Startseite Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
Artikel Open Access

Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity

  • Ogechukwu Bose Chukwuma , Mohd Rafatullah EMAIL logo , Riti Thapar Kapoor EMAIL logo , Husnul Azan Tajarudin , Norli Ismail , Mahboob Alam und Masoom Raza Siddiqui
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. März 2025
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 20 Heft 1

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass, owing to its recalcitrant nature, requires a consortium of enzymes for its breakdown. The present study deals with the isolation of cellulolytic bacterial strains from landfill leachate collected from the Pulau Burung landfill site of Penang, Malaysia, and consortia were constructed to test their cellulolytic efficiency. The dinitro salicylate method was used for the estimation of enzyme activity, and consortia were compared with promising bacterial strains. The combined potential of promising bacterial strains was optimized at varying experimental conditions to detect their maximum cellulolytic activity. The results showed that eight bacterial strains reflected hydrolytic activities, and these were identified by 16S rDNA sequence as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus proteolyticus, Bacillus paramycoides, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus niacin, and Bacillus thuringiensis. Consortia A included Bacillus proteolyticus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus paramycoides and reflected high thermophilic inclination as the optimal temperature was 45°C at pH 6 with the highest cellulase activity of 0.90 U/ml. Consortia B included Bacillus cereus, Bacillus altitudinis, Bacillus niacin, and Bacillus thuringiensis and showed a cellulase activity of 0.78 U/ml at 38°C and pH 6. The results reflected the significant potential of these Bacillus strains and consortia in the breakdown of cellulose into useful end products. The consortia further proved that a synergistic relationship was more favourable for bioconversion processes.

Keywords: Bacillus species; cellulolytic ability; consortia; landfill leachate; lignocellulose biomass

1 Introduction

The high energy demand, exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves, industrialization, and a significant increase in agricultural or municipal solid waste have turned global efforts towards the exploration of renewable sources for use in the generation of green energy and better waste management strategies [1]. Approximately 200 million tonnes of lignocellulosic wastes are generated every year through various agricultural activities [2]. Lignocellulosic wastes are cheap and widely available at zero cost and have a great potential for biotransformation into biofuels such as bioethanol, biogas, and other value-adding products [3,4,5]. The lignocellulosic wastes are composed of cellulose (30–50%), hemicellulose (15–30%), and lignin (10–20%) [6]. Various methods like physical, biological, and chemical procedures have been used for the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes [7]. The application of gas or steam utilizes high pressure alongside high temperature to make lignocellulose softer and break the chemical linkages between the cellulose components [8]. During this process, many harmful intermediates like furfural or its derivatives and acetic acid are also produced. The chemical method, such as acid or base treatment, breaks down glycosidic bonds, shows a reduction in cellulose polymerization, and enhances its breakdown. However, physical and chemical methods are effective, but these procedures are unsustainable due to the adverse effects on the environment using toxic chemicals and high energy consumption [9,10].

The biological method works with microbes having efficient enzymes, which can easily degrade cellulose and hemicellulose. It utilizes microbial enzymes to break down the lignocellulosic polysaccharides by enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation [11]. As compared to other procedures, the application of microbes is safe, cost-effective, feasible, environmentally benign, consumes less energy, requires mild conditions, does not produce detrimental by-products, and can be applied to several industrial applications [12,13,14]. Microbial cellulases are important biocatalysts and can be used for the degeneration of lignocellulosic wastes, biofuel generation, and biorefining [5,15]. Cellulase is the main enzyme used in the depolymerization of lignocellulosic polysaccharides, which involves the breakdown of β-1,4 bonds of cellulose to generate glucose molecules [16]. Cellulase is made up of exoglucanases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidases, which operate in synergy with one another in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass [17]. Cellulase is the most in-demand enzyme, which covers about 20% of the global market [13]. Microbial enzymes have been proven very efficient for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste compared to commercial enzymes [18]. They are a cost-effective option as opposed to available commercial and pure enzymes [19]. Transformation of lignocellulosic wastes into biofuel via cellulases can combat the problems of consumption of fossil fuel and release of greenhouse gases, which are main global concerns [20,21].

Bacteria are easily and quickly culturable, have less nutritional requirements, and produce large quantities of cellulase enzymes [22]. Bacteria are prolific producers of cellulase and are considered to be suitable candidates for cellulose breakdown due to their fast reproducibility and ability to recombine [12]. The generation of cellulase has been previously reported by different genera of anaerobic, mesophilic, aerobic, and thermophilic bacteria such as Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Thermomonospora, Acetovibrio, Microbispora, Fibrobacter, Streptomyces, Ruminococcus, Paenibacillus, etc. [23,24]. Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9 played a significant role in cellulolytic biomass saccharification [4]. Bacillus genus is a promising enzyme-producing candidate with high catalytic potential and cellulose degradation efficiency even under harsh environmental conditions [1,25,26].

The bacterial consortia have been proven functionally robust, efficient in enzyme production, and stable against biochemical degradation compared to the single bacteria [27]. Constructed consortia are co-cultures that contain various bacterial species or different strains from the same species. The cellulolytic enzymes produced by different bacteria present in consortia act in synergy, and this leads to the complete breakdown of lignocellulosic wastes [28]. Zerva et al. [29] stated that the complete breakdown of various components of lignocellulosic wastes requires a consortium of enzymes that perform different roles in the degradation process. There are reports that tasks that single culture might find tedious due to more consumption of time were easily achieved by bacterial consortia for lignin and cellulose degradation and generation of valuable bio-products [30]. Furthermore, inhibition by intermediates and thermodynamic challenges can be overcome by using the principles of division of labour. Co-culturing can help in reducing the steps involved in pre-treatment and enzyme production, which can be integrated into one step to reduce expenditure in the process. Vu et al. [30] found that consortia that were formed by the combination of two to three Bacillus species showed enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency on wheat bran compared to the monoculture of each strain. Bacillus strains like B. velezensis, B. toyonensis, and B. safensis reflected high cellulolytic activities [31]. Bacillus coagulans, B. cereus, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis have been identified with high cellulolytic efficiency [30]. Various Bacillus species have been observed to produce cellulase enzymes that breakdown recalcitrant lignocellulosic biomass; however, fewer studies have been conducted on mixed microbial culture for their degradation efficiency.

Landfill sites contain a huge amount of lignocellulosic material, heterogeneous in nature and are reported as a suitable site for biomass transformation due to the presence of potential indigenous microbes. Unfortunately, landfill sites have not been extensively studied yet [32]. Previous investigations have confirmed that Bacillus species secrete enzymes for lignin and cellulose degradation, break the biphenyl structure of lignin, and metabolize dioxane lignin. To the best of our knowledge, no reports are available on the isolation of potential bacteria and formulation of bacterial consortia for the conversion of lignocellulose wastes from the Pulau Burung landfill site in Malaysia. Thus, in this study, the cellulolytic ability of Bacillus strains isolated from the Pulau Burung landfill site and two consortia formed by using knowledge from the previous metagenomic study of the same landfill site was applied and analysed [33]. The present investigation is unique as it combines potential bacterial strains and optimization of different experimental parameters for maximum cellulolytic activity. The objective of the present investigation was (i) to use information from a previous study as a guide in the design of bacterial consortia, (ii) compare cellulolytic responses of a single Bacillus strain against constructed consortia, and (iii) generate information and recommendations for the use of potential bacterial strains and consortia in lignocellulose-driven enterprise in the future.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sampling site

The samples of landfill leachate were procured from the Pulau Burung landfill area (5°19.36;100°42.67′E) of Penang, Malaysia, during the summer season in July. As per the standard procedures, samples were transferred to the laboratory, and physicochemical and microbiological analyses were carried out using the Forster method [34].

2.2 Isolation and identification of bacteria

Bacterial species were isolated by serially diluting 1 ml of leachate tenfold, and then dilutions (0.1 ml) from each fold were spread on sterile nutrient agar plates and kept at 37°C for a day. To ensure purity prior to identification, the developed colonies were sub-cultured. Pure bacterial colonies were placed at 4°C on nutrient agar slants for investigation. The morphology of the colonies was observed, and the similar colonies were sub-cultured until pure colonies were obtained. After the isolation of bacteria, morphological and biochemical characterization were performed by following standard methods prescribed in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology for screening of promising bacteria [35]. Morphological characterization was conducted based on the visual appearance and Gram staining.

Gram staining was done by using bacteria that were grown overnight, and microscopic characterization was used to affirm colony characteristics. According to the procedure of Smith and Hussey [36], a glass slide was smeared with the culture by placing a few drops of distilled water on the slide, and a thin layer of bacterial colony was spread in the drop before fixing with heat. This was followed by treatment with crystal violet and then rinsing with distilled water. Then, the slides were flooded with Gram’s iodine solution before being rinsed with alcohol. Finally, the slide was flooded with safranin, washed with distilled water, left to air dry, and then observed under a microscope with a magnification of 100× objective lens using immersion oil.

2.3 Qualitative and quantitative screening for cellulolytic abilities

The extracellular cellulase activity was measured using the procedure of Hajiabadi et al. (2020). Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) agar medium (g/L) (CMC, 5.0; NaNO3, 2.5; yeast extract, 1.0; KH2PO4, 1.0; NaCl, 1.0; MgSO4·7H20, 0.6; CaCl2, 0.1; FeCl3, 0.1; agar, 15.0) was used and pH 7 was maintained by adding 1 M NaOH solution. The plates were inoculated with the pure strains, incubated for 48 h, and then treated with Congo red and Gram’s iodine staining procedures. The colonies on the CMC agar were treated with the respective dyes. Gram’s iodine reagent was washed with water, while Congo red was rinsed with 1 M NaCl solution. Based on the cellulolytic activity, organisms were selected for further screening. The test was repeated for strains that showed clearance zones in both Congo red and Gram’s iodine. In this quantitative part, the zones of clearance were measured to determine the strains that showed higher activity and those that showed the lowest activity.

2.4 Effect of temperature on cellulase activity

To carry out a preliminary check on the impact of temperature on the growth of bacteria and cellulolytic activity, isolates were grown on agar plates at different temperatures (28, 37, and 45°C). After this, Gram’s iodine reagent was used for staining plates and to observe the zone of clearance around the bacterial colony.

2.5 Growth curve

For assessment of the growth pattern of bacterial strains, they were inoculated in nutrient broth and studied at varying temperatures. The flasks were agitated at 150 rpm, and the absorbance was measured at 620 nm after 24 h by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

2.6 Molecular identification of the selected bacterial strain

After the study on cellulase activity, the best isolates were selected for molecular biology techniques. Bacterial isolates were freshly grown in the nutrient broth and kept overnight at 37°C, under shaking conditions at 150 rpm. DNA was extracted from pure bacterial isolates as per the procedure of Yi et al. [37] by using a Vivantis DNA kit (Vivantis, Selangor, Malaysia). The extracted DNA underwent amplification by the polymerase chain reaction by employing universal DNA forward Eubac27F and reverse 1492R primers to earmark bacterial 16S rRNA. Then, the PCR protocol was applied: 32 cycles at 95°C for 3 min, 94 and 56°C for 1 min, 72°C for 2 min, and 72°C for 10 min, with an interval of 4°C. The libraries were normalized and pooled according to the protocol recommended by Illumina, followed by sequencing using the MiSeq platform with 300 PE. The sequences obtained were analysed by applying NCBI’s online tool, Blast.

2.7 Phylogenetic analysis

Blasting was performed by the use of the GenBank database for the collation of 16S rDNA sequences with similar types of sequences. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software was used to construct the phylogeny of bacterial strains with the help of the obtained sequences.

2.8 Development of bacterial consortium

Bacterial consortia were prepared by combining equal proportions of cell cultures of the best bacterial isolates. The culture of B. proteolyticus, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, and B. paramycoides kept for 24 h was mixed to form consortia A, whereas the culture of B. cereus, B. altitudinis, B. niacini, and B. thuringiensis was mixed to form consortia B. The objective behind choosing and mixing specific bacterial strains was to form consortia A and B by selecting promising indigenous strains with better cellulolytic activities present at landfill sites. The interaction of promising bacterial species in consortia may provide desired results compared to the individual isolates.

2.9 Quantitative screening and optimization for cellulolytic abilities

Cellulase activity assay was carried out as per the procedure of Ghose [38] by measuring the released reducing sugar with a dinitrosalicylic acid reagent. The absorbance was measured with a UV-vis spectrophotometer at 540 nm. The reduced sugar content was determined by using a standard curve for glucose. The process optimization was conducted by fermentation of bacterial strains and consortia at (i) pH 6 and 8 and (ii) temperatures of 32, 38, 45, and 50°C, and the cellulase activity was measured and analysed.

2.10 Optimization of the biodegradation process using RSM

The random surface methodology was applied for optimization of the most promising bacterial consortia. The main objective of the RSM application was the optimization of output variables that depend on input variables by the experimental design. Cellulase activity response was directly dependent on three input variables: temperature, pH, and substrate concentration, which were also analysed.

2.11 Statistical analysis

All the experiments were conducted in triplicate, and data are presented as mean ± standard error. A two-factor ANOVA test with significance level P < 0.05 was used for data analysis. Design expert software and an origin plot were used to generate the figures.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Identification and isolation of bacteria

A total of 19 isolates were reported, which were microscopically identified for morphological characterization. The Gram-negative bacteria were decolourized after alcohol treatment and appeared red, whereas Gram-positive bacteria did not decolourize and reflected purple colour under a microscope. Gram staining results showed that 12 strains were Gram-positive, whereas 7 were Gram-negative strains, similar to the results of our previous investigation on the landfill site that reflected more Gram-positive organisms than Gram-negative. The morphology also showed that various forms of bacteria, such as rods and cocci, were present.

3.2 Qualitative and quantitative screening of Bacillus strains for cellulolytic activity using the CMC assay

The Congo red and Gram’s iodine tests were applied to study the cellulolytic ability of each bacterial strain. Qualitatively, only eight isolates showed significant cellulolytic ability when exposed to Congo red and Gram’s iodine reagent. The other 11 bacterial strains showed hydrolysis and cellulolytic capacity either for only one reagent or not at all. This led to a focus on the eight strains that had positive reactions in the tests. The quantitative reaction of these strains was then studied, and the results for the eight strains are presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Zones of clearance of different bacterial strains with Congo red and Gram’s iodine test.
Figure 1

Zones of clearance of different bacterial strains with Congo red and Gram’s iodine test.

3.3 Effect of temperature on cellulase activity

The effect of temperature on the qualitative response of the strains was studied and is shown in Figure 2. The results showed that bacterial strains thrive mostly at temperatures above 28°C. Bacterial strains such as I-16, I-13, I-1, I-7, I-10, I-15, and I-14 had more zones of clearance after growth at higher temperatures. However, I-5 was the only strain with a better zone of clearance at 28°C.

Figure 2 Effect of temperature on the cellulolytic activity of bacterial strains.
Figure 2

Effect of temperature on the cellulolytic activity of bacterial strains.

3.4 Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis

The results derived from 16S rDNA sequencing formed the basis of the phylogenetic analysis, which enabled the identification of bacteria that were promising in enzymatic capabilities. In the present study, Bacillus genera were identified as a prominent bacterial strain. Table 1 presents the phylogenetic results.

Table 1

Culture and molecular-based identification of Bacillus strains using 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from Pulau Burung landfill leachate samples

Sample ID Coverage Similarity BP Accession Matched bacteria from NCBI
I1 99 97.33 1203 OQ290603 B. cereus
I16 95 99.41 1234 OQ288267 B. pumilus
I13 98 99.25 1216 OQ290884 B. altitudinis
I5 97 99.74 1168 OQ290885 B. subtilis
I7 98 98.62 1226 OQ290886 B. paramycoides
I10 93 96.71 1278 OQ290887 B. niacini
I15 94 98.75 1215 OQ290888 B. thuringiensis
I14 95 97.81 1207 OQ290889 B. paramycoides

3.5 Growth curve

For assessment of growth patterns of Bacillus strains, they were inoculated in nutrient broth and studied at different temperatures. The flasks were agitated at 150 rpm, and the absorbance was measured at 600 nm for 24 h using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results are shown in Figures 3 and 4.

Figure 3 Growth curves of the bacterial strains at 37°C.
Figure 3

Growth curves of the bacterial strains at 37°C.

Figure 4 Growth curves of the bacterial strains at 45°C.
Figure 4

Growth curves of the bacterial strains at 45°C.

3.6 Quantitative screening and optimization of cellulolytic abilities of the bacterial strains and consortia

Cellulase activity assays were carried out and optimization was done to check the impact of pH and temperature on cellulase activity. The results are presented in Figures 5 and 6. The assay was also used to check for the cellulolytic improvements in the two consortia that were constructed. The consortia results showed that pH 6 and a temperature of 45°C had the highest results for consortia A, while consortia B had the highest activity at 38°C and pH 6. B. subtilis at 32°C had a low response at both pH 6 and 8. While B. altitudinis reflected a better response at both pH values used, it exhibited a more significant response at pH 8 than consortia B. At pH 8, consortia A had better activity at higher temperatures of 45 and 50°C, while consortia B showed higher activity at lower temperatures. Both consortia had very similar responses at 32°C. All strains and consortia showed better activity at pH 6, which is an indication that the same pH can be used for further studies.

Figure 5 Cellulase activity of the selected bacterial strains and the two consortia at pH 6.
Figure 5

Cellulase activity of the selected bacterial strains and the two consortia at pH 6.

Figure 6 Cellulase activity of the selected bacterial strains and the two consortia at pH 8.
Figure 6

Cellulase activity of the selected bacterial strains and the two consortia at pH 8.

3.7 Optimization of the biodegradation process using RSM

A response surface diagram was applied for optimization of the enzyme activity. RSM is a statistical parameter, which analyses different variables concomitantly. This multivariate approach showed benefits like a reduction in investigational trials, increased statistical justification potential, and specified interaction of parameters. A central composite design was applied to examine the optimum state for maximum cellulase generation from consortia. Twenty experimental runs were conducted to analyse the impact of temperature, pH, and substrate on cellulase activity. ANOVA and regression analysis were used in testing for statistical significance. The results showed an insignificant lack of fit test (F-values), which shows that the model can satisfactorily predict a response. An R 2 value of 0.9724 further justified the models. The predicted R 2 of 0.9167 agreed with the estimated R 2 of 0.9724, which depicts the adequacy of the model to predict the response. Models were applied to analyse the impact of the independent variables on the response parameters, and the results are presented in Figures 7 and 8. P-values that were <0.0500 showed that the model terms were significant.

Figure 7 Three-dimensional (3D) response surface diagram reflecting a significant impact of temperature and pH on the enzyme activity.
Figure 7

Three-dimensional (3D) response surface diagram reflecting a significant impact of temperature and pH on the enzyme activity.

Figure 8 3D response surface diagram reflecting the impact of substrate and pH on the enzyme activity.
Figure 8

3D response surface diagram reflecting the impact of substrate and pH on the enzyme activity.

4 Discussion

In this study, after isolation and gram testing, a greater degree of isolates were found to be Gram-positive. The same observations were observed by Garcete et al. [39], as they also found Gram-positive isolates to be more rampant in their investigations. The qualitative screening using Congo red and Gram’s iodine tests revealed eight isolates with significant cellulolytic ability. The zone of clearance reflected cellulase activity, and the diameter of the zone served as an indication of the hydrolysis of cellulose. These eight bacterial strains showed hydrolysis and cellulolytic capacity for both Congo red and Gram’s iodine reagents. After these results were obtained, the focus was narrowed to only those bacterial strains that showed detection zones with both Congo red and Gram’s iodine test. Similar findings were reported by Vu et al. [30], where the bacterial strains showed activity similar to that of Congo red. Approximately 40% of the bacterial isolates showed cellulolytic activity, which was the same as that carried out by Shamshitov et al. [40], who characterized bacteria in a soil environment. Cellulases are enzymes that drive the hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Endoglucanase, which is the enzyme activity captured above, is vital in how the hydrolytic process starts and is controlled throughout the process. Thus, its characterization and quantification are imperative to successfully degrade cellulose and apply the results in the industry [41].

Temperature plays a pivotal role not only in bacterial growth but also affects their physiology and enzyme production. Temperature affects the growth and extracellular enzyme generation as it modifies the physical characteristics of the cell membrane. The optimal temperature for growth and cellulase activity is dependent on the microbial strain and isolation site [42]. In the present study, seven out of the eight bacterial strains showed better activity at higher temperatures. Dobrzyński et al. [5] reported similar results, where bacterial strains showed more expression of cellulolytic activity at high temperatures. Islam et al. [43] reported that the Bacillus strain showed maximum cellulase production at 35°C, but the enzyme production decreased when the fermentation temperature was increased to above 40°C. This makes the results attractive for industrial purposes due to the possibility of application of thermophilic cellulolytic enzymes in textile, biofuel, and agricultural industries.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the strains that showed promise were from the Bacillus genera. Bacillus has been reported as a promising bacterial strain with the potential to survive under environmental stresses with its simple nutritional requirements for growth and replication. Their thermophilic nature has also been observed, along with their hydrolytic enzymes like protease and α-amylase generation capacity [44]. The potential bacterial strains identified were B. proteolyticus, B. pumilus, B. paramycoides, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. niacini, B. altitudinis, and B. thuringiensis. The assessment of the growth pattern of the Bacillus strains was done at different temperatures. The growth curve profile showed increased cell activity at 45°C from hour 5 for most of the bacterial strains, except for B. paramycoides, B. niacini, and B. thuringiensis. The growth studies confirmed that these Bacillus strains can utilize cellulose as a main source of carbon for their growth and replication. Bacteria tend to grow best at optimal temperatures of 30–37°C [45].

The DNS assay results from this study reflected that the Bacillus strains showed tangible cellulolytic potential, which agrees with the study conducted by Pandey et al. [46], where the Bacillus species showed potential in enzyme production by using several cellulosic substrates. The isolates were also able to remain active under different pH and temperature ranges. This attribute implies that bacterial species can be used for the production of thermostable enzymes, which was cost-effective due to the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic wastes into biofuel and other value-added products. Balla et al. [47] reported that the catalase enzyme activity was 0.25 U/ml at pH 6 by the B. pumilus EWBCM1 strain.

The co-cultures are advantageous, as microbes that are in proximity reflect significant interactions, which are beneficial for them. Earlier reports revealed that tasks that single cultures might find tedious due to more consumption time were easily achieved by consortia related to bioremediation and generation of bioproducts [30]. This makes microbial consortia a vital part of the design process of models that comprise up to four species, which can be used to sufficiently predict environmental interactions and behaviour between microorganisms [48]. This assisted in the design of consortia used for further investigations. The high temperature favoured cellulolytic activity in the consortia, and Bacillus strains with pH 6 indicated higher cellulolytic activity for most of the bacterial isolates and consortia. These results are similar to the findings observed by Dar et al. [49], as they showed that pH and temperature affected the metabolism and catalytic efficiency of Bacillus species. Ilic et al. [50] reported that the pH of the medium plays an important role in cellulase generation.

Their results showed that maximum cellulase production was observed at pH 5 and 50°C. It is similar to our results, where pH 6 and 45°C had the highest results for consortia A, and consortia B had the highest activity at 38°C. In our results, pH 6 was very more favourable for cellulolytic activity compared to pH 8 for both the strains and consortia. The affinity for high temperatures and pH 6 is similar to the study on B. coagulans by Aulitto et al. [51], where bacteria secreted cellulases at 37°C; however, the optimal temperature was 50°C and pH was 6. Consortia A showed more consistent results with varying pH and temperature and was selected for further study. Consortia are also advantageous, as existing limitations of single strains, like the metabolic burden of gene overexpression, toxin, inhibition by intermediates, and thermodynamic challenges, can be overcome using the principle of division of labour. Co-culturing can help in reducing steps involved during pre-treatment and enzyme production and can be integrated into one step to reduce expenditure [52].

RSM was used for the optimization of the enzyme activity for consortia A, which showed the most significant results at high temperatures. After 20 experimental runs were done to show the impact of temperature, pH, and substrate on the activity of cellulase, statistical analysis showed that the model was adequate for predicting the response being studied. ANOVA and regression analysis were used in testing for statistical significance. Model terms B, C, AC, and B² were significant, whereas values >0.1000 showed that model terms were not significant. The results were confirmed, which reflected that the consortia’s optimum conditions were pH 7 and a temperature of 39°C.

5 Conclusions

In this investigation, we have isolated and identified bacteria with high enzymatic ability from landfill leachate of the Pulau Burung landfill site of Penang, Malaysia. The eight most significant isolates obtained were Bacillus species, which showed cellulolytic ability with both Congo red and Gram’s iodine test. Bacterial isolates were utilized in the formation of two consortia, A and B, which were screened, and the results showed that both consortia performed better s compared to individual strains, and consortia A showed better potential under varying conditions. Hence, co-cultures are beneficial as they can synergistically promote steps of the bio-conversion process and may result in a tangible reduction of cost leading to more adoption of biological procedures for biorefinery development. The biodegradation of lignocellulose biomass by bacterial enzymes is a promising and sustainable approach, as bacterial cellulase can simultaneously perform the role of pre-treatment and easily break down recalcitrant lignocellulosic components. Cellulolytic enzymes are widely used in the paper, pulp, and textile industries. However, the use of cellulase in biofuel production is expected to increase and replace around 30% of fossil fuels by the year 2025. Introducing specific mutations from one hyper-cellulolytic strain into another is a feasible strategy for improving cellulase production for industrial applications. Further investigations are required to explore the potential bacterial species or consortia or the development of engineered Bacillus strain, which may assist in the low-cost generation of cellulase for various commercial applications.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2025R326), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The authors are grateful to the Researchers Supporting Project Number (RSP2025R326), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: Ogechukwu Bose Chukwuma: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, and writing – original draft preparation. Mohd Rafatullah: conceptualization, supervision, writing – review and editing, and funding acquisition. Riti Thapar Kapoor: writing – review and editing. Husnul Azan Tajarudin: supervision, writing – review and editing. Norli Ismail: supervision, writing – review and editing. Mahboob Alam: resources, writing – review, and editing. Masoom Raza Siddiqui: supervision, writing – review and editing, and funding acquisition.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Pham VHT, Kim J, Shim J, Chang S, Chung W. Coconut mesocarp-based lignocellulosic waste as a substrate for cellulase production from high promising multienzyme-producing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FW2 without pretreatments. Microorganisms. 2022;10:327. 10.3390/microorganisms10020327.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Petrova P, Petlichka S, Petrov K. New Bacillus sp. with potential for 2,3-butanediol production from biomass. J Biosci Bioeng. 2020;130:20–8. 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.02.009.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Chukwuma OB, Rafatullah M, Tajarudin HA, Ismail N. A review on bacterial contribution to lignocellulose breakdown into useful bio-products. Inter J Env Res Public Health. 2021a;18:6001. 10.3390/ijerph18116001.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[4] Das T, Ali F, Rahman MS. Cellulase activity of a novel bacterial strain Arthrobacter woluwensis TDS9: its application on bioconversion of paper mill sludge. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2022;20:87. 10.1186/s43141-022-00373-w.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Dobrzyński J, Wróbel B, Gorska EB. Cellulolytic properties of a potentially lignocellulose-degrading Bacillus sp. 8e1a strain isolated from bulk soil. Agronomy. 2022;12:665. 10.3390/agronomy12030665.Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Wang Y, Zhang Y, Cui Q, Feng Y, Xuan J. Composition of lignocellulose hydrolysate in different biorefinery strategies: Nutrients and inhibitors. Molecules. 2024;29:2275. 10.3390/molecules29102275.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Mulyawati AI, Suraraksa B, Chaiprasert P. Efficacies of anaerobic microbial consortium for starchy lignocellulose hydrolysis and acidogenic fermentation of Cassava pulp. Bioenergy Res. 2023;16:2314–30. 10.1007/s12155-023-10590-x.Suche in Google Scholar

[8] Tanpichai S, Witayakran S, Boonmahitthisud A. Study on structural and thermal properties of cellulose microfibers isolated from pineapple leaves using steam explosion. J Env Chem Eng. 2019;7:102836. 10.1016/j.jece.2018.102836.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Dar MA, Syed R, Pawar KD, Dhole NP, Xie R, Pandit RS, et al. Evaluation and characterization of the cellulolytic bacterium, Bacillus pumilus SL8 isolated from the gut of oriental leafworm Spodoptera litura: An assessment of its potential value for lignocellulose bioconversion. Env Technol Innov. 2022;27:102459. 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102459.Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Hassan SS, Williams GA, Jaiswal AK. Emerging technologies for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2018;262:310–8. 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.04.099.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[11] Suchova K, Feher C, Ravn JL, Bedo S, Biely P, Geijer C. Cellulose and xylan-degrading yeasts: Enzymes, applications and biotechnological potential. Biotechnol Adv. 2022;59:107981. 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107981.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[12] Danso B, Ali SS, Xie R, Sun J. Valorisation of wheat straw and bioethanol production by a novel xylanase- and cellulase-producing Streptomyces strain isolated from the wood-feeding termite, Microcerotermes species. Fuel. 2022;310:122333. 10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122333.Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Singh A, Bajar S, Devi A, Pant D. An overview on the recent developments in fungal cellulase production and their industrial applications. Bioresour Technol Rep. 2021;14:100652. 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100652.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Zhang F, Yu W, Liu W, Xu Z. The mixed fermentation technology of solid wastes of agricultural biomass. Front Energy Res. 2020;8:50. 10.3389/fenrg.2020.00050.Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Fu Z, Zhong L, Tian Y, Bai X, Liu J. Identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria and assessment of their potential value for the production of bioethanol from coconut oil cake waste. Microorganisms. 2024;12(2):240. 10.3390/microorganisms12020240.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[16] de Paula RG, Antoniêto ACC, Nogueira KMV, Ribeiro LFC, Rocha MC, Malavazi I, et al. Extracellular vesicles carry cellulases in the industrial fungus Trichoderma reesei. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2019;12:146. 10.1186/s13068-019-1487-7.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Bhagat SA, Kokitkar SS. Isolation and identification of bacteria with cellulose-degrading potential from soil and optimization of cellulase production. J Appl Biol Biotechnol. 2021;9(6):154–61. 10.7324/JABB.2021.96020.Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Poszytek K, Ciężkowska M, Skłodowska A, Drewniak Ł. Microbial consortium with high cellulolytic activity for enhanced biogas production. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:324. 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00324.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[19] Ferdeș M, Dincă MN, Moiceanu G, Zăbavă BS, Paraschiv G. Microorganisms and enzymes used in the biological pretreatment of the substrate to enhance biogas production: A review. Sustainability. 2020;12:7205. 10.3390/su12177205.Suche in Google Scholar

[20] Melendez JR, Mátyás B, Hena S, Lowy DA, El Salous A. Perspectives in the production of bioethanol: A review of sustainable methods, technologies, and bioprocesses. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2022;160:112260. 10.1016/j.rser.2022.112260.Suche in Google Scholar

[21] Sohail M, Barzkar N, Michaud P, Tamadoni Jahromi S, Babich O, Sukhikh S, et al. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from yeasts: Properties and industrial applications. Molecules. 2022;27:3783. 10.3390/molecules27123783.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Ghazanfar MISBAH, Irfan M, Shakir HA, Khan M, Nadeem M, Ahmad IRFAN. Cellulase production optimization by Bacillus aerius through response surface methodology in submerged fermentation. Cellul Chem Technol. 2022;56:321–30. 10.35812/CelluloseChemTechnol.2022.56.28.Suche in Google Scholar

[23] Irfan M, Mushtaq Q, Tabssum F, Shakir HA, Qazi JI. Carboxymethyl cellulase production optimization from newly isolated thermophilic Bacillus subtilis K-18 for saccharification using response surface methodology. AMB Express. 2017;7:29. 10.1186/s13568-017-0331-3.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Sreena CP, Sebastian D. Augmented cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis strain MU S1 using different statistical experimental designs. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2018;16:9–16. 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.12.005.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[25] Malik WA, Khan HM, Javed S. Bioprocess optimization for enhanced production of bacterial cellulase and hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. Bioenergy Res. 2022;15:1116–29. 10.1007/s12155-021-10259-3.Suche in Google Scholar

[26] Shahid ZH, Irfan M, Nadeem M, Syed Q, Qazi JI. Production, purification, and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulase from novel strain Bacillus megaterium. Env Prog Sustain Energy. 2016;35(6):1741–9. 10.1002/ep.12398.Suche in Google Scholar

[27] Batista Meneses D, Montes de Oca-Vásquez G, Vega-Baudrit JR, Rojas-Álvarez M, Corrales-Castillo J, Murillo-Araya LC. Pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic wastes into value-added products: recent advances and possibilities. Biomass Convers Biorefin. 2020;2:547–64. 10.1007/s13399-020-00722-0.Suche in Google Scholar

[28] Thapa S, Mishra J, Arora N, Mishra P, Li H, O′Hair J, et al. Microbial cellulolytic enzymes: Diversity and biotechnology with reference to lignocellulosic biomass degradation. Rev Env Sci Biotechnol. 2020;19:621–48. 10.1007/s11157-020-09536-y.Suche in Google Scholar

[29] Zerva A, Pentari C, Ferousi C, Nikolaivits E, Karnaouri A, Topakas E. Recent advances on key enzymatic activities for the utilisation of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour Technol. 2021;342:126058. 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126058.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] Vu V, Farkas C, Riyad O, Bujna E, Kilin A, Sipiczki G, et al. Enhancement of the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of wheat bran using the Bacillus strains and their consortium. Bioresour Technol. 2022;343:126092. 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126092.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[31] Petrova P, Petlichka S, Petrov K. New Bacillus spp. with potential for 2,3-butanediol production from biomass. J Biosci Bioeng. 2020;130(1):20–8. 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.02.009.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[32] Yang S, Li L, Peng X, Zhang R, Song L. Methanogen community dynamics and methanogenic function response to solid waste decomposition. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:743827. 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743827.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Chukwuma OB, Rafatullah M, Tajarudin HA, Ismail N. Bacterial diversity and community structure of a municipal solid waste landfill: a source of lignocellulolytic potential. Life. 2021b;11:493. 10.3390/life11060493.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[34] Forster JC. Soil sampling, handling, storage and analysis. In Methods in applied soil microbiology and biochemistry. Cambridge: Academic Press, Elsevier; 1995. p. 49–121. 10.1016/B978-012513840-6/50018-5.Suche in Google Scholar

[35] Bergey DH, Holt JG. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.Suche in Google Scholar

[36] Smith AC, Hussey MA. Gram stain protocols. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology. 2016; p. 1–9.Suche in Google Scholar

[37] Yi S, Tay JH, Maszenan AM, Tay STL. A culture-independent approach for studying microbial diversity in aerobic granules. Water Sci Technol. 2003;47:283–90.10.2166/wst.2003.0068Suche in Google Scholar

[38] Ghose TK. Measurement of cellulase activities. Pure Appl Chem. 1987;59:257–68. 10.1351/pac198759020257.Suche in Google Scholar

[39] Garcete LAA, Martinez JER, Barrera DBV, Bonugli-Santos RC, Passarini MRZ. Biotechnological potential of microorganisms from landfill leachate: isolation, antibiotic resistance and leachate discoloration. An da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 2022;94(3):e20210642. 10.1590/0001-3765202220210642.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[40] Shamshitov A, Decorosi F, Viti C, Fornasier F, Kadžienė G, Supronienė S. Characterisation of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from agricultural soil in Central Lithuania. Sustainability. 2022;15:598. 10.3390/su15010598.Suche in Google Scholar

[41] Zainudin MHM, Mustapha NA, Hassan MA, Bahrin EK, Tokura M, Yasueda H, et al. A highly thermostable crude endoglucanase produced by a newly isolated Thermobifida fusca strain UPMC 901. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13526. 10.1038/s41598-019-50126-y.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[42] Akintola AI, Oyedeji O, Bakare MK, Adewale IO. Purification and characterization of thermostable cellulase from Enterobacter cloacae IP8 isolated from decayed plant leaf litter. Biocatal Biotransform. 2017;35:379–87. 10.1080/10242422.2017.1349761.Suche in Google Scholar

[43] Islam M, Sarkar PK, Mohiuddin AKM, Suzauddula M. Optimization of fermentation condition for cellulase enzyme production from Bacillus sp. Malays J Halal Res. 2019;2:19–24. 10.2478/mjhr-2019-0009.Suche in Google Scholar

[44] Alrumman S, Mostafa YSM, Al-Qahtani S, Taha THT. Hydrolytic enzyme production by thermophilic bacteria isolated from saudi hot springs. Open Life Sci. 2018;13:470–80. 10.1515/biol-2018-0056.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[45] Lyubetsky VA, Zverkov OA, Rubanov LI, Seliverstov AV. Optimal growth temperature and intergenic distances in bacteria, archaea, and plastids of rhodophytic branch. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:3465380. 10.1155/2020/3465380.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[46] Pandey S, Singh S, Yadav AN, Nain L, Saxena AK. Phylogenetic diversity and characterization of novel and efficient cellulase producing bacterial isolates from various extreme environments. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2013;77:1474–80. 10.1271/bbb.130121.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[47] Balla A, Silini A, Cherif-Silini H, Bouket AC, Boudechicha A, Luptakova L, et al. Screening of cellulolytic bacteria from various ecosystems and their cellulases production under multi-stress conditions. Catalysts. 2022;12:769. 10.3390/catal12070769.Suche in Google Scholar

[48] Kapoore RV, Padmaperuma G, Maneein S, Vaidyanathan S. Co-culturing microbial consortia: Approaches for applications in biomanufacturing and bioprocessing. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2022;42:46–72. 10.1080/07388551.2021.1921691.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[49] Dar MA, Dhole NP, Xie R, Pawar KD, Ullah K, Rahi P, et al. Valorization potential of a novel bacterial strain, bacillus altitudinis rsp75, towards lignocellulose bioconversion: an assessment of symbiotic bacteria from the stored grain pest, Tribolium castaneum. Microorganisms. 2021;9:1952. 10.3390/microorganisms9091952.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[50] Ilic N, Milić M, Beluhan S, Dimitrijević-Branković S. Cellulases: From lignocellulosic biomass to improved production. Energies. 2023;16:3598. 10.3390/en16083598.Suche in Google Scholar

[51] Aulitto M, Fusco S, Bartolucci S, Franzén CJ, Contursi P. Bacillus coagulans MA-13: A promising thermophilic and cellulolytic strain for the production of lactic acid from lignocellulosic hydrolysate. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2017;10:210. 10.1186/s13068-017-0896-8.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[52] Mittermeier F, Bäumler M, Arulrajah P, García Lima JDJ, Hauke S, Stock A, et al.Artificial microbial consortia for bioproduction processes. Eng Life Sci. 2022;23(1):e21001. 10.1002/elsc.202100152.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2024-10-18
Revised: 2024-12-16
Accepted: 2025-01-21
Published Online: 2025-03-06

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  2. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  3. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  4. Biomedical Sciences
  5. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  6. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  7. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  8. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  9. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  10. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  11. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  12. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  13. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  14. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  15. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  16. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  17. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  18. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  19. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  20. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  21. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  22. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  23. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  24. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  25. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  26. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  27. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  28. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  29. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  30. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  31. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  32. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  33. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  34. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  35. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  36. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  37. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  38. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  39. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  40. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  41. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  42. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  43. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  44. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  45. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  46. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  47. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  48. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  49. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  50. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  51. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  52. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  53. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  54. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  55. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  56. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  57. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  58. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  59. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  60. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  61. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  62. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  63. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  64. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  65. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  66. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  67. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  68. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  69. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  70. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  71. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  72. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  73. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  74. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  75. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  76. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  77. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  78. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  79. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  80. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  81. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  82. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  83. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  84. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  85. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  86. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  87. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  88. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  89. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  90. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  91. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  92. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  93. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  94. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  95. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  96. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  97. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  98. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  99. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  100. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  101. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  102. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  103. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  104. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  105. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  106. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  107. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  108. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  109. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  110. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  111. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  112. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  113. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  114. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  115. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  116. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  117. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  118. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  119. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  120. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  121. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  122. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  123. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  124. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  125. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  126. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  127. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  128. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  129. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  130. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  131. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  132. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  133. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  134. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  135. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  136. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  137. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  138. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  139. Ecology and Environmental Science
  140. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  141. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  142. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  143. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  144. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  145. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  146. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  147. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  148. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  149. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  150. Agriculture
  151. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  152. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  153. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  154. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  155. Animal Science
  156. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  157. Plant Sciences
  158. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  159. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  160. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  161. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  162. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  163. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  164. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  165. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  166. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  167. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  168. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  169. Food Science
  170. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  171. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  172. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  173. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  174. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  175. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  176. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  177. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  178. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  179. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  180. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  181. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  182. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  183. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  184. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  185. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  186. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  187. Corrigendum
  188. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  189. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1066
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Bacillus species; cellulolytic ability; consortia; landfill leachate; lignocellulose biomass
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  2. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  3. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  4. Biomedical Sciences
  5. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  6. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  7. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  8. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  9. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  10. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  11. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  12. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  13. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  14. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  15. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  16. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  17. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  18. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  19. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  20. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  21. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  22. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  23. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  24. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  25. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  26. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  27. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  28. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  29. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  30. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  31. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  32. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  33. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  34. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  35. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  36. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  37. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  38. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  39. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  40. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  41. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  42. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  43. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  44. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  45. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  46. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  47. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  48. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  49. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  50. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  51. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  52. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  53. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  54. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  55. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  56. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  57. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  58. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  59. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  60. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  61. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  62. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  63. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  64. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  65. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  66. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  67. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  68. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  69. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  70. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  71. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  72. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  73. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  74. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  75. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  76. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  77. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  78. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  79. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  80. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  81. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  82. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  83. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  84. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  85. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  86. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  87. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  88. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  89. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  90. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  91. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  92. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  93. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  94. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  95. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  96. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  97. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  98. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  99. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  100. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  101. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  102. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  103. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  104. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  105. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  106. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  107. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  108. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  109. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  110. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  111. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  112. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  113. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  114. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  115. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  116. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  117. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  118. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  119. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  120. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  121. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  122. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  123. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  124. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  125. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  126. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  127. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  128. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  129. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  130. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  131. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  132. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  133. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  134. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  135. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  136. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  137. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  138. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  139. Ecology and Environmental Science
  140. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  141. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  142. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  143. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  144. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  145. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  146. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  147. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  148. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  149. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  150. Agriculture
  151. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  152. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  153. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  154. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  155. Animal Science
  156. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  157. Plant Sciences
  158. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  159. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  160. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  161. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  162. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  163. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  164. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  165. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  166. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  167. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  168. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  169. Food Science
  170. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  171. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  172. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  173. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  174. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  175. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  176. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  177. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  178. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  179. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  180. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  181. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  182. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  183. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  184. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  185. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  186. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  187. Corrigendum
  188. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  189. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 4.11.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2025-1066/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen