Home Life Sciences Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
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Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins

  • Hanan A. Abbas , Ali A. Taha , Ghassan M. Sulaiman EMAIL logo , Amer Al Ali , Humood Al Shmrany , Haralambos Stamatis , Hamdoon A. Mohammed and Riaz A. Khan
Published/Copyright: February 25, 2025
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

Acne is a serious multifactorial inflammatory disease that leads to significant and long-lasting changes. The widespread occurrence of bacterial acne and the excessive use of antibiotics to treat it have increased resistance to antibiotic treatment and led researchers to seek and develop newer antimicrobial agents suitable for various medical purposes. In this study, alginate-coated gold nanoparticles (GANPs), synthesized by the previously reported known method, using sodium alginate and gold salt, investigated the efficacy of the GANPs against various clinical isolates of Staphylococcus, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Streptococcus thoraltensis, which were all obtained from patients suffering from acne conditions. The results showed that the GANPs had antibacterial efficacy against all the acne-isolated bacteria. The GANP activity against bacterial resistance suggested that metal-based nanoparticulate materials are a promising alternative for treating multidrug-resistant microorganisms.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: nanoparticles; deactivation; anti-adhesion; anti-biofilm; Staphylococcus, Streptococcus

1 Introduction

Acne, a chronic, multifactorial, immune-mediated inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit has a high global incidence. Acne primarily affects the face, shoulder, upper chest skin regions, and back [1]. The resulting appearance from the acne condition may lead to anxiety, diminished self-esteem, and depression [2]. Increased sebum production leads to follicular keratinization of the pilosebaceous glands causing acne. Moreover, inflammation promotes and increases the growth of bacteria, which are crucial in the development of acne, since it has several virulent factors and acquired antibiotic resistance. Acne pathogenesis is caused by a variety of factors. In addition to increased sebum production, abnormalities in the microbiota which lead to bacterial colonization, the body part’s hormonal changes, and alterations in immunological processes linked to inflammation cause acne [3]. The aerobic Gram-positive bacteria from genus Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are indulged in pathogenesis. The bacterial species Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Streptococcus thoraltensis primarily take part in skin infection [4,5,6]. Numerous studies have linked the presence of these bacterial species to specific diseased conditions of the skin, and the instance is more common in compromised individuals than in healthy subjects. The bacterial species form biofilms as part of their infectious methodology [7,8]. The biofilm also exists as a polymicrobial structure composed of distinct populations of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species. The phenotypic biofilms have a definite role in enhanced antibiotic resistance leading to the nullification of therapy and improvements in skin conditions. Interestingly, within the pilosebaceous unit, a biofilm matrix functions as a biological adhesive, thereby physically restricting the flow of sebum into the infundibulum to promote the formation of comedones, with retention and accumulation of corneocytes in the lumen. As a result, the plug formed in the keratinaceous layer triggers inflammation [9,10].

Acne control and treatment have involved the use of systemic and topical antibiotics, which include treatments with chemical peels, light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation, and hormone therapy. Nevertheless, these treatments are accompanied by several side effects, such as increased microbial skin irritation, stomatitis, and resistance to antibiotics, in particular at a stage when bacterial cells start to adhere and form biofilms. Therefore, there is still a critical requirement for alternative therapies for combating acne [11].

Medical nanobiotechnology has taken precedence in putting forward suggestions toward a novel treatment regime for several physiological conditions, including skin conditions, owing to their easy and focused outreach, dose control, site specificity, and enhanced bioaction. The size-dependent properties of the nano-scale material have made them a unique and favorable tool fit for biological and pharmacological bioactions [12]. The naked and surface-coated metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) sourced from gold, silver, and other common metals, along with their corresponding oxides, have been recommended as potential antibacterial agents. The MNPs possess properties that enable them to inhibit the activity of the miniscule bacteria broth responsible for infection. Additionally, the MNPs have been reported to utilize several different mechanisms to contain the bacterial cells, thereby leading to either bacterial cell dysfunction or infectious cell death [13].

After the trend of applying silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as an antibacterial agent, the concurrent use of MNPs, especially gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), has garnered significant attention in the field of nanobiotechnology. The versatility of AuNPs is owing to their ability to adjust through various maneuverable modus operandi, which is possible because of their nano-scale size, shape, surface area, and scope for the choicest surface chemistry modifications through a set of chemical attachment/transformation procedures. This versatility has produced the desired outcome at different levels of bioactivity through the prepared nanoparticulate formulations. Several research groups have regarded AuNPs as among the most versatile and nearly universal antimicrobial agents because of their non-toxic nature and harmless properties. A number of different circumstantial factors of biotic and abiotic nature, as well as the properties of the AuNPs, have supported the selection of AuNPs as the choice of nanomaterial for antimicrobial drug development at the nano-scale level [14,15].

Recent studies have highlighted the use of AuNPs in the photothermal treatment of acne, which is effective without needing the use of antibiotics [16]. Studies have shown that photothermal therapy using AuNPs effectively treated various types of acne, including comedones, bacterial acne, and inflammatory lesions in a short time [17]. Additionally, AuNPs have received attention due to their biocompatibility, which allows them to interact well with living organisms at the cellular level [18,19,20]. The preparative methods of the nano-scale drug formulation, the favorable variability in starting salt concentration, the reaction conditions, preparative media, use of chemical modifiers of surfactant and emulsifiers for controlling the produced nano-scale entities, the open choice of produced MNPs’ coating material that is adjustable and compatible with the MNPs, and the surface reactions leading to the desired size, shape, size distribution, anti-flocculation, and inhibition to the coated nanoparticles aggregation have made AuNPs the desired nano-scale entities for the further biochemical and biological activity evaluations [21,22,23,24].

The use of natural products, on a whole, has scored precedence over hazardous and non-eco-friendly chemical materials. The abundant natural entities, owing to their ease of handling, affordability, and biocompatibility, have been the first choice of raw materials for nano-entities preparation [25,26]. Sodium alginate, a marine-sourced polysaccharide, is non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable owing to its prevalence of hydroxyl groups in its structure. Several free hydroxyl and carboxyl groups form their backbone, which play major roles in the bioreduction mechanism of the metal salt, including the gold precursor [27]. Mechanistically, the hydroxyl groups present in the alginate provide electrons to nullify the positively charged Au3+ ions. This process converts them into Au0 and generates basic nascent AuNPs, which further self-group to form the AuNPs. Furthermore, the interactions between the developing AuNPs and the alginate’s functional groups make it convenient to limit the size of the forming AuNPs with its coating which prohibits flocculation [28]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the shape and size of the AuNPs are important deciding factors for their biological activity, such as transport, required accumulation at the site, and cell and bacteria death. For the body, the kidneys have shown rapid excretion of the NPs under 6 nm in size from the body while the biological half-life of these NPs in the 10–100 nm size range has been found to be increased with an increase in size. Notwithstanding this, the AuNPs smaller than 200 nm have also been utilized for bioactivity evaluation purposes [14,29,30].

The current study aimed to fill in the gaps related to the control of the resistant microbial pathogens of acne using alginate-coated gold nanoparticles (GANPs). The nanoparticles were produced through the reduction of aurum (Au) salt using sodium alginate as both the bio-reducing agent and the covering material in our earlier work [31]. This study tested the antibacterial efficacy of the produced GANPs against various Staphylococcus species, preferably the face. Staph aureus, Staph lentus, Staph haemolyticus, and S. thoraltensis were isolated from human acne for antibacterial bio-testing and evaluation of any inherent toxicity to confirm the safety of the GANPs as a treatment tool. It explored the potential of the alginate-coated AuNPs as a therapeutic agent for acne conditions.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals and reagents

Chloroauric acid (HAuCl4·3H2O), sodium alginate, and crystal violet stain were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, Muller–Hinton agar (MHA). Muller–Hinton broth (MHB) medium, mannitol salt agar (MSA), blood agar medium, and trypticase soy broth (TSB) were purchased from HiMedia (India). All other reagents and chemicals were of analytical grade.

2.2 Isolation of bacterial acne

Ninety acne patients, suffering from mild, moderate, and severe acne in their different face regions, i.e., jaw, forehead, temple, chin, and cheeks, with ages 15–25 years, were enrolled in this study from different private clinics and volunteers from various governorates. The medical city in Baghdad was approached for authorization, and the study was approved in accordance with Reference No. 4712 ASBT 8/11/2022. Written consent was given by each participant. Also, we conducted all experiments in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Food and Drug Administration and the National Institute of Health.

The divisions of acne lesions were categorized into three groups depending on their distribution over half of the face: subtle acne number (0–5), intermediate acne number (6–20), and acute acne number (21–50) [32]. The bacteria that were discovered on the acne lesion were eliminated using an alcohol pad. The sebum was then gently extracted from the acne lesion using a small, sharp lancet and a hand swab. The tube holding 5 mL of BHI broth was employed as a transport medium for the swab. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 5 days [33]. The medium that tested positive for BHI was found to be turbid, indicating the presence of bacterial growth, and the material was utilized for the study (Figure 1). All the samples were collected by our laboratory in accordance with the hospital protocols, and the standard operating procedures for sample collection, packing, and transport of the samples. The standard good clinical practices (GLP) were followed in the handling of the samples at all stages of the work [34].

Figure 1 Collection of bacterial acne isolates in BHI broth cultured on blood agar and MSA under aerobic conditions.
Figure 1

Collection of bacterial acne isolates in BHI broth cultured on blood agar and MSA under aerobic conditions.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

2.3 Identification of bacterial isolates

Blood agar medium and MSA were processed following the manufacturer’s instructions and further utilized as culturing and purifying media. Blood agar was utilized as an enrichment medium to grow different bacterial species and differentiate the bacteria based on their hemolytic features [35]. The MSA was used to isolate and diagnose the Staphylococcus species [36]. The samples were grown aerobically and incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The process of purifying the colony was repeated twice. Following the homogenization of the media, the isolates were identified using bacterial cell types (spores and Gram staining) and colony morphology (shape, color, surface, edge, and elevation colonies). The identification process was subsequently confirmed using the VITEK 2 system (VITEK, Biomérieux, Marcy-l’Etoile, France). For analysis of their antibacterial activity, four acne-isolated bacteria with various colony morphologies were chosen (Figure 1).

2.4 Preparation of GANPs

To prepare GANPs, 6.79 mg of HAuCl4 was dissolved in 10 mL of distilled water (DW), yielding an aqueous solution of 2 mM HAuCl4. Five milliliters of sodium alginate aqueous solution (1 g/1 L, DW, M.W. 12–40 KD) were added to this mixture. To finish the reduction of gold ions and create GANPs [37], the reaction mixture was heated at 80°C for 40 min, allowed to cool, and collected (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Chemical reduction of chloroauric acid by sodium alginate to synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.
Figure 2

Chemical reduction of chloroauric acid by sodium alginate to synthesized alginate-coated AuNPs.

2.5 Characterization of GANPs

According to our recently published work [31], Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry was used to characterize the GANPs and their starting raw materials (HAuCl4 and sodium alginate), wherein each sample was dissolved in DW. Then, 1.5 mL of each was placed in a cuvette, which was measured with an absorbance range of 200–800 nm [38].

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the size, morphology, surface morphology, and distribution of the samples. Thin films were prepared by just dropping the sample on a glass slide and then allowing them to dry; after that, they were metalized for non-conductive samples (sodium alginate and HAuCl4) and then examined [39] by an Inspect F50 SEM from FEI Company (Netherlands).

Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR) was used for the interactions, the role of functional groups in each sample on nanoparticle formation, and the investigation of capping agents. The solution of each sample was mixed with potassium bromide at a ratio of 1:100 and then analyzed by FT-IR Perkin Elmer (USA) within a wavelength range of 500–4,000 nm.

X-ray diffraction (Aeris, Netherlands) was used to determine if the material is amorphous or crystalline and the size and peak intensity of each sample. It is commonly used to investigate the structure of MNPs by penetrating the material with X-rays. On a glass slide, a thin layer of each sample was placed, and the sample was analyzed at an operating voltage of 40 kV and scan range between 10° and 90° at 2θ angles [40].

Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy investigated the chemical composition and elemental percentage. Thin films were prepared by just dropping the samples on glass slides and then metalizing for non-conductive samples (sodium alginate and HAuCl4). After that, they were examined [41] by EDX (Axia, Netherlands).

2.6 Determination of the antibacterial activity of GANPs

The antibacterial activity methods were done according to the guidelines established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute [42].

2.6.1 Agar well-diffusion method

The antibacterial effectiveness of GANPs against the acne-isolated bacteria Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis was evaluated using the agar well-diffusion method. The MHA plate was inoculated by equally covering the whole surface of the agar with a bacterial suspension previously prepared by picking (4–5) colonies of each bacterial isolate from the original culture, and they were suspended in the test tube containing 4 mL of normal saline solution. The standard turbidity solution McFarland standard was made from sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and barium chloride (BaCl2·2H2O) equal to 1.5 × 108 CFU/mL, according to protocol’s instructions [43]. Next, a 6-mm-diameter well was aseptically punched using a conventional cork borer. The wells received a single dose of 80 µL from GANPs at four different concentrations (6,400, 3,200, 1,600, and 800 µg/mL). DW served as the control. Agar plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37°C. The resultant inhibitory zones [44] were measured using digital Vernier Calipers (USA). For each treatment, three experiments were conducted.

2.6.2 Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay

For the GANPs, a 96-well sterile polystyrene microplate was used to measure the MIC. First, 100 µL of MHB with two-fold dilutions of 6,400 μg/mL of GANPs was added to every well. Rows 1–10 had a series of GANP dilutions ranging from 6,400 to 12.5 µg/mL. Lastly, 100 µL of a standard of previously made bacterial suspension with 108 CFU/mL was added to each well and mixed gently. There was just 200 µL of nutritional broth in the eleventh row, which was utilized as a negative control. On the other hand, the twelfth row, which served as a positive control, was shaken while being incubated at 37°C for 24 h, containing 100 µL of bacterial suspension and 100 µL of MHB. To check for antibacterial activity, 20 µL of resazurin (Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA) was added to each well. The plates were then left to sit for an hour, and the results were read by looking at how the color of the resazurin changed [45]. Every experiment was repeated to validate the results.

2.6.3 Detection of biofilm formation

Using the 96-well polystyrene microplate method and following the quantitative assessment protocol [46], biofilm developments were identified. Three to five carefully separated colonies were used to create the bacterial suspension, which was then tested by the 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard after being inoculated in 10 mL of TSB containing 0.25% glucose. Following an overnight incubation period, a new TSB medium was used to dilute the infected broth to a ratio of 1:100, and subsequent to that, 200 μL of bacterial suspension was poured into the polystyrene microplate with 96 flat bottom wells. Following a 24-h incubation period at 37°C, the broth was disposed of and washed twice with 200 μL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.3) to exclude the non-adherent cells. After fixing the bacterial biofilms with 98% methanol, the films were stained for 30 min with 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet and rinsed with DW to get rid of any leftover stains. Next, 200 µL of 33% glacial acetic acid was added. The optical density was determined using a microplate reader (BioTek, Winooski, USA) at a wavelength of 590 nm. Based on the optical density of the bacterial films, all species were categorized into three groups: non/weak, moderate, and robust, as shown in Table 1 [47]. The optical density data measured in triplicate were averaged for the results.

Table 1

Classification of biofilm formation

Mean OD values Biofilm formation
<0.25 Non/weak
0.25–0.75 Moderate
≥0.75 Robust

2.6.4 Anti-biofilm assay

A 96-well polystyrene microplate was used to evaluate the anti-biofilm properties of GANPs against the acne-isolated bacteria Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis. Each well held 180 μL of BHI broth and was seeded with 10 μL of a 108 CFU/mL bacterial culture. Subsequently, 10 μL of GANPs was added at doses of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, and 700 µg/mL. The contents of the plates were taken out and rinsed four times with PBS (pH 7.3) to get rid of any remaining free bacteria after being incubated for 24 h at 37°C. Aqueous 95% ethanol was used to fix bacterial biofilms, and 0.1% (w/v) crystal violet was used to dye. DW was used to wash it 5 times to remove any remaining stain, which was then allowed to dry. Next, 200 µL of 33% glacial acetic acid was added, and a microplate reader was used to obtain results at 590 nm after 15 min of the treatment. The absorbance was taken into account for the biofilm formations and the bacterial adherence on the surface of the nanoparticles. The average of each concentration’s triplicate reads was determined [48].

2.6.5 Anti-adhesion assay

A polystyrene microplate with 96 wells was used to test GANPs’ anti-adhesion properties against the acne-isolated bacteria Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis. To 200 µL of bacterial culture containing 108 CFU/mL, a thin layer of GANPs at concentrations of 100, 200, 600, and 700 µg/mL was added to each well. After 4 h of incubation at 37°C, DW was used to rinse it three times. Afterward, each slide was covered with 200 µL of methanol for 15 min to fix the adhering bacteria, and following the DW’s removal of the non-adherent bacteria, 200 µL of 1%, w/v crystal violet was applied to the slides and incubated for 15 min. The dyed slides were washed with DW, and after the bound dye was removed using 200 µL of (33%, w/v) glacial acetic acid, the optical density of the solubilized dye was measured at 630 nm using an automatic plate reader [49].

2.7 Statistical analysis

The SPSS statistical program, version IBM SPSS 29, was used, and the data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the data were displayed. Every experiment was run in triplicate.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Characterization of GANPs

The characterization of GANPs and their starting raw materials (HAuCl4 and sodium alginate) were previously reported in our published work [31]. The distribution, morphology, and size distribution were revealed by SEM, confirming the GANPs’ spherical shape and the particle size range of 19.43–37.37 nm. The Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) spectrum spectrum showed the peak absorption maxima at 546 nm, which was owing to the GANPs’ localized surface plasmon resonance. The crystallite size (D) of GANPs was also determined using Scherer’s equation, which estimated the average size to be approximately 37.53 nm and was consistent with the SEM data. The X-ray analysis confirmed the physical state of the crystalline structure; thus, it was possible to identify the crystal formation of GANPs using this technique. Determining the size of GANPs provided information on their effectiveness and behavior as an antibacterial agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was utilized to identify the interactions between the functional groups of sodium alginate and the HAuCl4 starting materials, which was taken as the confirmation of the completion of the reduction reaction. The E-mapping analysis of the GANPs confirmed the presence of Au, Na, O, and C. The characteristic peak of Au had a weight percentage of 19.55 while the percentages of Na, O, and C were 1.4, 45.4, and 33.8, respectively. The C is sourced from the alginate moieties that are present in GANPs.

3.2 Isolation and identification of acne-isolated bacteria

To identify the isolates of bacterial acne in addition to diagnosis with the VITEK 2 system, the isolates were cultured on blood agar to differentiate bacteria depending on their hemolytic activity and morphology and on MSA to differentiate the Staphylococcus species depending on their ability to grow in a high salt environment by fermenting mannitol to generate acids that change the phenol red indicator from red to yellow, as shown in Figure 3. On blood agar, Staph aureus appeared creamy-white and large, and formed β-hemolytic; Staph lentus showed white to yellow, small, and non-hemolytic characteristics; Staph haemolyticus showed beige to white, small, and non-hemolytic characteristics; and S. thoraltensis appeared as small, glossy, gray, and smooth colonies and was non-hemolytic. On MSA, Staph aureus appeared shiny yellow, convex, and round; Staph lentus appeared circular, smooth, small, and white; Staph haemolyticus appeared convex, small, and smooth; but S. thoraltensis showed no growth. After that, using a Gram stain, the cells were examined microscopically, and their sizes, colors, and shapes were determined by looking at the cells under a light microscope [8,50,51,52].

Figure 3 Acne-isolated bacteria on MSA and blood agar. (a and b) Staph aureus, (c and d) Staph lentus, (e and f) Staph haemolyticus, and (g) S. thoraltensis only on blood agar.
Figure 3

Acne-isolated bacteria on MSA and blood agar. (a and b) Staph aureus, (c and d) Staph lentus, (e and f) Staph haemolyticus, and (g) S. thoraltensis only on blood agar.

3.3 Demographic and clinical data of acne patients

Ninety acne patients with mild, moderate, and severe bacterial acne were enrolled in the study (Figure 4). To explore the antibacterial activity potential of GANPs, microorganisms were isolated from these clinical tissues. With 21% in men and 79% in women, acne was more common in women than in men, as seen in Figure 5a. Acne, which is generally caused by a variety of reasons, including emotions, hormone fluctuations (especially in women), various kinds of bacteria presence, environmental factors, and insulin resistance, is more common in women, which increases their risk of developing acne vulgaris at higher rates, as observed. Gruszczyńska et al. [53] recently conducted a study wherein insulin-resistant patients had statistically increased incidences of acne vulgaris. Also, the polycystic ovarian syndrome has been found to be a crucial factor in the development of acne [54]. Acne has been reported to be aggravated by increased exposure to environmental risk factors and unfavorable conditions, such as prolonged perspiration, sun exposure, high temperature, air pollution, and an abundance of halogenated substances. Numerous variables, including stress, poor sleep quality, obesity, and family history, might have a bad impact on acne development and complications [55]. The distribution of bacterial acne by gender (Figure 5b) indicates that Staph aureus, a bacterium that is thought to be resistant to drugs, infected more women than men. It is more persistent because of oily and mixed skin types that contain lipase enzymes, which are essential for the colonization and proliferation of acne infectious sites, wherein oily and mixed skin types offer a favorable environment, especially for Staphylococcus species [56]. Moreover, a larger percentage of women have adopted new skincare regimens and products without consulting a dermatologist, more frequently after discovering them online, through friends or acquaintances, and have added to the situation. Because of the increased bacterial resistance, the acne gets worse, and according to a recent study, 9.5% of patients who used skincare products found their acne condition worsening [57]. Additionally, as observed, patients in the 15–25-year age range reported the highest acne prevalence. Due to hormonal changes at this age, keratinocytes and sebaceous glands grow and produce excessive amounts of oily sebum, which is the primary cause of acne [58]. Ultimately, the data showed variations in the kinds and quantities of bacterial acne at various locations. The cheek and jaw were found to have the highest prevalence of acne spots and were among the top face-located bacterial isolate sampling sites (Figure 5c). The distribution of Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis on different face regions is displayed on the heat map. The diverse range of bacterial species that comprise the skin microbiome serves to shield the host organism and the skin from external agents and other vulnerable microorganisms. On the other hand, an imbalance of opportunistic commensal bacteria resulting from changes in the external environment allows the bacteria to proliferate and causes skin conditions, such as acne vulgaris [59].

Figure 4 Case displays of acne conditions: (a) subtle, (b) intermediate, and (c) intense.
Figure 4

Case displays of acne conditions: (a) subtle, (b) intermediate, and (c) intense.

Figure 5 Distribution percentage of (a) acne severity with gender-wise distribution, (b) bacterial acne distribution with gender, and (c) bacterial abundance with different face regions.
Figure 5

Distribution percentage of (a) acne severity with gender-wise distribution, (b) bacterial acne distribution with gender, and (c) bacterial abundance with different face regions.

3.4 Antibacterial activity

3.4.1 Agar well diffusion analysis

By using the agar well diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of GANPs was assessed at different concentrations (6,400, 3,200, 1,600, and 800 µg/mL), which demonstrated the inhibitory effects of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis. Figure 6 shows the observation of substantial inhibition zones following the organisms’ treatment with the prepared GANPs. With an average inhibition zone diameter of 25.74 mm, the Staph aureus bacteria tested had the highest inhibitory diameter of the GANPs in this study at 6.4 mg/mL. Next, came the Staph haemolyticus bacteria, which had an average inhibition zone diameter of 24.72 mm, and then, the S. thoraltensis bacteria, which had an average inhibition zone diameter of 24.71 mm. Finally, the Staph lentus bacteria test had the smallest inhibitory diameter, at an average of 20.07 mm at 6,400 µg/mL. Staph aureus and Staph haemolyticus were able to show low levels of resistance because they could make exotoxins, which are a key part of virulence that makes bacteria more resistant to antimicrobial drugs [60]. Because of their small size, excellent penetration ability, and high specific surface area, GANPs can effectively create a zone for antibacterial action. By interacting electrostatically with the bacterial cell membrane, GANPs can bind to it and disrupt the permeability of the outer membrane, destroying the peptidoglycan layer in the process [61]. After penetrating the inner membrane layer, the GANPs act on bases to damage the DNA. Additionally, peptide substrates on tyrosine residues undergo de-phosphorylation, which inhibits signal-transduction phosphorylation and disables the proton motive forces across the cytoplasmic membrane, ultimately resulting in cell death [62]. Another way that GANPs may work is by inhibiting respiratory enzymes with the gold ions, which block respiratory chain dehydrogenase and dissociate the respiratory chain, causing the release of reactive oxygen species, which results in cell self-attacking [63]. Unlike traditional antibiotics and treatments, which act on microbial cells through only one mechanism, GANPs can exhibit different mechanisms as antibacterial agents, and consequently, the bacterial acne will become incapable of developing resistance to the available GANPs. The GANPs may function as antibacterial agents through a variety of routes, in contrast to conventional antibiotics and therapies that exclusively affect microbial cells through one method. As a result, the bacterial acne is prevented from becoming resistant to GANPs.

Figure 6 Inhibition zones produced by GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis at concentrations of (a) 800, (b) 1,600, (c) 3,200, and (d) 6,400 µg/mL, with DW as control. The values are presented as the mean ± SD from three replicate experiments. The n.s. refers to not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.
Figure 6

Inhibition zones produced by GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis at concentrations of (a) 800, (b) 1,600, (c) 3,200, and (d) 6,400 µg/mL, with DW as control. The values are presented as the mean ± SD from three replicate experiments. The n.s. refers to not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.

3.4.2 MIC analyses

Using a visual comparison among the wells treated with GANPs and those of the negative and positive controls, the MIC efficacy of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, S. thoraltensis, and Staph lentus was assessed during 24 h, which indicated excellent antibacterial activity of the GANPs. The MIC activity of GANPs was measured at various concentrations, ranging from 6,400 to 12.5 µg/mL. Resazurin was used in a colorimetric assay method to assess the impact of GANPs on the development of bacteria isolated from acne. In wells containing 6,400–200 µg/mL, GANPs have shown total elimination of the microbes; however, under these concentrations, some bacterial growth was observed in the microplate wells for a brief time at the beginning of the experiment. The MIC of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, S. thoraltensis, and Staph lentus was at 100 µg/mL, which was indicated by the color shift to a pink hue due to bacterial activity. As seen in Figure 7, the outcomes demonstrated that every acne-isolated bacterium was susceptible to GANPs. These produced GANPs had antibacterial action, presumably as a result of attaching the sulfur-containing proteins in the Gram-positive bacterial cell membranes, generating pits and holes that caused the cell membrane to lyse. Following that, the interaction of GANPs with mitochondria resulted in the inhibition of ATPase function, lowering of ATP levels, leakage of internal cell organelles, damage to DNA, and eventually cell death [64,65]. These results showed that GANPs have significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterial acne at lower concentrations than those observed in the previous report [66]. This report showed that AuNPs with a particle size of 18–28 nm, synthesized by chitosan as a stabilizing and reducing agent, had MIC values of 125 and 250 µg/mL, respectively, against the species of Staph aureus.

Figure 7 MIC determinations of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, S. thoraltensis, and Staph lentus at concentrations of (a) 6,400, (b) 3,200, (c) 1,600, (d) 800, (e) 400, (f) 200, (g) 100, (h) 50, (i) 25, and (j) 12.5 µg/mL, and C– as negative control contained only broth medium while C+ as positive control contained broth medium and bacterial suspension.
Figure 7

MIC determinations of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, S. thoraltensis, and Staph lentus at concentrations of (a) 6,400, (b) 3,200, (c) 1,600, (d) 800, (e) 400, (f) 200, (g) 100, (h) 50, (i) 25, and (j) 12.5 µg/mL, and C– as negative control contained only broth medium while C+ as positive control contained broth medium and bacterial suspension.

The anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion activities of GANPs were tested against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, S. thoraltensis, and Staph lentus. The results showed that most isolates were stopped at 100 µg/mL, which was in line with what was seen in the MIC analysis. S. thoraltensis demonstrated non-significant change at 100 µg/mL in the anti-adhesion assay, due to the Sua gene, which is the designated gene present only in S. thoraltensis, playing a crucial role in the formation of strong adhesion [67].

3.4.3 Detection of biofilm formation and anti-biofilm analysis

The microtiter plate method demonstrated that all 90 acne-isolated bacteria could create a strong biofilm whereas the isolates of Staph lentus could only form a moderate biofilm [68], as shown in Figure 8. The anti-biofilm activity of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis was assessed using a microtiter plate staining procedure with crystal violet. The absorbance measurements were performed by the microplate absorbance reader at 590 nm at different concentrations (100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, and 700 µg/mL), and a decrease in the values with increasing GANPs concentration was observed, which indicated that adding the GANPs inhibited and prevented the formation of the biofilm of acne-isolated bacteria (Figure 9).

Figure 8 Quantitative screening of biofilm formation by microtiter plate method.
Figure 8

Quantitative screening of biofilm formation by microtiter plate method.

Figure 9 Anti-biofilm activity of GANPs at concentrations of (a) 100, (b) 150, (c) 200, (d) 250, (e) 300, (f) 350, (g) 400, (h) 500, (i) 600, and (j) 700 µg/mL against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis, after incubation for 24 h with the positive control, according to optical density absorption values at 590 nm. The values are presented as the mean ± SD from triplicate experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.
Figure 9

Anti-biofilm activity of GANPs at concentrations of (a) 100, (b) 150, (c) 200, (d) 250, (e) 300, (f) 350, (g) 400, (h) 500, (i) 600, and (j) 700 µg/mL against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis, after incubation for 24 h with the positive control, according to optical density absorption values at 590 nm. The values are presented as the mean ± SD from triplicate experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.

The GANPs showed a significant change in absorption values for all the bacterial species, from the highest concentration of 700 µg/mL to the lowest. There are several possible explanations for the anti-biofilm effect of GANPs. One of them is that they impede the synthesis of exogenous polysaccharides by entering the water channels, which carry nutrients and water through the layers of polysaccharides found in bacterial cell walls [69,70], suppressing quorum sensing and breakdown of intramolecular forces. Results showed that nanoparticles’ concentration, size, and outreach distribution all had a significant impact on the anti-biofilm activity of the GANPs. Smaller nanoparticles exhibited a higher anti-biofilm activity because their smaller size allowed them to adhere to the bacterial membranes and penetrate the biofilm, interfering with membrane permeability and cellular metabolism [71]. These findings are in line with a prior study [72] showing that higher concentrations (75, 100, and 200 µg/mL) of GANPs affected the generation of biofilms against Staph aureus when compared to the lower concentrations. Also, in another study [73], it was found that higher numbers of AuNPs had significant effects on the antibacterial action. A small increase in the AuNPs number inhibited 99.99% of biofilm formation by Klebsiella and Staphylococcus species.

3.4.4 Anti-adhesion analysis

The anti-adhesion activity of GANPs against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis was assessed using a microtiter plate staining technique with crystal violet, with measurements made by the microplate absorbance reader at 630 nm. The concentrations of GANPs were 100, 200, 600, and 700 µg/mL, as shown in Figure 10. The acne-isolated bacteria’s initial adherence to the polystyrene microplate was prevented by the addition of GANPs, as seen by the drop in the optical density values as the GANPs concentration increased. The process involved GANPs accumulating beneath the bacterial cells and interacting with the surface once they arrived, thereupon increasing the cell wall tension and interfering with the proteins and enzymes necessary for microbial adhesion [74]. The extracellular polymeric substances, which function primarily as the biofilm’s adhesive material needed for biofilm formation, were not available [75]. Following this, the GANPs either entirely move out or are released as gold ions (Au+) into the interior of the biofilm, where they interact with bacterial cells and biofilm components to produce metabolic imbalance and nano-toxicity, which ultimately results in bacterial cell death. Numerous variables, including the size, surface charge, and chemical makeup of the biofilm as well as the shape of the biofilm surface, affect the penetration of nanoparticles. The GANPs’ antibacterial efficacy is contingent upon the disturbances that transpire within distinct bacterial components and biofilms. Hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, and van der Waals attraction interactions are all involved in biofilm penetration techniques [76,77].

Figure 10 Anti-adhesion assays of GANPs at concentrations of (a) 100, (b) 200, (c) 600, and (d) 700 µg/mL, after incubation for 4 h against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis with positive control, according to optical density values at 630 nm. The values are presented as the mean ± SD. from triplicate experiments. The n.s. refers to not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.
Figure 10

Anti-adhesion assays of GANPs at concentrations of (a) 100, (b) 200, (c) 600, and (d) 700 µg/mL, after incubation for 4 h against Staph aureus, Staph haemolyticus, Staph lentus, and S. thoraltensis with positive control, according to optical density values at 630 nm. The values are presented as the mean ± SD. from triplicate experiments. The n.s. refers to not significant, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001.

4 Conclusions

Bacterial acne is becoming more common and resistant to antibiotics. The GANPs are non-toxic and have smaller sizes, which makes them an attractive alternative material for being used as an antimicrobial agent. The GANPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity at low concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria sourced from acne. The GANPs damaged bacterial cells through multiple mechanisms, making it difficult for the pathogenic bacteria to develop resistance. The remarkable biological activity of the GANPs presented a viable potential for adopting as a superior skin treatment for severe acne, provided their clinical competence. Also, future studies using animal models are needed to explore the antibacterial efficacy of these prepared nanoparticles in wounds and burns that are contaminated with bacterial species encountered in acne.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at the University of Bisha for supporting this work through the Fast-Track Research Support Program.

  1. Funding information: The study is supported via funding from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University project number (PSAU/2024/R/1446).

  2. Author contributions: Conceptualization, A.A.T., G.M.S., R.A.K., and H.A.M.; methodology, H.A.A., A.A.T., and G.M.S.; software, H.A.M., R.A.K., and A.A.; writing – original draft preparation, H.A.A., A.A.T., and G.M.S.; writing – review and editing A.A.T., G.M.S., A.A., H.A., H.S., and H.A.M.; supervision, A.A.T. and G.M.S.; project administration, G.M.S. and R.A.K.; funding acquisition, A.A.A. and H.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the article.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-07-20
Revised: 2024-11-30
Accepted: 2024-12-14
Published Online: 2025-02-25

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  50. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  69. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  70. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  72. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  82. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  83. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  84. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  85. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  87. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  88. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  89. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  90. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  91. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  93. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  94. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  95. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  96. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  97. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  99. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  100. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  101. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  107. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. Merkel cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of three patients and literature review
  142. Genetic variants in VWF exon 26 and their implications for type 1 Von Willebrand disease in a Saudi Arabian population
  143. Lipoxin A4 improves myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the Notch1-Nrf2 signaling pathway
  144. High levels of EPHB2 expression predict a poor prognosis and promote tumor progression in endometrial cancer
  145. Knockdown of SHP-2 delays renal tubular epithelial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis
  146. Exploring the toxicity mechanisms and detoxification methods of Rhizoma Paridis
  147. Concomitant gastric carcinoma and primary hepatic angiosarcoma in a patient: A case report
  148. Ecology and Environmental Science
  149. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  150. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  151. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  152. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  153. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  154. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  155. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  156. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  157. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  158. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  159. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  160. Agriculture
  161. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  162. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  163. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  164. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  165. Animal Science
  166. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  167. Plant Sciences
  168. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  169. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  170. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  171. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  172. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  173. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  174. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  175. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  176. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  177. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  178. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  179. Food Science
  180. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  181. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  182. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  183. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  184. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  185. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  186. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  187. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  188. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  189. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  190. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  191. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  192. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  193. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  194. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  195. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  196. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  197. Corrigendum
  198. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  199. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
  200. Retraction
  201. Retraction of “Down-regulation of miR-539 indicates poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-1045
Keywords for this article
nanoparticles; deactivation; anti-adhesion; anti-biofilm; Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  50. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  69. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  70. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  72. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  82. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  83. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  84. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  85. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  87. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  88. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  89. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  90. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  91. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  93. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  94. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  95. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  96. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  97. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  99. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  100. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  101. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  107. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. Merkel cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of three patients and literature review
  142. Genetic variants in VWF exon 26 and their implications for type 1 Von Willebrand disease in a Saudi Arabian population
  143. Lipoxin A4 improves myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the Notch1-Nrf2 signaling pathway
  144. High levels of EPHB2 expression predict a poor prognosis and promote tumor progression in endometrial cancer
  145. Knockdown of SHP-2 delays renal tubular epithelial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis
  146. Exploring the toxicity mechanisms and detoxification methods of Rhizoma Paridis
  147. Concomitant gastric carcinoma and primary hepatic angiosarcoma in a patient: A case report
  148. Ecology and Environmental Science
  149. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  150. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  151. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  152. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  153. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  154. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  155. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  156. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  157. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  158. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  159. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  160. Agriculture
  161. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  162. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  163. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  164. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  165. Animal Science
  166. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  167. Plant Sciences
  168. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  169. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  170. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  171. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  172. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  173. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  174. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  175. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  176. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  177. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  178. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  179. Food Science
  180. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  181. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  182. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  183. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  184. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  185. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  186. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  187. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  188. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  189. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  190. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  191. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  192. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  193. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  194. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  195. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  196. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  197. Corrigendum
  198. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  199. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
  200. Retraction
  201. Retraction of “Down-regulation of miR-539 indicates poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer”
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