Home Life Sciences Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
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Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant

  • Yanling Chen , Yumei Liu , Shaoru He , Juan Gui , Yifei Wang and Manli Zheng EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 30, 2025

Abstract

Stüve–Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterised by skeletal dysplasia, dysautonomia, and multi-system abnormalities. It is typically caused by variants in the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene. This case report presents a novel and complex heterozygous variant in the LIFR gene in a 2-month-old Chinese infant, which contributes to the limited literature on SWS in the Chinese population and underscores the importance of early identification and intervention. The infant was born at 38 weeks of gestation via caesarean section due to breech presentation. He presented with multiple symptoms, including persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, recurrent hyperthermia, and joint deformities. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel compound heterozygous variant in the LIFR gene. The infant underwent various interventions, including mechanical ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide, and nasogastric feeding. Despite these measures, the infant experienced recurrent hyperthermia episodes leading to multi-organ dysfunction. The infant was eventually stabilised, but follow-up revealed global developmental delay and persistent skeletal abnormalities. Early identification of the LIFR gene variant is crucial for timely intervention and management of multi-system complications. Further research is warranted to explore targeted therapies and improve outcomes for patients with this rare disorder.

1 Introduction

Stüve–Wiedemann syndrome (SWS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder typically caused by a variant in the leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) gene [1,2]. The syndrome is characterised by considerable skeletal dysplasia, autonomic nervous disorders, swallowing and eating difficulties, frequent respiratory infections, and other multi-system clinical manifestations. Respiratory distress and hyperthermia episodes are the leading causes of early neonatal death. Thermal dysregulation is particularly prominent in patients with SWS, substantially impacting their quality of life and daily functions. Early recognition and diagnosis may help optimise clinical management. Previous studies on SWS have primarily focused on populations in the Middle East and Europe [36]. In this report, we present the case of a 2-month-old Chinese infant diagnosed with SWS, providing a brief clinical course and discussing his case presentation. This case report contributes to the existing literature on thermal dysregulation in paediatric patients with SWS, aiming to enhance awareness of the syndrome and underscore the importance of early identification, intervention, and genetic counselling for families. Ultimately, these efforts will contribute to an improved understanding of the condition and better health outcomes for affected children.

2 Case report

The infant, born at 38 weeks via caesarean section due to breech presentation, experienced respiratory distress and was admitted to the neonatal department. He had persistent hypoxaemia requiring mechanical ventilation and other treatments. He was diagnosed with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) and received high-frequency ventilation, inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), milrinone, and other supportive therapies, which led to gradual clinical stabilisation. Post-extubation, he had feeding difficulties and aspiration pneumonia requiring nasogastric feeding. Despite aEEG showing developmental delay and episodes of fever, no infection was found. The family declined whole-exome sequencing. The infant was discharged at 30 days after the family learned nasogastric feeding and sputum suctioning skills.

On the day of discharge, the infant developed a high fever of 41°C after prolonged swaddling and crying, leading to respiratory distress, poor responsiveness and increased muscle tension. Despite initial interventions at the local hospital, his condition remained critical. Upon readmission to our hospital, he presented with high fever, respiratory distress, hypotension, and liver failure with coagulation disorders. After treatment, including hepatoprotective measures and immunoglobulin support, he gradually improved. He also experienced afebrile seizures managed with anticonvulsants. Central fever was suspected due to recurrent fevers without signs of sepsis or infection.

The infant presented with dolichocephaly, low-set ears, high palate arch (Figure 1a, b and f), limited joint movement and short, flexed lower limbs (Figure 1c, d and e). Prenatal ultrasound revealed femur and humerus lengths below standard deviations. Whole-exome gene testing identified a compound heterozygous variant in the LIFR gene: a frameshift variant from the father (c.2117del, Figure 2) and a 2 kb heterozygous deletion from the mother involving exons 17–18 and introns. These variants, not previously reported, are likely to cause loss of normal protein function. Considering the infant’s oligohydramnios, PPHN, feeding difficulties, abnormal neurodevelopment, thermoregulation issues, and finger joint deformity, a diagnosis of SWS was established. Impaired thermoregulation was recognised as a dysautonomia manifestation in SWS.

Figure 1 
               Clinical features and skeletal abnormalities in the infant. (a) and (b) The child has facial abnormalities: A narrow face, swollen eyes, and low-set ears. Due to feeding difficulties, a nasogastric feeding tube has been placed. (c) The lower limbs were short and bent. (d) Abnormal finger posture with flexion contracture of the fingers. (e) The finger joints were flexed and extension was limited. (f) Low-set ears at 6 months of age. (g) Fingers remained in flexion contracture at 6 months of age.
Figure 1

Clinical features and skeletal abnormalities in the infant. (a) and (b) The child has facial abnormalities: A narrow face, swollen eyes, and low-set ears. Due to feeding difficulties, a nasogastric feeding tube has been placed. (c) The lower limbs were short and bent. (d) Abnormal finger posture with flexion contracture of the fingers. (e) The finger joints were flexed and extension was limited. (f) Low-set ears at 6 months of age. (g) Fingers remained in flexion contracture at 6 months of age.

Figure 2 
               Genetic findings in the proband and family. (a) Pedigree of the family. (b) and (c) Proband carried a heterozygous c.2117del (p.Asn706Ilefs*10) variant inherited from the father, and a heterozygous deletion involving exons 17–18 on the other allele, inherited from the mother. These two variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively.
Figure 2

Genetic findings in the proband and family. (a) Pedigree of the family. (b) and (c) Proband carried a heterozygous c.2117del (p.Asn706Ilefs*10) variant inherited from the father, and a heterozygous deletion involving exons 17–18 on the other allele, inherited from the mother. These two variants were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively.

Following discharge, the patient continued nasogastric feeding due to poor swallowing and sucking abilities and the risk of aspiration. The family followed guidance to prevent hyperthermia by avoiding over-wrapping. The child had one episode of upper respiratory tract infection with high fever but no severe dehydration or organ damage. At 6 months, the child showed global developmental delay with weight and height below −3 SD. Gesell Developmental Scales indicated severe to profound delay (DQ scores 19–35). Persistent flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints were noted (Figure 1g), and X-ray imaging revealed increased curvature of long bones, enlarged epiphyses, osteoporosis, and mild cortical thickening, indicating abnormal skeletal development (Figure 3a–e).

Figure 3 
               Radiological evidence of skeletal dysplasia. (a) and (b) Trabecular bone of the metacarpal and the epiphysis of fingers on both sides were sparse and blurred (▲). Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints flex toward the volar side (↑). (c) and (d) Bowing of the long bones (↑) and the enlargement of the humerus metaphysis (▲) was more obvious at 6 months than at 1 month. (e) Bowing of the long bones, widening of femoral and tibial metaphysis with blurred margins (▲), mild cortical thickening and abnormal trabecular pattern in the long bones were also noted (↑).
Figure 3

Radiological evidence of skeletal dysplasia. (a) and (b) Trabecular bone of the metacarpal and the epiphysis of fingers on both sides were sparse and blurred (▲). Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints flex toward the volar side (↑). (c) and (d) Bowing of the long bones (↑) and the enlargement of the humerus metaphysis (▲) was more obvious at 6 months than at 1 month. (e) Bowing of the long bones, widening of femoral and tibial metaphysis with blurred margins (▲), mild cortical thickening and abnormal trabecular pattern in the long bones were also noted (↑).

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from legal guardians of the individual included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee at Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (approval number KY2025-072-01).

3 Discussion

SWS is a rare genetic disorder, previously mainly reported in the Middle East and Europe and more common in the United Arab Emirates due to consanguineous marriages. It was first described in 1971 [2]. The condition is characterised by congenital curvature of long bones and fingers, dyspnoea, dysautonomia, and other malformations. It is caused by variants in the LIFR gene on chromosome 5p13.1 [7], often leading to neonatal or early infant death. A 2022 meta-analysis of 69 children with SWS showed a median age of 32 months [3]. Prenatal manifestations included short and curved long bones (32%), intrauterine growth restriction (17%), and oligohydramnios (16%). These non-specific signs should prompt early identification of SWS before birth. The infant in this case developed progressive dyspnoea likely due to severe PPHN, with initial concerns of pulmonary dysplasia due to low amniotic fluid. However, stabilisation was achieved through high-frequency ventilation, iNO, and pressor therapy, allowing respiratory support withdrawal. Patients with SWS have high early mortality, with pulmonary hypertension being a major poor prognostic factor (mortality rate 63%) [1]. Rass-Rothschild et al. reported siblings with SWS with severe pulmonary hypertension and abnormal pulmonary artery development, speculating that early ductus arteriosus closure may increase right ventricular load [8]. This highlights the need for comprehensive cardiovascular assessment in SWS, with further research on cardiovascular mechanisms recommended.

SWS belongs to the family of ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor (CNTFR) pathway-related diseases due to autonomic dysfunction linked to the CNTFR gene [912]. This dysfunction arises from impaired cardiomyocyte-like cytokine factor 1 (CLCF-1) signalling caused by LIFR gene variants that disrupt the CLCF-1/CRLF-1 receptor complex [13]. Similar to Crisponi syndrome, which involves variants in CRLF1 or CLCF1 genes [14], SWS shares overlapping clinical features but has distinct genetic origins. Molecular evaluation helps differentiate SWS from other syndromes with similar presentations, aiding in better understanding and management.

The hallmark features of SWS include profound skeletal abnormalities such as bowed long bones, joint contractures, osteoporosis, talipes valgus, flared iliac wings, spinal deformities, hypoplastic lower ilia, micrognathia, and generalised hypotonia. These manifestations tend to progress with age and become more pronounced after age two, often requiring coordinated multidisciplinary intervention including orthopaedic, respiratory, and rehabilitative care [1]. Most SWS cases result from biallelic LIFR gene variants, which are believed to impair sympathetic neuron survival and motor neuron innervation, contributing to both the skeletal phenotype and autonomic instability [7]. Thermal dysregulation in SWS has been linked to impaired JAK/STAT3 pathway signalling, which also affects immune function, thereby increasing susceptibility to infection [15]. However, some patients with SWS lack LIFR variants, indicating genetic heterogeneity. Another gene, GP130 (IL6ST), was recently identified in a series of patients with SWS (reported in 2020), leading to the proposed classification of a type 2 SWS subtype in the OMIM database [16].

Clinical outcomes in SWS are poor during early life. Approximately 42% of patients die before the age of two, primarily from respiratory failure (71%) and autonomic dysfunction (67%) [1]. Hyperpyrexia in these patients can precipitate systemic inflammatory responses and multi-organ failure, similar to mechanisms observed in heat stroke. Therefore, recurrent unexplained fevers in neonates and infants – particularly when accompanied by joint anomalies, dysphagia, or respiratory distress – should raise suspicion of thermoregulatory genetic syndromes. Early genetic evaluation is crucial for timely diagnosis. Dysautonomia commonly presents as altered thermoregulation, diminished pain sensitivity, and abnormal sweating patterns, heightening the risk of dehydration and secondary complications. Although mortality considerably decreases after early childhood, survivors frequently contend with progressive orthopaedic complications necessitating long-term follow-up and surgical interventions [4,11].

Given the involvement of multiple organ systems in SWS, there is currently no specific treatment available for clinical management. However, it is crucial to enhance collaboration and follow-up among multidisciplinary teams. Physicians should conduct comprehensive assessments of patients’ diverse symptoms and develop personalised treatment plans to improve quality of life, reduce complications and enhance prognosis. Although the mortality rate among patients with SWS remains high, survivors generally exhibit a lower mortality rate beyond the age of two with unaffected cognitive abilities [10]. In terms of prospects, research into SWS should primarily concentrate on exploring the potential of gene therapy and personalised medicine while emphasising improvements in quality of life and treatment efficacy for patients with the syndrome.

4 Conclusion

In summary, SWS is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterised by dysautonomia and primarily caused by impaired LIFR signalling. Although LIFR variants are the principal known genetic cause, variants in related genes such as GP130 and CNTFR have been identified in syndromes with overlapping clinical features, underscoring the complexity of the molecular pathways involved. The syndrome is associated with a poor prognosis and currently lacks effective treatment options. Further research is essential to enhance our understanding of its underlying mechanisms. Molecular analysis plays a crucial role in distinguishing SWS from other disorders with similar clinical presentations but distinct genetic backgrounds, thereby facilitating the development of targeted therapies focused on specific signalling pathways.


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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the family for their willingness and cooperation to take part in this study.

  1. Funding information: Effect and mechanism of epinephrine versus dopamine in septic shock of premature infants, No. 8227060416.

  2. Author contributions: YLC contributed to data collection and drafting of the manuscript. YML contributed to writing – review & editing. SRH contributed to writing – review & editing. JG contributed to the follow-up visit. YFW contributed to writing – review & editing. MLZ contributed to the critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2025-05-16
Revised: 2025-08-15
Accepted: 2025-09-07
Published Online: 2025-10-30

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Longitudinal monitoring of autoantibody dynamics in patients with early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing surgery
  130. The potential role of rutin, a flavonoid, in the management of cancer through modulation of cell signaling pathways
  131. Construction of pectinase gene engineering microbe and its application in tobacco sheets
  132. Construction of a microbial abundance prognostic scoring model based on intratumoral microbial data for predicting the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma
  133. Sepsis complicated by haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and human herpesvirus 8 in an immunocompromised elderly patient: A case report
  134. Sarcopenia in liver transplantation: A comprehensive bibliometric study of current research trends and future directions
  135. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine
  136. Can coronavirus disease 2019 affect male fertility or cause spontaneous abortion? A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
  137. Heat stroke associated with novel leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor gene variant in a Chinese infant
  138. PSME2 exacerbates ulcerative colitis by disrupting intestinal barrier function and promoting autophagy-dependent inflammation
  139. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state with severe hypernatremia coexisting with central diabetes insipidus: A case report and literature review
  140. Efficacy and mechanism of escin in improving the tissue microenvironment of blood vessel walls via anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects: Implications for clinical practice
  141. Merkel cell carcinoma: Clinicopathological analysis of three patients and literature review
  142. Genetic variants in VWF exon 26 and their implications for type 1 Von Willebrand disease in a Saudi Arabian population
  143. Lipoxin A4 improves myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury through the Notch1-Nrf2 signaling pathway
  144. High levels of EPHB2 expression predict a poor prognosis and promote tumor progression in endometrial cancer
  145. Knockdown of SHP-2 delays renal tubular epithelial cell injury in diabetic nephropathy by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis
  146. Exploring the toxicity mechanisms and detoxification methods of Rhizoma Paridis
  147. Concomitant gastric carcinoma and primary hepatic angiosarcoma in a patient: A case report
  148. Ecology and Environmental Science
  149. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  150. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  151. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  152. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  153. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  154. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  155. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  156. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  157. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  158. Temperature-dependent development, predation, and life table of Sphaerophoria macrogaster (Thomson) (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
  159. Eleonora’s falcon trophic interactions with insects within its breeding range: A systematic review
  160. Agriculture
  161. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  162. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  163. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  164. Molecular mechanism of follicular development in laying hens based on the regulation of water metabolism
  165. Animal Science
  166. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  167. Plant Sciences
  168. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  169. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  170. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  171. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  172. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  173. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  174. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  175. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  176. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  177. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  178. Using plant electrical signals of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for water pollution monitoring
  179. Food Science
  180. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  181. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  182. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  183. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  184. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  185. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  186. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  187. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  188. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  189. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  190. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  191. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  192. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  193. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  194. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  195. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  196. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  197. Corrigendum
  198. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  199. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  200. Retraction
  201. Retraction of “Down-regulation of miR-539 indicates poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer”
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