 20MRMS
Sids12/Pavion76 60S 20MS 30MSS
Giza160/Jupateco73R 80S 60MSS 60MS
Giza160/Opata86 80S 10MR 10MR
Giza160/Anza 80S 10MRMS 10MS
Giza160/Pavion76 80S 20MS 10MS
Figure 1 Yellow rust reaction (a) 8 parents, 4 Egyptian bread wheat cultivars and 4 wheat genotypes carrying stripe rust resistance genes, and (b) 16 F1 crosses.
Figure 1

Yellow rust reaction (a) 8 parents, 4 Egyptian bread wheat cultivars and 4 wheat genotypes carrying stripe rust resistance genes, and (b) 16 F1 crosses.

3.3 The field response of F2 populations

F2 populations segregated for stripe rust resistance, the Chi-square tests exposed that the segregation results gave a good fit for segregation at three, two, or one independent loci. Data presented in Table 5 showed that the sixteen studied crosses at adult plants under field conditions. Concerning, the second-generation plant populations, eleven of sixteen crosses were resistant.

Table 5

Response of sixteen wheat F2 populations at adult stage for stripe rust under inoculation with Pst during 2023 season

Cross No. of plants Hypothetical ratio Chi square (χ 2) Hypothesized number of genes*
R S Total
Misr2/Jupateco 73R 170 40 210 13:3 0.0122 1R, 1D, independent
Misr2/Opata 85 180 25 205 57:7 0.5990 3D
Misr2/Anza 210 10 220 15:1 1.0909 2R, independent
Misr2/Pavion76 170 45 215 13:3 0.6708 1R, 1D, independent
Giza168/Jupateco73R 35 180 215 3:13 0.8617 1R, 1D
Giza168/Opata85 183 18 201 15:1 2.4600 2D, complementary
Giza168/Anza 205 15 220 57:7 0.300 3D
Giza168/Pavion76 190 25 215 61:3 0.0100 2D, 1R
Sids12/Jupateco73R 130 80 210 9:7 2.7286 2D
Sids12/Opata85 150 70 220 11:5 0.0331 1R, 1D
Sids12/Anza 145 65 210 11:5 0.0087 1R, 1D
Sids12/Pavion76 90 125 215 7:9 0.3119 2R
Giza160/Jupateco 73R 95 125 220 7:9 0.0289 2R
Giza160/Opata85 142 68 210 11:5 0.1250 1D, 1R
Giza160/Anza 50 170 220 1:3 0.6061 1R
Giza160/Pavion76 80 125 205 7:9 1.8602 2R

*D = dominant and R = recessive.

The rest of crosses, i.e., Giza168/Jupateco73R, Sids12/Pavion76, Giza160/Jupateco73R, Giza160/Anza, and Giza160/Pavion76, were separated in ratios ranging for susceptible infection type, which fitted the expected ratios of 3R:13S, 7R:9S, 7R:9R, 1R:3S, and 7R:9S; these commercial cultivars when crossing with carrying stripe rust resistance genes (resistance parents) do not have these genes inside Egyptian cultivars. In crosses, Sids12/Pavion76, Giza 160/Jupateco73R, and Giza160/Pavion76 F2 segregation ratios were 7R:9S indicating that there are two recessive genes to the tested races. In addition, in cross Giza160/Anza, F2 segregation ratios were 1R:3S indicating the genetic control by a recessive gene, while, in cross Giza160/Anza, F2 segregation ratios were 3R:13S indicating that there was one recessive gene and one dominant gene. The F2 adult plants came from crosses of Misr2 cultivar with each of Jupateco73R, Opata86, and Pavion76 showing resistance to yellow rust and segregated into 170R:40S, 180R:25S, 210R:10S, and 170R:45S plants, with expected ratios 13:3, 57:7, 15:1, and 13:3, respectively. Ratios of resistant and susceptible F2 plants showed digenic and trigenic inheritance of stripe rust resistance (Table 3). Crosses of Giza168 with each of four Yr monogenic lines displayed resistance to yellow rust except for Giza168/Jupateco73R and segregated into 35R:180S, 183R:18S, 205R:15S, and 190R:25S plants, with expected ratios 1:13, 15:1, 57:7, and 61:3, respectively. The F2 segregation ratios for Giza168/Pavion76 show that there are two dominant genes and one recessive gene for resistance against the dominating Pst races in Egypt.

In Table 3, crosses of Sids12 with each of four Yr monogenic lines displayed resistance to yellow rust except for Giza168/Pavion76. The F2 segregation ratios for Giza168/Pavion76 segregated into 90R:125S with expected ratios 7:9 show that there are two recessive genes. On the other hand, the same cross of Sids12 with Jupateco73R separated as 130 resistant and 80 susceptible plants, which gave a fit in 9 resistant (R):7 susceptible (S) ratio, indicating that there are two dominant genes with complementary interaction for resistance to the tested races. The F2 population derived from Giza160/Opata85 segregated as 142 resistant and 68 susceptible plants, which gave a good fit in 11 resistant: 5 susceptible ratio (Table 5) thereby suggesting digenic inheritance with a dominant and recessive gene for resistance to the tested pathotypes of stripe rust. The F2 adult plants came from a cross of Misr2 cultivar with Jupateco73R segregated into 170R:40S which gave a fit in 9 resistant (R): 7 susceptible (S) ratio, indicating the digenic inheritance with dominant and recessive genes. The F2 segregation ratios for Giza160/Jupateco73R segregated into 95R:125S with expected ratios 7:9 show that there are two recessive genes. (Table 5 and Figure 2).

Figure 2 Yellow rust reaction of the two F2 crosses for both (a) Misr2 and (b) Giza160 wheat cultivars with the cultivar carrying stripe rust resistance genes; Jupateco 73R (Yr18).
Figure 2

Yellow rust reaction of the two F2 crosses for both (a) Misr2 and (b) Giza160 wheat cultivars with the cultivar carrying stripe rust resistance genes; Jupateco 73R (Yr18).

3.4 Genetic characterization

Genetic characterization was done based on ACI values. ACI mean values of P1 ranged from 23.80 for Giza168 to 79.80 for Giza 160; while, ranged from 3.90 for Opata 85 to 54.00 for Jupateco73R of second parent (P2); from 2.0 for F1 of the cross Giza160/Jupateco73R to 47.80; from F1 of the cross Misr2/Jupateco73R; from 2.12 for the F2 population of the cross Giza168/Anza to 65.24 for F2 population of the cross Giza160/Jupateco 73R (Table 6).

Table 6

Genetic characters based on ACI for yellow rust of sixteen crosses

Cross Genetic parameter
Mean Variance h 2 b% ∆g% GCV%
P1 P2 F1 F2 VP VE VG
Misr2/Jupateco73R 39.60 47.80 54.00 16.62 845.18 0.30 844.89 99.96 59.87 174.90
Misr2/Opata85 39.60 7.70 7.70 8.05 348.68 0.24 348.44 99.93 38.44 231.88
Misr2/Anza 39.60 5.60 23.90 4.45 181.95 0.29 181.66 99.84 27.74 302.88
Misr2/Pavion76 39.60 17.60 27.30 16.41 949.48 0.26 949.23 99.97 63.46 187.81
Giza 168/Jupateco73R 23.80 53.90 23.80 14.24 641.08 0.23 640.85 99.96 52.14 177.84
Giza 168/Opata85 23.80 4.00 8.00 9.26 369.06 0.06 369.00 99.98 39.57 207.44
Giza 168/Anza 23.80 6.00 12.00 2.12 11.82 0.06 11.77 99.50 7.05 161.80
Giza 168/Pavion76 23.80 8.00 6.00 33.02 1555.01 0.06 1554.96 100.00 81.23 119.42
Sids12/Jupateco73R 59.80 54.00 5.90 27.65 1363.01 0.17 1362.85 99.99 76.04 133.54
Sids12/Opata 85 59.80 3.90 3.00 20.81 1091.54 0.09 1091.45 99.99 68.05 158.79
Sids 12/Anza 59.80 6.10 12.00 20.71 1029.59 0.17 1029.43 99.98 66.09 154.92
Sids 12/Pavion76 59.80 17.80 26.80 38.63 1613.51 0.18 1613.34 99.99 82.74 103.99
Giza 160/Jupateco73R 79.80 53.80 2.00 65.24 1388.94 13.45 1375.49 99.03 76.03 56.85
Giza 160/Opata 85 79.80 3.80 3.80 21.01 1024.05 0.18 1023.87 99.98 65.91 152.30
Giza 160/Anza 79.80 5.80 7.70 54.48 1659.04 0.20 1658.85 99.99 83.90 74.77
Giza 160/Pavion76 79.80 17.80 7.70 53.53 1656.61 0.20 1656.42 99.99 83.84 76.03

VP, VE, and VG = phenotypic, environment, and genetic variances, respectively, h2b = broad sense heritability, ∆g% = the expected genetic advance under selection, and GCV% = genotypic coefficient of variation.

Regarding variance estimates (VE), environmental phenotypic (VP), and genotypic (VG) variances reached from 11.82, 0.06, and 11.77 for the cross Giza168/Anza to 1,656.61, 0.20, and 1,656.42 for Giza160/Pavion76, respectively. Broad sense heritability (h2b%) ranged from 99.03 for Giza160/Jupateco73R to 100.0 for Giza168/Pavion76. The genetic advance from selection (∆g%) ranged from 7.05 for Giza186/Anza to 83.90 for Giza160/Anza. However, GCV% ranged from 74.77 for Giza 160/Anza to 302.88 for Misr2/Anza (Table 6).

4 Discussion

Breeding approaches of the resistant cultivars to wheat rusts, based on the utilization or the use of durable resistance, are similarly effective against most pathogen races (race-non-specific resistance). It is known to be long-lasting, for many years under wide cultivation in different environmental conditions and hopes to be more durable [28]. The study of durable adult plant stripe rust resistance is very important for enhancing the resistance to yellow rust.

The F1 plants’ field response displayed dominance of MR to MS; therefore, they were considered to be durability-resistant cultivars in all crosses to yellow rust except for Sids12/Opata 86, dominant of resistance (Table 2). The durable resistance expressed in the F1 tested plant of fifteen crosses, owing to resistance among parents, which were carries of the durable resistance gene such as Lr34 and Lr46 and the linked resistance genes Yr18 and Yr29, are linked with durable resistance to the two diseases [35]. The crosses between the susceptible parents Giza160 with the four Yr isogenic lines displayed durable resistance in Giza160/Opata85 representing the effectiveness of Yr27, Yr8 + APR gene conferring resistance to Pst. The results of F2 segregation ratios of Giza160/Opata85 cross showed that one dominant and one gene recessive controlling resistance in the crosses Giza160/Opata85, with segregation ratios of 11:5. Regarding the crosses between Giza160 with the same four Yrs, the data showed that two complementary recessive genes found to be conferring resistance in Giza160/Jupateco73R and Giza160/Pavion76 with segregation ratios 7:9. One recessive gene pairs led to control the resistance in Giza 160/Anza with 1:3 segregation ratio. APR is regularly based on two or more recessive genes with additive impact which may imply that this type of APR is durable. The F2 segregation ratio from two crosses Misr2/Opata85 and Giza168/Anza tested indicates that there are three dominant genes, with segregation ratios 57:7.

Our results also showed that the resistance to this disease is controlled by partial dominance or recessive, and these findings agreed with the result of Singh et al. [36]. They found that the susceptible cultivars have 4 or 5 durable resistance genes, Carstens V/Hybrid 46 confirmed with race CDL-21 display that there are 4 resistance genes in the progeny [37]. The genetic variance represented the majority of the total variance; this result is consistent with earlier studies and demonstrated a high estimate of inheritance and the anticipated advancement of genes under selection in most crosses [27,28,38,39]. Most cultivars have low levels of resistance to yellow rust because of the emergence of new races and virulence changes of the wheat yellow rust disease [20]. The breeding for durable resistance commonly known as slow rusting or partial resistance. Our results indicate that durable resistance, early defined by Khan et al. [23] to stripe rusts of several wheat genotypes is based on the slow rusting genes having additive effects, as a type of genetic resistance that has remained effective in wheat genotypes, during its widespread cultivation for a long sequence of generations or a long period of many years, in a wide range of environments. These lines can be used as a source of durable resistance genes for wheat breeding to stripe rust resistance as well as promoted to the national wheat yield trials for release as new.

5 Conclusions

Our results concluded that the application of resistant cultivars is the most economical and eco-friendly technique to manage wheat yellow rust in wheat (T. aestivum L.). Four wheat cultivars were crossed to four genotypes: Jupateco 73R, Opata 85, Anza, and Pavon 76 carrying the durable resistant genes to enhance wheat yellow rust durable resistance. The result displayed that Misr2/Opata and Giza168/Anza were segregated fitting the expected ratios of 57 resistant:7 susceptible. Also, the cross Giza168/Pavon76 showed phenotypic ratios fitted the theoretical ratios, 63 resistant: 1 susceptible, suggesting difference of two dominant and one recessive gene for resistance. Generally, these wheat genotypes can be used as a source of durable resistance genes for wheat breeding to stripe rust resistance as well as provide material support and a theoretical basis for control of wheat stripe rust.

Acknowledgment

We acknowledge Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R459), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: This research was supported by Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2025R459), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: L.Al., writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, funding acquisition; A.S.G., writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, resources, methodology, funding acquisition; N.Al., writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, software; A.S., investigation, methodology, writing – review and editing, resources, formal analysis; M.E., writing – original draft, software, resources; K.A.A., writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, resources, funding acquisition; Y.H., conceptualization, investigation, writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, data curation, validation, formal analysis; Kh.A., writing – review and editing, writing – original draft, supervision, software, data curation.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-09-13
Revised: 2025-01-29
Accepted: 2025-02-04
Published Online: 2025-07-15

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  152. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  153. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  154. Agriculture
  155. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  156. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  157. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  158. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  159. Animal Science
  160. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  161. Plant Sciences
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  163. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  164. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  165. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
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  167. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  168. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  169. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  170. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  171. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  172. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  173. Food Science
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  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  178. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  180. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  181. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
  192. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  193. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1072
Keywords for this article
wheat; stripe rust; genetic resistance; inheritance studies; durability
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
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  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
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  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
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