Startseite Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
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Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?

  • Markéta Šantrůčková ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Katarína Demková , Tomáš Frantík und Jiří Dostálek ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. April 2025
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Human activities significantly influence landscapes, altering natural habitats and ecosystem services. This study examines the relationship between human impacts, measured by the hemeroby index and coefficient of anthropogenic impact (CAI´), and the presence of natural habitats in the Czech Republic. Using CORINE land cover data and natural habitat mapping, we analysed national and regional scales to assess the effectiveness of these indicators in reflecting environmental changes. Compared with the simple anthropogenic impact coefficient (CAI´), the hemeroby index, which accounts for both the quantity and quality of ecosystems, provides more detailed insights. At the national level, both indices had an equally close relationship with the proportion of natural habitats, but at the regional level, the results for the hemeroby index were better. Our findings indicate a strong negative correlation between human impacts and the proportion of natural habitats, emphasizing the importance of refined indicators for environmental monitoring and policy-making. The advantage of both indices is that they could be easily calculated from satellite images and/or land cover data. Therefore, they could be used worldwide.

Keywords: human impact; indices; natural habitats; CORINE land cover; Czech Republic

1 Introduction

Human activities have become a dominant factor leading to marked changes in most cultivated landscapes on Earth [1]. Ample evidence of the sheer scale of unprecedented human activities on Earth has been documented by many authors [2]. This implies that landscapes can be seen as contingent and historically variable outcomes of an interplay between socioeconomic and biophysical forces [3]. Research on the interactions between human activities and landscapes, especially with respect to ecosystem services and the contribution of ecosystems to human wellbeing [4], is often utilized to inform policy and decisions in various contexts, such as biodiversity conservation, natural resource management, and spatial planning [5,6,7]. Decision-makers are increasingly interested in such assessments [8,9].

Therefore, measuring the intensity of changes in land use is one of the key issues in the assessment of anthropogenic impacts [10]. In addition to the regular recording of land use data, an evaluation method and appropriate indicators are needed [11]. The intensity of land use can be approached from different content and structural aspects [12].

A wide range of criteria for developing (i.e., selecting and generating) ecosystem-service and ecological quality indicators on the basis of the literature and practical experience has been identified by several authors [13,14,15,16]. Ecological landscape indicators have also been integrated into methodologies for biodiversity indicators [17,18,19]. Despite the fact that many ecological landscape indicators have been applied thus far with efforts to select indicators and organize them according to the widely used categories of credibility, salience and legitimacy related to feasibility [13,15], their practical application is in many cases still problematic, mainly due to resource and technical limitations [20].

One of the indicators of human impacts on biodiversity is the natural capital index. It has two basic components: ecosystem quantity and ecosystem quality [21]. It was originally proposed for widespread international application; however, Czúcz et al. [18] modified the index for a low-level policy context using fine-scaled data.

Sowińska-Świerkosz [15] proposed an indicator of ecological landscape quality that enables the capture of different landscape characteristics treated as crucial for overall ecological quality. The indicator is composed of three variables: first, the normalized Shannon diversity index modified by the weighting score, which takes into account the degree of ecological significance of different land cover forms; second, the index is associated with the impact on the ecological quality of river valleys, which is calculated as a ratio of the length of rivers with curved shapes to the total area; and third, the index considers the proportion of ecological barriers (roads, railways) as a significant factor that decreases the ecological quality.

The degree of landscape fragmentation published by Jäger et al. [22] is also considered a suitable indicator of landscape quality. The process of splitting habitats into smaller isolated patches by urbanization and transport networks endangers and results in the loss of species (biodiversity). The degree of landscape fragmentation has been computed, e.g., for Switzerland [22], for the Czech Republic [23], and for the European Natura 2,000 site network [24,25].

For analysis of the human impacts of land use changes on landscapes, the concept of hemeroby was suggested as an indicator of naturalness for the European Union [26,27]. It enables an assessment and temporal comparison of landscapes in which relative changes over time are more important than absolute values [28].

Indicator of hemeroby has been applied to smaller urbanized areas [29,30] or regions [31] and at the level of entire countries. A map of hemeroby for Austria in relation to distance to nature and biodiversity was created [3,28,32]. The concept of hemeroby indicators for landscape monitoring has also been applied throughout Germany [11], Austria [33], Finland [34], Hungary [35], and Lithuania [36]. Hemeroby index was applied in the context of urban parks in Korea [37] or wetland ecosystems [38] and resource-based cities in China [39].

In the Czech Republic, the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscapes and the coefficient of ecological stability are commonly used to assess anthropogenic pressure [40,41,42]. The coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscapes (CAI) represents the ratio of areas intensively used (arable land, built-up areas, and other areas) to areas less intensively used – with lower anthropogenic pressure (forestland, pastures, meadows, and water areas) in a given territorial unit [43,44]. The coefficient of ecological stability expresses the proportion of relatively stable (forests, pastures, meadows, and water bodies) to relatively unstable (arable land, built-up areas, and other areas) areas [45].

The aim of this study was to assess, to what extent, the common indicators of anthropogenic impacts (hemeroby and CAI indices) in accordance with the presence of natural habitats, which have important functions for ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. For this purpose, we used indicators of hemeroby and CAI that are easy to calculate on the basis of the GIS analysis published by Walz and Stein [11] and Kupková [43]. Using CORINE land cover data and natural habitat mapping data for the Czech Republic, we aim (i) to verify the application of selected indicators to small regions and the entire country and (ii) to evaluate the relationships of the hemeroby and CAI indices with the proportion of the total area of natural habitats or with the proportions of their individual types.

2 Study area

Data were analysed at the national level (the Czech Republic) and the regional level because we compare the applicability of the indices on different scales (Figure 1). The delineation of the model areas respected the administrative boundaries of the state and middle-scale administrative units (regions). The main criteria for the selection of the four regions for detailed analysis were the altitude and land cover. The selected region represents lowlands (Poděbrady), highlands (Kutná Hora and Turnov), and mountains (Prachatice). The gradient from the most man-influenced land cover (Poděbrady) to the less man-influenced (Prachatice) was followed. The regions have different natural conditions what was also important for the selection. Last but not least, two regions are significantly covered by the natural protected areas (Turnov, Prachatice) and two are without large-scale natural protection (Poděbrady, Kutná Hora).

Figure 1 Study area.
Figure 1

Study area.

The Czech Republic is a hilly country in Central Europe with lowlands in the central and southeastern parts. The highlands are situated in the border region. The highest point is at an altitude of 1,602 m a.s.l. The territory has a moderate climate with an average annual temperature of approximately 7.5°C and precipitation of 674 mm. It is drained by a dense river network. The majority of the country is situated within a zone of broad-leaved deciduous forest, whereas the southeastern part borders the forest–steppe zone. Current vegetation cover is a result of abiotic conditions, biogeographical processes, and human activities; forest covers 33.9% of the country, agricultural land covers 53.3%, water area covers 2.1%, and built-up area covers 1.7% [46].

The Turnov region (with an area of 247 km2) in the northern part of the Czech Republic is characterized by hilly terrain with deep valleys (the highest point at an altitude of 744 m a.s.l.). Sand rock “towns” (groups of rocks) are typical attributes of the relief in the northeastern and southern parts of the model area. These parts are involved in the protected landscape area called the Bohemian Paradise, which has traditional architecture and high-levels of tourism. The western part of the model area has an agricultural‒forest landscape. Forests are the prevalent land cover type.

The Kutná Hora region (643 km2) is located in the central part of the Czech Republic and features hilly terrain (the highest point is 555 m a.s.l.) between the Elbe and Sázava Rivers. Only the northeastern part borders the flat terrain with an elevation of approximately 200 m a.s.l. The landscape of the model area has mainly agricultural–forest characteristics with scattered vegetation, small streams, remaining urbanism, and traditional architecture.

The Poděbrady region (348 km2) is characterized by flat terrain (the highest point is 299 m a.s.l.). It has predominantly agricultural characteristics, with tourism concentrated in the spa town of Poděbrady and its surroundings.

The Prachatice region (841 km2) is situated in the southern Czech Republic, where the Šumava Highlands (highest peak is 1,378 m a.s.l.) cover almost half of the model area. The northern part has hilly characteristics at altitudes ranging from 400 to 1,000 m. Forests cover the majority of the Prachatice region, and only the northern part has agricultural characteristics. The southern part is protected as the Šumava national park and the protected landscape area. On the eastern Prachatice region borders the Blanský les (forest) protected landscape area. The region is typical with a landscape structure, with small landscape features such as linear greenery and high-levels of tourism remaining in the highlands.

3 Data and methods

3.1 Data sources

CORINE Land Cover 2018 (CLC) (European Environmental Agency) is a vector database classified and digitized on the basis of satellite images with 100 m positional accuracy and a 25 ha minimum mapping unit using the standardized CLC nomenclature (44 CLC classes). In the Czech Republic, 29 CLC classes were identified at a scale of 1:100,000. The data were used to quantify the level of human impacts on the landscape.

Natural habitat mapping data (the Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic, ©AOPK) are vector data for the entire territory of the Czech Republic at a scale of 1:10,000 and were developed during the establishment of NATURA 2000. This dataset is continuously updated. The version from November 2020 was used for analysis. The following basic groups of natural habitats according to Chytrý et al. [47] were used in our analysis: streams and water bodies, wetlands and riverine vegetation, springs and mires, cliffs and boulder screes, secondary grasslands and heathlands, and shrubs and forests (for their proportions in the studied regions, see Table 1; for distribution, see Figure 2).

Table 1

Area and proportion of basic groups of natural habitats in the studied regions

Area Scrubs Forests Wetlands and riverine vegetation Springs and mires Cliffs and boulder screes Secondary grasslands and heathlands Streams and water bodies Natural habitats in total
Czech Republic
ha 23603.94 621031.88 10601.16 5844.00 1027.92 249008.91 35436.47 947471.57
% 0.30 8.00 0.14 0.08 0.01 3.21 0.46 12.21
Kutná Hora Region
ha 88.96 1121.69 59.09 0.17 4.14 672.65 203.81 2150.50
% 0.17 2.13 0.11 0.00 0.01 1.28 0.39 4.08
Poděbrady Region
ha 52.52 2809.78 121.09 5.34 0 418.96 264.51 3672.21
% 0.19 9.96 0.43 0.02 0 1.49 0.94 13.02
Prachatice Region
ha 284.71 9587.23 239.33 683.95 9.98 3167.62 247.39 14223.18
% 0.39 13.28 0.33 0.95 0.01 4.39 0.34 19.70
Turnov Region
ha 20.15 1429.46 27.30 0.99 13.77 575.40 86.92 2153.98
% 0.11 7.81 0.15 0.01 0.08 3.14 0.47 11.77
Figure 2 Distribution of basic groups of natural habitats in the Czech Republic. Source: The Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic.
Figure 2

Distribution of basic groups of natural habitats in the Czech Republic. Source: The Nature Conservation Agency of the Czech Republic.

The potential natural vegetation map [48] was prepared at the national level at a scale of 1:500,000 and expresses the extent of natural vegetation without any human impacts on ecosystems.

3.2 Data processing

First, a regular grid network of 1 km2 was created. An advantage of grid maps is their spatial and temporal comparability, which is the opposite of using administrative units [49]. Cells on the state border that reach partially outside the border were excluded. Only cells with 100% coverage from the Czech Republic were used in the analysis. The total number of grid cells included in the analysis was 77,615. The proportions of natural habitat classes in each grid cell were calculated. To distinguish intensively used landscapes from natural landscapes, the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscapes [43,44] and the index of hemeroby [11] were computed in each grid cell. CORINE land cover data (classes at the third level) were used for calculating both indices.

The coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscapes is a simple division (share) of artificial and highly intensively used surfaces (A), such as urban spaces, mine sites, sport and leisure facilities, intensive agricultural areas and crop lands (arable land, vineyards, gardens, orchards, etc.), and areas less intensively used and natural or seminatural areas (N – forest, shrubs, grasslands, wetlands, and water bodies):

CAI = A × N − 1

In rare cases where the grid cell included less than 0.0001% (i.e., 1 m2) of less intensively used areas, the CAI value was set at 1,000,000. The CAI index was then transformed to CAI′: CAI′ = LOG (CAI + 1), which adjusted the values from 0 to 6. This index was used as a measure of human impact on landscapes, where 0 indicates natural/lowest impact, and 6 indicates artificial/highest impact. However, it does not reflect the quality of ecosystems. For example, there is no difference between natural-leaf forest and planted spruce monoculture. Both forests are always considered natural.

In an effort to involve the quality of ecosystems in the computation, the index of hemeroby was used. Walz and Stein [11] distinguished CLC classes according to 7 degrees of hemeroby (Table 2). The assignment to a special degree of hemeroby reflects the intensity, duration, and range of human impact [50]. While residential areas are characterized by a high degree of anthropogenic impact on ecosystems, which are mostly long in duration, agricultural and forest lands have different intensities of use. Thus, an additional intersection with potential natural vegetation [48] was necessary. Therefore, forests were classified by the extent of their deviation from potential natural vegetation [11]. This step was performed only for classes such as deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests. For example, a montane spruce forest at high altitudes, which is covered by a natural coniferous forest typical for such conditions, was assigned a lower hemeroby degree than nonnative spruce monocultures in the lowlands where deciduous forests should grow. Currently, there is no area without any human impact in Central Europe [51]. Every ecosystem has been affected by pollution emissions or climate change; therefore, only bare rocks were assigned to the lowest degree of hemeroby. The index of hemeroby was computed as a simple area-weighted hemeroby index [11]:

M = ∑ h = 1 n f n × h ,

where n is the number of degrees of hemeroby (n = 7), f n is the proportion of category n, and h is the degree of hemeroby.

Table 2

Assignment of the degree of hemeroby to CORINE land cover (CLC) classes [11]

Degree of hemeroby CLC class
1. Ahemerobic – almost no human impact 332 Bare rocks
2. Oligohemerobic – weak human impact 311 Broad-leaved forest
312 Coniferous forest (PNV*)
313 Mixed forest (PNV*)
411 Inland marshes
412 Peat bogs
3. Mesohemerobic – moderate human impact 312 Coniferous forest (not PNV*)
313 Mixed forest (not PNV*)
321 Natural grasslands
322 Moors and heathland
324 Transitional woodland-shrub
333 Sparsely vegetated areas
4. β-Euhemerobic – moderate-strong human impact 141 Green urban areas
231 Pastures
243 Land principally occupied by agriculture with significant areas of natural vegetation
511 Water courses
512 Water bodies
5. α-Euhemerobic – strong human impact 142 Sport and leisure facilities
211 Non-irrigated arable land
221 Vineyards
222 Fruit trees and berry plantations
242 Complex cultivation patterns
6. Polyhemerobic – very strong human impact 112 Discontinuous urban fabric
131 Mineral extraction sites
132 Dump sites
133 Construction sites
7. Metahemerobic – excessively strong human impact, biocenosis destroyed 111 Continuous urban fabric
121 Industrial or commercial units
122 Road and rail networks and associated land
123 Port areas
124 Airports

*Potential natural vegetation [48].

4 Statistical evaluation

Obviously, the data obtained from the grid network are not independent values. Hence, the use of a simple correlation coefficient to test the relationship between indices of anthropogenic impact and the proportion of natural habitats is not possible. Therefore, we used two complementary statistical procedures at the level of the whole Czech Republic:

  1. Partial correlation – Correlation coefficients were controlled for the longitude and latitude of the grid cell. The output was r part using Statistica v.12 software. The advantage of this approach is the use of the entire grid network. However, the procedure only partially considers the fact that the data are not independent.

  2. Permutation tests – The largest possible rectangle was selected from the whole grid network. Its size was 256 cells in the west‒east direction and 96 cells in the north‒south direction; therefore, out of a total of 77,615 grid cells, 24,576 grid cells were used for statistical analysis. The correlation coefficients were then calculated via the RDA permutation test in CANOCO software [52]. The permutation test was restricted to rectangular grids. The output was r permut. This procedure fully accounts for the fact that the data are not independent. However, the disadvantage is that only one-third of the grid network is used.

To increase the conclusiveness of the results at the national level, we considered only the relationships in which the correlation coefficient calculated by both the first and second procedures was statistically significant. At the regional level, only the first procedure (r part) was used because the regions could not be displayed as rectangles.

5 Results

5.1 Indices of human impact at the national level

The maps of human impacts on the landscape, which were calculated via two different indicators, and the distributions of natural habitats at the national level are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3 Distribution of the hemeroby index based on calculations for grid cells.
Figure 3

Distribution of the hemeroby index based on calculations for grid cells.

Figure 4 Distribution of the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI´) based on calculations for grid cells.
Figure 4

Distribution of the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI´) based on calculations for grid cells.

From the maps, it is possible to observe certain differences, from which it follows that the use of the hemeroby index, which considers the proportion of individual degrees of anthropogenic impact in a given area, provides a more detailed view of the degree of human influence on the landscape than does the coefficient of anthropogenic impact (CAI), which is defined as the simple ratio of areas with a high intensity of use and areas with a lower intensity of use.

The overall relationships between the indices of anthropogenic impacts and the proportions of basic groups of natural habitats at the national level are presented in Table 3. The values of the hemeroby index were significantly negatively correlated with the proportions of most of the main groups of natural habitats; however, a significant relationship was not demonstrated for two groups of natural habitats (streams and water bodies, and wetlands and riverine vegetation). However, the values of CAI′ had a statistically significant negative correlation with natural biotopes in all cases (Table 3).

Table 3

Relationships between indicators of human impact (hemeroby index, CAI′) and the proportions of basic groups of natural habitats at the national level

Scrubs Forests Wetlands and riverine vegetation Springs and mires Cliffs and boulder screes Secondary grasslands and heatlands Streams and water bodies Natural habitats in total
Czech Republic
Hemeroby index r part −0.0277 −0.5762 −0.0071 −0.0986 −0.0510 −0.1433 −0.0004 −0.5474
p part p = 0.000 p < 0.001 p = 0.047 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p = 0.920 p < 0.001
r permut −0.099325 −0.549309 −0.018154 −0.093544 −0.0908382 −0.185432 −0.025621 −0.515758
p permut p < 0.002 p < 0.002 p = 0.182 p < 0.002 p < 0.002 p < 0.002 p = 0.026 p < 0.002
CAI′ r part 0.0309 −0.3041 −0.0245 −0.0390 −0.0271 −0.1857 −0.0468 −0.3445
p part p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001
r permut −0.0740 −0.3174 −0.0344 −0.0567 −0.0616 −0.2022 −0.0651 −0.3572
p permut p = 0.018 p < 0.002 p = 0.020 p = 0.004 p < 0.002 p < 0.002 p < 0.002 p < 0.002

Bold indicates a significant correlation (p < 0.05).

The correlation coefficients (r part and r permut) and probability level (p) are given.

5.2 Indices of human impact at the regional level

If the indices of human impact were used for the analysis of landscapes in small regions with different natural conditions (Figures 5 and 6), the relationships between the values of these indices and the proportion of natural habitats were in accordance with the results at the national level, which indicates that the greater the value of the anthropogenic impact on the landscape was, the lower the total representation of natural habitats (Table 4). The correlation between both indicators of human impact (hemeroby index, CAI′) and the proportion of natural habitats was understandably weaker because of much lower degrees of freedom but was still strong for natural habitats in total and in forests.

Figure 5 Distribution of the hemeroby index based on calculations for grid cells at the regional level (a – Kutná Hora, b – Prachatice, c – Turnov, d – Poděbrady).
Figure 5

Distribution of the hemeroby index based on calculations for grid cells at the regional level (a – Kutná Hora, b – Prachatice, c – Turnov, d – Poděbrady).

Figure 6 Distribution of the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI´) based on calculations for grid cells at the regional level (a – Kutná Hora, b – Prachatice, c – Turnov, d – Poděbrady).
Figure 6

Distribution of the coefficient of anthropogenic impact on landscape (CAI´) based on calculations for grid cells at the regional level (a – Kutná Hora, b – Prachatice, c – Turnov, d – Poděbrady).

Table 4

Relationships between indicators of human impact (hemeroby index, CAI′) and the proportions of basic groups of natural habitats at the regional level

Scrubs Forests Wetlands and riverine vegetation Springs and mires Cliffs and boulder screes Secondary grasslands and heatlands Streams and water bodies Natural habitats in total
Kutná Hora Region
Hemeroby index r part 0.0256 −0.2547 −0.0166 −0.0510 0.1026 0.1040 0.0866 −0.1210
p part p = 0.558 p < 0.001 p = 0.704 p = 0.244 p = 0.019 p = 0.017 p = 0.047 p = 0.005
CAI′ r part 0.0032 −0.2694 −0.0202 −0.0717 0.00110 0.0724 0.0873 −0.1494
p part p = 0.941 p < 0.001 p = 0.645 p = 0.101 p = 0.802 p = 0.098 p = 0.046 p = 0.001
Poděbrady Region
Hemeroby index r part −0.0035 −0.9491 −0.3217 −0.2096 −0.1961 −0.2388 −0.9159
p part p = 0.954 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p = 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001
CAI′ r part 0.0136 −0.6763 −0.3056 −0.1529 −0.2809 −0.2452 −0.6964
p part p = 0.821 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p = 0.010 p < 0.001 p < 0.001 p < 0.001
Prachatice Region
Hemeroby index r part −0.0748 −0.4366 −0.1013 −0.1593 −0.0585 0.0511 −0.0115 −0.4324
p part p = 0.045 p < 0.001 p = 0.007 p < 0.001 p = 0.117 p = 0.171 p = 0.759 p < 0.001
CAI′ r part −0.0549 −0.0732 0.0038 0.0037 −0.0300 −0.0417 −0.0037 −0.0844
p part p = 0.141 p = 0.050 p = 0.918 p = 0.921 p = 0.421 p = 0.263 p = 0.921 p = 0.024
Turnov Region
Hemeroby index r part −0.0327 −0.7988 −0.1424 −0.1932 −0.3844 −0.2336 −0.0021 −0.7361
p part p = 0.662 p < 0.001 p = 0.056 p = 0.009 p < 0.001 p = 0.002 p = 0.978 p < 0.001
CAI′ r part −0.0395 −0.4563 −0.0752 −0.1097 −0.1931 −0.2615 −0.0890 −0.4707
p part p = 0.597 p < 0.001 p = 0.314 p = 0.141 p = 0.009 p < 0.001 p = 0.233 p < 0.001

Bold indicates a significant correlation (p < 0.05).

The correlation coefficient (r part) and probability level (p) are given.

The significance of the correlation coefficients between the value of anthropogenic influence on the landscape and the representation of natural habitats in individual regions differed considerably both from the values at the national level and from each other.

In the Turnov and Poděbrady regions, a significant negative relationship between the degree of anthropogenic influence on the landscape and the proportion of grassland biotopes was demonstrated via both indices (hemeroby index, CAI′). On the other hand, in the Prachatice region, no relationship between anthropogenic impacts on the landscape and grassland biotope cover was found. An interesting paradox occurred in the case of the Kutná Hora region, where the area of grassland biotopes increased with increasing levels of anthropogenic impact, as expressed by the hemeroby index.

A significant relationship between the amount of scrubs and the degree of anthropogenic impact on the landscape was demonstrated only by the hemeroby index in the Prachatice region. In the other regions, the relationship between anthropogenic impact and the proportion of scrubs was not indicated.

The hemeroby index revealed that the occurrence of wetlands and riverine vegetation biotopes decreased significantly with increasing anthropogenic impact only in the Prachatice and Poděbrady regions. Using the CAI´ coefficient, the relationships between the presence of these biotopes and anthropogenic impacts were documented only in the Poděbrady region (Table 4).

Both indices (hemeroby index, CAI′) also revealed that the areas of streams and water bodies habitats decreased significantly with increasing anthropogenic impact only in the Poděbrady region. In the Kutná Hora region, on the other hand, the abundance of streams and water bodies biotopes increased with increasing anthropogenic impact. In the Turnov and Prachatice regions, the statistically significant relationship between the area of these biotopes and anthropogenic impact was not proven via the coefficients of human impact (hemeroby index, CAI´).

The loss of the area of springs and mires with increasing anthropogenic impact was statistically significantly correlated with the hemeroby index in all regions except Kutná Hora. With respect to the CAI´ indices, no significant relationship was detected between the anthropogenic impact and the area of this habitat group in all the regions except for Poděbrady.

Both the hemeroby index and CAI´ had a strong negative correlation between the proportion of cliffs and boulder screes and anthropogenic influence in the Turnov region, whereas in the Kutná Hora region, this correlation was weakly positive when only the hemeroby index was used.

6 Discussion

The overall results unsurprisingly confirmed a decrease in the proportion of natural habitats with increasing anthropogenic impact on the landscape, as expressed by the hemeroby and CAI´ indices. Similar findings have been documented by many previous studies [4,5,6,7,10].

CLC data have been widely used in different studies at different spatial scales. The spatial pattern of land cover (or land cover change) can provide direct measures of human activity [53]. Land use/land cover changes have been suggested as leading forces influencing biodiversity changes associated with habitat degradation or even loss [54] and have serious impacts on providing ecosystem services [55,56].

At the national level, the two indices of anthropogenic influence that were used (hemeroby index and CAI´) yielded the same results, but at the regional level, the hemeroby index was somewhat more closely related to the representation of natural habitats. The hemeroby index was proven to be more useful for studying human impacts on landscapes at the national level and especially at the regional level because of its construction. It reflects not only the quantity but also the environmental quality of different land cover types. In particular, forests are classified in more detail than in the CORINE land cover classification, which uses a forest classification based on the potential natural vegetation maps [48]. Similar forest classification was prepared for other Central European countries by Grabherr et al. [33] and Kowarik [57]. Grabherr et al. [33] proposed a detailed forest biotope classification and its relation to hemeroby for Austria. Kowarik [57] compared old approaches of forest classification and NATURA forest biotopes with the concept of hemeroby for Germany. Owing to the detailed land cover classification used for calculating the hemeroby index, it can be applied with good results for small spatial units [11,31,34,35]. Using these small spatial units, the hemeroby index was proven to be useful for large model areas as well as for small territorial units such as regions and municipalities.

The advantage of the coefficient of anthropogenic impact (CAI´) is its simple construction, which uses basic land cover data. However, the original CAI index was developed for general assessment of large territories [43,44] and is not suitable for small units. Extreme values can occur in such small units, or it is even not possible to count the index in a completely urbanized area without any natural surfaces. During the assessment of the anthropogenic impact on the landscape by CAI´ with respect to natural habitats, CAI´ had relatively good results, especially at the national level; however, it was still somewhat worse than the hemeroby index.

In terms of the presence of natural habitats at the national level, both in general and in terms of their most abundant basic groups of natural habitats, their decrease was attributed to increasing anthropogenic impacts on the landscape. The aforementioned statement was also true for three of the four studied regions – Poděbrady in the lowlands, Turnov in the highlands with sandy rocks, and Prachatice in the mountains. Kutná Hora, where the share of natural habitats in the region was the lowest and was usually small and dispersed, was somewhat different. The proportion of natural habitats as a whole was also relatively weakly negatively related to anthropogenic impacts on the landscape. However, this was not proven for secondary grasslands and heathlands, cliffs and boulder screes, and streams and water bodies. The explanation for this could be that natural habitats are small and isolated in deep valleys with steep slopes or in manor gardens [58,59]. Moreover, the prevailing land cover matrix consists of intensively used agricultural land or managed forests.

7 Conclusion

The indices of anthropogenic impact were very closely negatively correlated with the representation of natural habitats, especially forests, scrubs, and grasslands. For aquatic and wetland habitats, the relationships were relatively weak. Both indices (hemeroby index and CAI´) effectively reflected the proportion of natural habitats in the landscape and yielded almost the same results at the national level. We can assume that for a general assessment at the national level, the transformed coefficient of anthropogenic impact (CAI´), which is very easy to construct from only CORINE land cover data, yields sufficient results and could be used with good results. On the other hand, the hemeroby index usually has a closer relationship with the representation of natural habitats than CAI´ does at the regional level. Owing to the detailed land cover classification used for calculating the hemeroby index, it can be applied with better results for small spatial units. The advantage of both indices is that they could be easily calculated from satellite images and/or land cover data. Therefore, they could be used worldwide. In Europe, including the Czech Republic, this analysis could be used for an initial assessment of landscape ecological quality and the need for potential landscape restoration in accordance with the European Nature Restoration Law [60]. To conclude, the hemeroby index is a good solution for assessing anthropogenic impacts because of its relatively easy construction and reliable results at all spatial extents. The hemeroby index was proven to be useful for studying human impacts on landscapes at both the national and regional levels because it reflects not only the quantity but also the environmental quality of the land cover types.

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Acknowledgment

This research was funded by the research project TAČR PPZ DivLand SS02030018 Centre for Landscape and Biodiversity and by a long-term research project of the Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (no. RVO 67985939).

  1. Funding information: This research was funded by the research project TAČR PPZ DivLand SS02030018 Centre for Landscape and Biodiversity and by a long-term research project of the Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (no. RVO 67985939).

  2. Author contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Katarína Demková and Tomáš Frantík. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Markéta Šantrůčková and Jiří Dostálek, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-12-07
Revised: 2025-02-04
Accepted: 2025-02-23
Published Online: 2025-04-28

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. Merkel cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of three patients and literature review
  142. Ecology and Environmental Science
  143. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  144. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  145. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  146. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  147. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  148. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  149. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  150. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  151. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  152. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  153. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  154. Agriculture
  155. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  156. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  157. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  158. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  159. Animal Science
  160. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  161. Plant Sciences
  162. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  163. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  164. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  165. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  166. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  167. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  168. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  169. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  170. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  171. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  172. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  173. Food Science
  174. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  178. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  180. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  181. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
  192. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  193. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1085
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
human impact; indices; natural habitats; CORINE land cover; Czech Republic
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  50. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  69. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  70. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  72. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  82. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  83. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  84. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  85. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  87. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  88. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  89. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  90. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  91. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  93. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  94. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  95. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  96. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  97. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  99. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  100. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  101. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  107. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. Merkel cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of three patients and literature review
  142. Ecology and Environmental Science
  143. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  144. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  145. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  146. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  147. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  148. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  149. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  150. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  151. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  152. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  153. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  154. Agriculture
  155. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  156. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  157. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  158. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  159. Animal Science
  160. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  161. Plant Sciences
  162. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  163. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  164. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  165. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  166. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  167. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  168. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  169. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  170. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  171. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  172. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  173. Food Science
  174. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  175. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  176. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  177. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  178. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  179. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  180. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  181. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  182. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  183. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  184. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  185. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  186. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  187. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  188. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  189. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  190. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  191. Corrigendum
  192. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  193. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
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