Startseite Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
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Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach

  • Jaydeep Dave , Ali Muhammed Moula Ali EMAIL logo , Tanaji Kudre , Pikunthong Nukhthamna , Nishant Kumar , Marek Kieliszek und Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 23. November 2023
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

This study aimed to efficiently utilize catfish heads, enhancing the oil extraction process while improving the cost-effectiveness of fish byproduct management. The study employed the wet rendering method, a solvent-free approach, utilizing a two-factor Taguchi orthogonal array design to identify critical parameters for optimizing oil yield and ensuring high-quality oil attributes. The extraction temperature (80–120°C) and time (5–25 min) were chosen as variables in the wet rendering process. Range analysis identified the extraction time as a more significant (p < 0.05) factor for most parameters, including oil yield, oil recovery, acid value, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The extraction temperature was more significant (p < 0.05) for oil color. Consequently, the wet rendering method was optimized, resulting in an extraction temperature of 80°C and an extraction time of 25 min, yielding the highest oil yield. This optimized wet rendering process recovered 6.37 g/100 g of oil with an impressive 54.16% oil recovery rate, demonstrating comparable performance to traditional solvent extraction methods. Moreover, Fourier transfer infrared spectra analysis revealed distinct peaks associated with triacylglycerols and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The oil recovered under optimized conditions contained higher levels of PUFA, including oleic acid (189.92 μg/g of oil), linoleic acid (169.92 μg/g of oil), eicosapentaenoic acid (17.41 μg/g of oil), and docosahexaenoic acid (20.82 μg/g of oil). Volatile compound analysis revealed lower levels of secondary oxidation compounds under optimized conditions. This optimized wet rendering method offers practical advantages in terms of cost-efficiency, sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced oil quality, making it an attractive option for the fish processing industries. Future research possibilities may include the purification of the catfish head oil and its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Keywords: catfish waste management; fish oil new resource; solvent-free extraction; polyunsaturated fatty acids; fatty acid analysis; volatile compounds

1 Introduction

Catfish is one of the common freshwater fish. In 2021, their global production was estimated to be 5.8 million metric tons annually [1]. The most commonly farmed catfish species for consumption are the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Another type of catfish, namely Clarias magur, is primarily found in South and Southeast Asia and is considered a delicacy in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, India, and Bangladesh [2]. C. magur is a relatively new species and has not been fully utilized in aquaculture and food industries to develop products [3]. In addition, only limited research has been done to explore new technologies that enhance the production and management of this fish with its commercialization.

By-product management has changed significantly due to the evolution of aquaculture and fisheries. In recent decades, components like bones, skin, viscera, and trimmings have been transformed into commodities of interest, driven by various scientific studies and commercial importance [4,5]. Generally, catfish processing generates a significant amount of waste, yielding about 40–60% based on the wet weight, including heads, skin, scales, bones, trimmings, viscera, etc. [6]. Nowadays, these by-products are valorized for their bioactive compounds, e.g., bones provide collagen and calcium [7]; skin provides bioactive peptides and collagen [5]; visceral biomass provides enzymes and omega 3-rich oil [8]; and trimmings provide fishmeal. However, the utilization of catfish heads has not yet been adequately researched. Typically, head waste is either converted to low-valued animal feed and fertilizer or discarded as waste, which can lead to environmental hazards [9].

Generally, the fish head is known to contain a significant amount of nutritional compounds, such as proteins, lipids (rich in saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids [MUFA], and polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA]), pigments, vitamins, and minerals, which are from various parts, including the brain, eyeballs, gills, and cheeks [10]. Catfish head oil has been reported to contain oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been linked to numerous health benefits, including improved heart and brain health, healthy skin maintenance, reduced inflammation, and lowered cholesterol and triglycerides [8,11]. Catfish heads are often overlooked in the fish processing industry due to a lack of awareness about their potential uses and cultural preferences for fillets [6]. Limited culinary knowledge and aesthetic concerns also contribute to their underutilization [12]. However, catfish heads are nutrient-rich and can offer health benefits [3]. With the focus on reducing seafood waste and sustainable practices, finding effective ways to utilize catfish heads is important. Extracting oil from fish heads can be challenging due to their tough structure and the presence of impurities like proteins [13]. Overall, the research gap lies in the need to explore and develop innovative and sustainable methods for the efficient extraction and utilization of catfish head oil, addressing both environmental and economic considerations.

Typically, recovery of fish oil has been made using various chemical solvents, enzymatic hydrolysis, supercritical fluid extraction, wet rendering, and cold pressing [14]. However, some of these methods are linked to several drawbacks, e.g., chemical solvent extraction still contains traces of hazardous chemicals, and the extraction process is not eco-friendly. Cold press renders a very low oil yield. Enzymatic and supercritical fluid extraction is associated with higher capital expenditures and, hence, is not cost-effective. Due to this reason, the present research is focused on solvent-free, eco-friendly, and cost-effective methods for recovering fish oil [15,16]. In this regard, wet rendering is gaining interest, which involves cooking fish biomass in water or steam to break the complex tissue and release the oil in free form. This oil is easily separated from the water and other fish solids. Besides, this method has several advantages over other methods, such as considerable oil yields, lower operational or capital costs, no involvement of toxic chemicals, etc. [10].

The objective of this work is to address the existing research gap by introducing the wet rendering method as an effective way of extracting valuable oil from catfish heads. This approach aims to enhance the efficient and sustainable usage of this underutilized resource. Nazir et al. [13] observed that cooking time and temperature can affect the yield and quality of fish oil during wet rendering of tuna heads. The optimization of factors using experimental design is essential in the context of wet rendering for maximizing the oil yield and preservation of PUFA. The Taguchi orthogonal array design enables efficient exploration of multiple factors, identification of critical variables, and resource savings, and provides information about the contribution of individual treatment factors [17]. This information would be specifically valuable for scaling up the extraction, considering less number of factors critically affecting the quality of extracted oil. The efficient extraction of fish oil from catfish heads not only reduces waste but also creates new avenues for product development across multiple industries including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It also promotes sustainability and economic growth.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), trichloroacetic acid, ammonium thiocyanate, ferrous chloride, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Solvents, including chloroform, methanol, and hexane, were obtained from Lab-Scan (Bangkok, Thailand). Supelco® 37 component fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) mix, 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane, and ammonium thiocyanate were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Cumene hydroperoxide and 2-TBA were obtained from Fluka Co. (Buchs, St. Gallen, Switzerland). The other chemicals were obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the chemicals used were of analytical grade.

2.2 Raw materials

Freshly available C. magur heads were procured from the Huatake fish market located at Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand. Approximately, 2–3 kg of heads were packed in polyethylene bags (thickness, 63.50 microns, placed in a polystyrene container containing ice, and transported to the Faculty of Food-Industry, KMITL. Upon arrival, the heads were chopped into pieces and minced using a meat grinding machine (JYR-120, Bangkok, Thailand), and the minced samples were used for further experiments.

2.3 Proximate composition

The proximate composition was determined in terms of moisture, proteins, fats, and ash using the AOAC method (930.15, 923.03, 920.39, and 923.01), respectively [18].

2.4 Experimental design

The Taguchi orthogonal array design was employed, to identify the most significant contributing factor from the commonly used two factors, with the assumption that there was no interaction between them. This design provided a simple and structured methodology to minimize the number of treatment combinations when dealing with multiple factors. The Taguchi design employed two parameters to identify the most important factor, which had a significant impact. The first parameter, K ij , was calculated as the average value of the measured functional parameter at each level (j = 1, 2, 3) of each factor (i = A, B), which was calculated using the following equation:

(1) K ij = 1 / N i ∑ u = 1 N i y i , j , u ,

where N i represents the number of trials for each factor; and y i,j are the measured responses of factor i at level j. The second parameter, the difference between the highest and lowest values of K ij , is represented as R i . The most contributing factor for extraction was chosen considering both the rank of R i values for each factor and the factors showing significance (p < 0.05) by analysis of variance.

The wet rendering conditions (a combination of the extraction temperature and time) were optimized based on the outcomes of the Taguchi design in order to get the maximum oil yield. To check the reliability of the optimized conditions, a validation step was carried out by considering the influence of most contributing factors on the responses.

2.5 Extraction of oil from catfish heads

A minced sample (100 g) was used for oil extraction by the wet rendering method (solvent-free extraction). The extraction was carried out using two variables at three levels, i.e., cooking temperatures (80, 100, and 120°C) and cooking times (5, 15, and 25 min). The ratio of the minced sample to water was kept constant at 1:0.5 (w/v) (values were taken based on the previous optimization conditions, data not shown). The two factors at three levels for extraction were optimized using a three-level Taguchi orthogonal array design, as shown in Table 1. After extraction, the samples were allowed to cool at room temperature and filtered using a muslin cloth (to remove larger particles and cell debris), followed by filtration using Whatman no 1 filter paper (to remove the cell debris and fine particles). Then, the samples were centrifuged at 2,500×g for 15 min to separate the oil and aqueous phases with some pellets. The oil was separated using a separating flask and the recovered oil was subjected to analysis. The excess oil was stored in an amber bottle, head space flushed with nitrogen gas, and stored at −20°C (not more than a month). The oils extracted using the solvent method, i.e., chloroform:methanol (2:1, v-v) and hexane, were considered as controls [19].

Table 1

Runs showing two factors for oil extraction using the wet rendering method obtained via a Taguchi orthogonal array design

Run Factor A: Temperature (°C) Factor B: Time (min)
1 80 5
2 80 15
3 80 25
4 100 5
5 100 15
6 100 25
7 120 5
8 120 15
9 120 25

2.6 Extraction yield

The obtained oil was analyzed for extraction yield, expressed in terms of g/100 g (wet weight basis), and was calculated using the following formula:

(2) Yield ( g / 100 g ) = Weight of the obtained oil ( g ) Weight of sample taken for extraction ( g ) × 100 .

The oil recovery was calculated using the following formula and expressed in percentage (%):

(3) Oil recovery ( % ) = Weight of obtained oil ( g ) Total oil present in the sample ( g ) × 100 .

2.7 Quality characteristics

2.7.1 Color

The color was determined using a HunterLab colorimeter (LabScan® XE, Reston, VA, USA) and reported in the CIE color system, where L * = lightness/brightness, a * = redness/greenness, b * = yellowness/blueness, and ΔE * is the color difference. The corresponding values of a white standard were L * = 93.71, a * = −1.21, and b * = 0.48.

2.7.2 Acid value and free fatty acids (FFA)

The acid value and FFA were analyzed as described by Chaijan et al. [20] with slight modifications. The sample (1 g) was dissolved in ten volumes of hexane (w:v) containing two drops of phenolphthalein indicator. The mixture was titrated against 0.02 N potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution until a pink color was achieved. The acid value was expressed as mg KOH consumed to neutralize the free acids in 1 g of oil and was calculated using the following formula:

(4) Acid value = 56.1 × N × ( V s − V b ) W ,

where N is the normality of KOH, V s is the volume of KOH required for the sample, V b is the volume of KOH required for the blank, and W is the weight of the sample (in g).

The FFA in oil was expressed as % oleic acid, calculated using the following formula:

(5) FFA ( % ) = Acid value × Molecular weight of oleic acid × 10 Molecular weight of KOH × 1 , 000

2.8 Oxidative stability

2.8.1 Peroxide value (PV)

The PV was determined using the spectrophotometric method described by Bruno et al. [21], and 20 mM ferric thiocyanate was used as a reducing agent. A standard curve was plotted using cumene hydroperoxide at concentrations in the range of 0–50 ppm. The PV was expressed in mg cumene equivalents/kg of oil sample.

2.8.2 TBA reactive substances (TBARS)

The analysis of TBARS was carried out as described by Bruno et al. [21] with slight modifications. The oil (10 mg) was mixed with 2.5 mL of a TBA reagent and incubated at 95°C for 10 min. The reaction was stopped by cooling the test tubes under running tap water and then centrifuged at 3,600×g for 20 min at 25°C. The upper layer was collected, and absorbance was recorded at 532 nm. The TBARS content was measured using a standard curve plotted with 1,1,3,3-tetra ethoxy propane and expressed as mg of malonaldehyde (MDA)/kg oil.

2.9 Characterization

Four oil samples were selected for characterization: (1) oil sample (Run 3) with the highest yield and lower oxidation (optimized condition), and (2) oil sample (Run 7) with high oxidation with lower yield was selected as a negative control, (3) chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) as a positive control, and (4) hexane as a positive control.

2.9.1 Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy

FTIR analysis was carried out using the ATR-FTIR model Equinox 55 (Bruker, Ettlingen, Germany) in the range of 400–4,000 cm−1 with a resolution rate of 4 cm−1. The spectra were interpreted as described by Ali et al. [19].

2.9.2 Fatty acid composition

FAMEs were prepared as described by Muhammed et al. [22] using 2 N methanolic HCl and 2 N methanolic NaOH solutions. The derivatized FAMEs (1 μl) were injected into a gas chromatography (7890B series; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a flame ionization detector and an HP 88 capillary column (J&W Scientific Column from Agilent Technologies). The GC conditions were set according to the instructions provided by the manufacturer. The peaks were identified based on the matching retention time with the Supelco® external standard (37 Component FAME Mix). The identified peaks were integrated and calibrated against the standard concentration curve using Open LAB CDS software (Chem Station edition; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). From the fatty acid composition data, the chemometric analysis was performed to characterize the fish oil [23].

2.9.3 Volatile compounds

Volatile compounds were measured using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (HP 5890 series II; Hewlett Packard, Atlanta, GA, USA) equipped with an HP 5972 quadrupole mass detector, as outlined by Ali et al. [24]. Ionization was performed at 250°C, in an electron ionization mode. The spectra were obtained at an ionization energy of 70 eV. The acquisition was monitored at a scanning rate of 0.22 s/scan in the range of 25–500 amu. The ChemStation Library (Library No. Wiley 275. L) was used to identify the volatile compounds. The volatile compounds are expressed in abundance based on the peak area.

2.10 Statistical analysis

The experiments were performed in triplicates, and the data were presented in mean ± SD. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to enumerate the significant difference between mean values. Range analysis was carried out using SPSS (version 10.0.1.0, Stat-Ease) to check the effect of individual variables and to determine the optimum level of different variables. The average response (P ij ) for each variable (i = 1–2) was calculated at each level (j = 1–3). The difference between the highest and lowest values of P ij is represented as R j and was calculated to determine the most contributing variable based on rank (R j ) values of each variable on quality attributes of the oil.

3 Results and discussion

The proximate composition of C. magur head contained 65.78% moisture, 15.05% proteins, 11.76% fat, and 4.91% ash (wet weight basis). Based on the data from previous literature, the fat content from catfish heads ranges from 7.22 to 13.51%, based on the wet weight. These variations could depend on the species, habitat, diet, and physiological conditions [25].

3.1 Effect of most contributing extraction variable based on the range analysis

In the present study, a significant (p < 0.05) effect of independent variables was observed on the extraction yield, quality characteristics, and oxidative stability of oils recovered through wet rendering.

3.1.1 Extraction yield

Based on the range analysis experiments, the oil yield ranged from 2.48 to 6.37 g/100 g, and oil recovery ranged from 21.08 to 54.16%, as shown in Table 2. The results showed that time was the most dominant parameter; with an increase in time, there was a significant increase in the extraction yield and recovery, as presented in Table 3. On the other hand, the temperature did not significantly affect the extraction. Kudre et al. [26] also observed that a longer extraction period effectively increased the yield. Some oil compounds may be tightly bound within the fish matrix, especially if they are trapped within cellular structures or associated with proteins. Longer extraction times provide more opportunities for the solvent to break down these barriers and release the oil [27].

Table 2

Yield, recovery, color, and quality parameters of catfish head oils recovered using the wet rendering method

Run Oil yielda Oil recovery (%) L * a * b * ΔE * Acid valueb FFAc PVd TBARSe
1 2.48 ± 0.34a 21.08 ± 1.70a 78.17 ± 0.11c −1.90 ± 0.02c 40.99 ± 0.05e 43.45 ± 0.13e 11.11 ± 0.12a 0.56 ± 0.02b 21.29 ± 0.32c 0.32 ± 0.03a
2 4.21 ± 0.50c 35.79 ± 1.21c 78.22 ± 0.15c −1.91 ± 0.01c 40.98 ± 0.03e 43.42 ± 0.24e 24.82 ± 0.34e 1.40 ± 0.03e 39.52 ± 0.29g 0.39 ± 0.02b
3 6.37 ± 0.63f 54.16 ± 0.89f 78.19 ± 0.08c −1.90 ± 0.03c 40.97 ± 0.08e 43.43 ± 0.15e 28.13 ± 0.62f 1.62 ± 0.06f 28.34 ± 0.33e 0.51 ± 0.03d
4 3.26 ± 0.28b 27.72 ± 1.21b 77.14 ± 0.09b −1.89 ± 0.02b 38.92 ± 0.02e 43.36 ± 0.28e 18.16 ± 0.31b 0.91 ± 0.04c 29.21 ± 0.28e 0.34 ± 0.02a
5 5.16 ± 0.26d 43.87 ± 0.69e 77.29 ± 0.03b −1.89 ± 0.02b 38.61 ± 0.02d 43.05 ± 0.31d 23.61 ± 0.39d 1.19 ± 0.02g 34.37 ± 0.41f 0.45 ± 0.07c
6 5.69 ± 0.59e 52.63 ± 1.05f 77.41 ± 0.10b −1.85 ± 0.01b 39.44 ± 0.03c 42.85 ± 0.29c 44.27 ± 0.42h 2.23 ± 0.05i 23.64 ± 0.68d 0.54 ± 0.07e
7 4.89 ± 0.51c 41.58 ± 1.01d 76.69 ± 0.17a −1.80 ± 0.01a 37.45 ± 0.01c 42.76 ± 0.17b 22.18 ± 0.19c 1.12 ± 0.07d 34.67 ± 0.29f 0.46 ± 0.05c
8 5.18 ± 0.58d 44.30 ± 0.87e 76.81 ± 0.11a −1.77 ± 0.04a 37.31 ± 0.02b 42.59 ± 0.38a 39.88 ± 0.21g 2.01 ± 0.02h 21.84 ± 0.54c 0.58 ± 0.06f
9 5.21 ± 0.46d 44.04 ± 0.64e 76.89 ± 0.07a −1.78 ± 0.02a 37.22 ± 0.05a 42.47 ± 0.24a 48.23 ± 0.49i 2.43 ± 0.04j 14.12 ± 0.45b 0.64 ± 0.04g
A 8.29 ± 0.34 70.05 ± 0.74 76.28 ± 0.04 −1.88 ± 0.02 17.86 ± 0.03 24.12 ± 0.13 9.34 ± 0.21 0.47 ± 0.02 7.78 ± 0.56 0.12 ± 0.02
B 7.64 ± 0.27 64.55 ± 0.62 77.11 ± 0.10 −1.86 ± 0.03 18.35 ± 0.01 23.92 ± 0.05 8.21 ± 0.18 0.41 ± 0.01 6.68 ± 0.39 0.11 ± 0.01

Solvent extraction methods i.e., hexane and chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) were positive controls. Values are given as mean ± SD (n = 3). The same lowercase letters of each measured parameter indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05) during wet rendering.

aOil yield is expressed in terms of g/100 g, based on the wet weight; bacid value is expressed in terms of mg KOH/g of oil; cFFA is expressed in terms of % oleic acid; dPV is expressed in terms of mg of cumene hydroperoxide equivalent/kg of oil; eTBARS is expressed in terms of mg of MDA Eq/kg of oil.

Runs 1–9: oil recovered using wet rendering.

A: Oil extracted by chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v); B: oil extracted by hexane.

Table 3

Range analysis from factorial design for response variables against the yield, recovery, color, and quality parameters of catfish head oils

Factor Levels Values Oil yielda Oil recovery (%) L * a * b * ΔE * Acid valueb FFAc PVd TBARSe
A 80 K A1 4.35a 37.01a 78.19a −1.90c 40.98c 43.40c 43.68a 2.20a 29.71c 0.40a
100 K A2 4.70b 41.40b 78.31b −1.87b 40.65b 43.08b 52.01b 2.61b 29.07b 0.44b
120 K A3 5.09c 43.30c 78.79c −1.78a 40.32a 42.60a 56.76c 2.85c 23.54a 0.56c
R A 0.74 6.29 0.48 −0.12 0.66 0.80 13.08 0.65 6.17 0.16
B 5 K B1 3.54a 30.12a 78.36a −1.86a 40.78c 43.19c 37.15a 1.87a 28.39b 0.37a
15 K B2 4.86b 41.32b 78.44b −1.85a 40.63b 43.02b 53.77b 2.70b 31.91c 0.47b
25 K B3 5.74c 50.27c 78.49b −1.84a 40.54a 42.91a 61.54c 3.09c 22.03a 0.56c
R B 2.20 20.15 0.13 −0.02 0.24 0.28 24.39 1.22 9.88 0.19
Rank B* > A B* > A A* > B A* > B A* > B A* > B B* > A B* > A B* > A B* > A
Major contributing factor B B A A A A B B B B

A and B represent s temperature (°C) and time (min), respectively.

aOil yield is expressed in terms of g/100 g, based on the wet weight; bacid value is expressed in terms of mg KOH/g of oil; cFFA is expressed in terms of % oleic acid; dPV is expressed in terms of mg cumene hydroperoxide equivalent/kg of oil; eTBARS is expressed as in terms of mg MDAEq/kg of oil.

K ij were the average values of each measured parameter from nine treatment sets in level j (j = 1, 2, 3) of each factor i (i = A or B).

The same lowercase letters above K ij of each measured parameter indicated a significant difference (p < 0.05).

R A and R B were the differences between the highest and lowest values of K ij within the same factor i.

Rank was based on the largest to smallest order of R A and R B values; the factor with an asterisk meant significance detected. The two most contributing factors were selected based on the significance and rank order of R i .

3.1.2 Quality characteristics

The color of fish oil is crucial for quality control in the food and cosmetic industries, where the oil color can significantly affect the final product’s appearance and consumer acceptability [28]. Range analysis showed that the extraction temperature was the most significant (p < 0.05) parameter affecting the color values (Table 3). In the wet rendering, the L * (lightness) values varied from 76.89 to 78.17. The increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in lightness. The key factor contributing to the color of fish oil is the presence of pigments, including carotenoids, which are responsible for the oil’s lightness or coloration [29]. When the extraction temperature increases, it may trigger thermal degradation of these pigments. The breakdown of these pigments due to increased temperature ultimately leads to a darker and less light oil. For this, several researchers have proposed different mechanisms. For example, Lanka and Jayewardenepura [30] reported that higher temperatures can affect the interactions between proteins and lipids present in the oil. Changes in these interactions can influence the dispersion of pigments and other color-contributing compounds in the oil, potentially leading to a decrease in lightness. In another study, Grebenteuch et al. [31] reported that high temperatures could polymerize browning substances by condensation and dehydration of the secondary products from lipid oxidation during the wet rendering method. Furthermore, a * values (−1.78 to −1.91) and b * values (37.22–40.99) were also significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with an increase in the temperature. Higher temperatures can promote the Maillard reaction, a complex chemical reaction between amino acids (from proteins) and reducing sugars [32]. This reaction often results in browning and the formation of melanoidin compounds, which can impart a darker color to the oil. Lanka and Jayewardenepura [30] reported that oxidation reactions could occur at high temperatures, forming colored compounds that contribute to a darker color. Additionally, Grebenteuch et al. [31] reported that high temperatures could increase the thermal degradation of pigments that are naturally present in the oil, further reducing its color values.

Acid value and FFA are important parameters for assessing the quality and freshness of fish oils [33]. Elevated acid values can indicate oil degradation, rancidity, or hydrolysis. During wet rendering, the range analysis demonstrated that the acid value and FFA were most significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the extraction time (Table 3). It was observed that with an increase in the extraction time, there was a gradual increase in the acid value and FFA. This could be possibly due to increased hydrolysis of fat and oil to release FFA [13]. Longer extraction time during wet rendering means prolonged exposure to heat and moisture. During this time, water can catalyze hydrolytic reactions known as lipolysis. In lipolysis, water molecules cleave the ester bonds in triglycerides, breaking them down into glycerol and individual fatty acids [10]. This process releases FFA into the oil phase. Fish and other biological tissues contain enzymes, such as lipases, that can catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides into FFA [34]. These enzymes become more active as the extraction time prolongs, leading to greater hydrolysis. Zhang et al. [35] observed that the moisture content of the fish tissue can influence hydrolysis. Increased extraction time can allow for more interaction between moisture and lipids, promoting hydrolysis. Optimization of extraction time can lead to cost efficiency by reducing the energy and time required for the wet rendering process. Efficient production processes can translate into lower production costs.

3.1.3 Oxidative stability

PV is a critical parameter for assessing the freshness and oxidative stability of fish oils. Higher PV values indicate a higher level of primary oxidation products, which can contribute to off-flavors and reduced shelf life [36]. Monitoring PV helps in assessing the oil’s quality and suitability for various applications. Range analysis showed that the extraction time was the most significant (p < 0.05) parameter affecting the PV of oil, recovered through wet rendering (Table 3). During wet rendering, from 5 to 15 min, a slight increase in PV was observed, and from 15 to 25 min, it resulted in decreased PV (Table 2). This can be supported by the hydrolysis of ester bonds of triglyceride occurring more at prolonged extraction time, which elevates the level of FFA, which reacts with oxygen and generates hydroperoxides. In the initial stages of wet rendering (5–15 min), there may be an initiation of lipid oxidation. Lipid oxidation is a complex chain reaction that begins with the formation of hydroperoxides, which contribute to the PV [37]. This may lead to a slight increase in PV during this phase as these hydroperoxides are formed. As the wet rendering process continues beyond 15 min, various factors can contribute to the consumption of peroxides. As the reaction progresses, the rate of peroxide decomposition may become more dominant, resulting in a decrease in PV. Lu [38] also observed decreased PV during the cooking of mackerel fillets for 30 min, which could be due to prolonged cooking time where the initial hydroperoxides might decompose into various volatile and non-volatile products. The range analysis showed that time was the most significant parameter (p < 0.05) affecting the TBARS, during wet rendering (Table 3). With an increase in time, a gradual increase in TBARS was observed, irrespective of the temperature. The prolonged cooking may convert the primary oxidation products into secondary oxidation products like aldehydes, i.e., MDA. Similar results were observed by Sajib et al. [39], where the TBARS increased during the prolonged cooking of herring fish fillets for 30 min to extract the fish oil.

3.2 Optimization and validation of wet rendering process

Based on previous range analysis observations, it was determined that time had the most significant impact on parameters, such as oil yield, acid value, FFA, PV, and TBARS. Consequently, the extraction conditions for wet rendering were optimized based on maximizing the oil yield. The optimized conditions for wet rendering, which resulted in the highest yield, were an extraction temperature of 80°C and an extraction time of 25 min (as determined in run 3). This particular run yielded an oil yield of 6.37 g/100 g. To validate these results and further examine the influence of time, a wet rendering experiment was conducted at a constant temperature of 80°C (Figure 1).

Figure 1 The effect of time (most contributing factor) on the (a) oil yield, (b) acid value, (c) FFA, (d) PV, and (e) TBARS of catfish head oil recovered using wet rendering at 80°C.
Figure 1

The effect of time (most contributing factor) on the (a) oil yield, (b) acid value, (c) FFA, (d) PV, and (e) TBARS of catfish head oil recovered using wet rendering at 80°C.

The time was varied from 5 to 30 min to assess its effect on the parameters of interest. The results obtained from the experiment indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the oil yield until 25 min. This increase can be attributed to the greater breakdown of adipose tissues over time, leading to the release of more oil [26]. As discussed earlier, the extended extraction time allowed for a more thorough extraction of oil from the raw material. However, beyond 25 min, there was a noticeable decrease in the oil yield. In this context, the prolonged extraction time likely led to a more extensive denaturation of proteins, exposing their hydrophobic domains [19]. This exposure could result in increased hydrophobic interactions between proteins and lipids. These enhanced protein–lipid interactions could have several effects. One significant outcome is the retention of oil within the protein matrix. When lipids bind more strongly to denatured proteins, they become less available for extraction, reducing the overall oil yield. Additionally, the formation of protein–lipid complexes can alter the solubility of both components within the matrix [40]. Similar trends were observed for the PV and TBARS. With an increase in the extraction time, there was a gradual increase in both PV and TBARS. This phenomenon can be attributed to the increased hydrolysis of fats and oils, leading to the release of FFA [13]. As the extraction time prolongs, there is more opportunity for unsaturated fatty acids to react with oxygen, leading to the formation of hydroperoxides (PV) and secondary oxidation products (TBARS) [41]. Overall, the significant influence of extraction time on the oil yield and quality parameters holds practical importance in ensuring product quality, cost efficiency, shelf life, environmental impact, and process optimization, in the fish processing industry.

3.2.1 Effect of extraction methods on the oil yield, quality characteristics, and oxidative stability

The optimized condition (Run 3) from the Taguchi orthogonal array design recovered 6.37 g/100 g of oil with 54.16% of oil recovery. When compared to the traditional solvent extraction method (chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), the oil yield and oil recovery under optimized conditions were 0.76- and 0.77-fold, respectively, lower (Table 2); the values were comparable and not too low with the prospect of any extraction method. Solvent extraction has the advantage of being highly selective for oil, effectively separating it from other components [13]. In wet rendering, the extraction process is less selective and may result in the retention of some oil within the solid residues. The wet rendering method, despite slightly lower oil yield and recovery, offers sustainability advantages. It is a solvent-free, environmentally friendly approach that reduces the use of hazardous chemicals, aligning with the growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly extraction processes [42]. Furthermore, the acid value of the optimized wet rendering method was 28.13 mg KOH/g oil, which was 3.44-fold higher than that with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and 3.82-fold higher than with hexane (p < 0.05). A higher acid value in the wet rendering process indicates that an increased amount of FFA is hydrolyzed from the glycerol backbone at the ester bond [30]. The FFA content was also observed higher in the wet rendering method, which was 5.17-fold higher than that with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and 5.92-fold higher than with hexane (p < 0.05). The acid value and FFA content of the oil extracted through optimized wet rendering were found within the maximum limits specified by the Codex standard for fish oil i.e., acid value ≤ 30 mg KOH/g oil and FFA ≤ 15% [43]. This demonstrates that the oil obtained through wet rendering meets the regulatory requirements for quality and safety. This compliance is crucial for ensuring that the oil can be legally marketed and used in various food and pharmaceutical applications.

The PV under optimized conditions was 28.34 mg cumene hydroperoxide equivalent/kg oil, which was found to be 3.64-fold higher than that with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and 4.24-fold higher than the oil recovered with hexane (p < 0.05). During the wet rendering of tuna eyeballs, Pudtikajorn and Benjakul [10] also observed higher PV due to the thermal breakdown of lipid molecules, promoting the release of reactive oxygen species. Similarly, the TBARS of oil extracted using the wet rendering method was higher, which was 4.25-fold higher than with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and 4.63-fold higher than the oil recovered with hexane (p < 0.05) under optimal conditions. The high-value TBARS might be due to higher thermal degradation of fatty acids during wet rendering, resulting in more secondary oxidation products like MDAs [44]. These results were in line with that of volatile compounds detected in the oil samples.

3.3 Characterization

3.3.1 FTIR spectra

Figure 2 illustrates the FTIR spectra of oil samples obtained from the wet rendering and solvent extraction methods. The functional group region of the spectra displayed five distinct peaks. The peak at 3,010 cm−1, which indicates the C–H stretching vibration of cis-double bonds in fatty acids [45], was observed at low intensity in the solvent-extracted samples but was absent in the oil obtained from the wet rendering method. This discrepancy could be attributed to the thermal degradation effect, which reduces the number of double bonds in fatty acids during the wet rendering process [46]. Additionally, two major peaks were observed at wavenumbers 2,924 and 2,852 cm−1, which correspond to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH2, respectively [45]. These peaks are indicative of the fatty acid chain length. Comparing these two peaks, it was noted that the amplitude of the oil sample recovered with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and Run 7 (low oil quality) was lower than that of the oil samples obtained with hexane under optimized conditions. This reduction in amplitude may be due to thermal degradation, which breaks down the long fatty acid chains [47]. Furthermore, a significant peak at wavenumber 1,742 cm−1 corresponding to the C═O stretching vibration of the ester group in triacylglycerols was identified. The intensity of this peak for oil obtained with hexane under optimized conditions was higher than that of the other samples, suggesting a higher presence of ester bonds in triacylglycerols. Conversely, the oil sample from Run 7 showed very low peak intensity, indicating that the ester bond of triacylglycerols had been cleaved by hot water during the wet rendering process [48]. The symmetric CH2 stretching vibration, associated with the C═O stretching in triacylglycerols, could provide information about the structural changes and interactions within lipoproteins [45]. Finally, the presence of unsaturated fatty acid chains in the oil samples was indicated by a peak at wavenumber 1,451 cm−1, corresponding to the CH2 scissor vibration. The oil sample from Run 7 did not exhibit this particular peak, whereas the other samples did. Among all the oil samples, the oil obtained with hexane had the highest amplitude, followed by the oil obtained under optimized conditions. Also, these findings were in agreement with the fatty acid compositions of the oil described in Table 4. The oil obtained by solvent extraction (Samples A and B) displayed a higher number of average double bonds (1.72), while the oil obtained under optimized conditions exhibited intermediate levels (1.70). In contrast, Run 7 showed the lowest number of average double bonds (1.53).

Figure 2 FTIR spectroscopy of catfish head oils recovered using different methods: (a) hexane, (b) chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), (c) optimized conditions (extraction temperature = 80°C, extraction time = 25 min), (d) Run 7 (extraction temperature = 120°C, extraction time = 5 min).
Figure 2

FTIR spectroscopy of catfish head oils recovered using different methods: (a) hexane, (b) chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), (c) optimized conditions (extraction temperature = 80°C, extraction time = 25 min), (d) Run 7 (extraction temperature = 120°C, extraction time = 5 min).

Table 4

Change in the fatty acid composition of catfish head oils recovered using the wet rendering method compared to the two solvent extraction methods

Fatty acids A B Optimal conditions* Run 7**
(μg/g of oil)
C14 22.62 ± 0.03a 22.61 ± 0.03a 21.31 ± 0.01b 19.21 ± 0.02c
C14:1 2.31 ± 0.02a 2.30 ± 0.01a 2.22 ± 0.01b ND
C15 3.62 ± 0.02a 3.51 ± 0.03b 3.63 ± 0.03a 3.12 ± 0.02c
C16 89.81 ± 0.31d 98.70 ± 0.33c 112.30 ± 0.22a 107.22 ± 0.12b
C16:1 (n7) 81.02 ± 0.21b 118.81 ± 0.21a 52.41 ± 0.13c 39.12 ± 0.23d
C17 3.12 ± 0.03a 3.22 ± 0.04a 3.01 ± 0.01b 2.15 ± 0.02c
C18 2.70 ± 0.03a 2.71 ± 0.01a 2.61 ± 0.03a 2.61 ± 0.01a
C18:1 (n9) 212.81 ± 0.53b 226.82 ± 0.23b 189.92 ± 0.21c 112.32 ± 0.31d
C18:2 (n6) 219.12 ± 0.12b 286.33 ± 0.21a 169.92 ± 0.23c 121.23 ± 0.13d
C18:3 (n6) 0.21 ± 0.02b 0.32 ± 0.03a 0.13 ± 0.03c ND
C18:3 (n3) 9.22 ± 0.03b 10.62 ± 0.01a 7.10 ± 0.02c 5.41 ± 0.02d
C18:4 (n3) 4.20 ± 0.02a 4.22 ± 0.03a 4.01 ± 0.03b 2.25 ± 0.02c
C20 0.91 ± 0.02b 1.07 ± 0.01a 0.73 ± 0.01c ND
C20:1 (n9) 11.92 ± 0.03b 12.72 ± 0.11a 8.11 ± 0.02d 5.23 ± 0.01d
C20:2 (n6) 2.72 ± 0.02a 2.71 ± 0.02a 2.73 ± 0.03a 0.31 ± 0.02b
C20:3 (n6) 1.41 ± 0.01a 1.46 ± 0.01a 1.33 ± 0.03b ND
C20:4 (n6) 5.51 ± 0.01b 5.82 ± 0.03a 5.34 ± 0.02c ND
C20:4 (n3) 2.10 ± 0.02b 2.21 ± 0.03a 1.81 ± 0.02c ND
C20:5 (n3) 19.11 ± 0.23b 19.43 ± 0.11a 17.41 ± 0.11c 8.27 ± 0.21d
C22 0.41 ± 0.01a 0.42 ± 0.02a 0.20 ± 0.02b ND
C22:1 (n9) 1.11 ± 0.02b 1.21 ± 0.01a 0.91 ± 0.03c ND
C22:2 (n6) 4.81 ± 0.01b 5.10 ± 0.01a 3.02 ± 0.01c 0.21 ± 0.02d
C22:4 (n6) 0.22 ± 0.02b 0.31 ± 0.02a 0.22 ± 0.03c ND
C22:5 (n6) 1.40 ± 0.01b 1.42 ± 0.01b 1.54 ± 0.02a ND
C22:6 (n3) 23.21 ± 0.21b 24.93 ± 0.13a 20.82 ± 0.11c 5.21 ± 0.13d
C24:1 (n9) 0.12 ± 0.02a 0.14 ± 0.02a ND ND
Saturated fatty acids 123.12 ± 0.22c 135.31 ± 0.12b 143.72 ± 0.12a 134.31 ± 0.22b
MUFA 313.91 ± 0.33b 361.92 ± 0.21a 253.51 ± 0.21c 156.67 ± 0.31d
PUFA 286.12 ± 0.42b 364.61 ± 0.31a 235.14 ± 0.23c 142.89 ± 0.13d
Total fatty acids 723.11 ± 0.12b 861.82 ± 0.13a 632.32 ± 0.32c 433.87 ± 0.22d
Average parameters calculated from fatty acids composition
Number of identified fatty acids 25 25 24 16
Average equivalent carbon number 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.66
Average carbon number 17.96 17.96 17.83 17.44
Average double bond 1.72 1.72 1.70 1.53
Sat% 16.99 15.73 22.74 31.03
Mono% 43.42 42.05 40.16 36.06
Poly% 39.59 42.22 37.09 32.91

A: Oil extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), B: Oil extracted with hexane.

*Oil extracted under optimal conditions: extraction temperature = 80°C, extraction time = 25 min.

**Negative control, extraction temperature = 120°C, extraction time = 5 min.

sat%: saturated fatty acid (%), mono%: MUFA (%), poly%: PUFA (%).

Values are given as mean ± SD (n = 3).

Different lowercase superscripts in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05). ND: not detectable.

The fingerprint region contained three peaks, i.e., (a) a CH2 bending vibration at 1,362 cm−1, (b) an out-of-plane deformation at 1,153 cm−1, and (c) a CH2 rocking vibration at 721 cm−1. Among these, the observed peak at 1,153 cm−1 (out-of-plane deformation) is indicative of the lipid content within the sample. The 1,153 cm−1 peak corresponds to the deformation of C–H bonds in lipid molecules, providing insights into the degree of unsaturation and the overall lipid composition. These spectral features not only offer information about lipid characteristics but also help to understand the interactions between lipids and other components, such as proteins, within the sample [49]. The oil samples recovered with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and Run 7 had lower amplitude when compared to the oil samples recovered with hexane and optimized conditions. This showed that the oil extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and Run 7 had less amount of PUFAs when compared with the oil recovered with hexane and optimal conditions. These results were in agreement with the fatty acid composition of the oils.

3.3.2 Fatty acid composition

Table 4 provides the fatty acid compositions of the four selected oil samples under study. The most prominent fatty acid in all four samples was linoleic acid, constituting around 22% of the total fatty acids. The next major fatty acid was oleic acid, accounting for approximately 17% of the total fatty acids. Similarly, Sathivel et al. [50] also observed a predominance of omega-6 and omega-9 fatty acids in catfish oils. The rest of the other fatty acids were in moderate or lower concentrations.

The present study also found that the total amount of PUFA was higher (49–62%) than the total amount of saturated fatty acids (p < 0.05). However, EPA and DHA were present in low concentrations in all samples. Similarly, Sathivel et al. [50] observed that the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids were very low (ranging from 1.8 to 2.1 mg/g) in catfish oil. The use of different extraction methods had a significant impact on the PUFA content of the extracted oil, with hexane extraction yielding the highest PUFA content, followed by chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), the optimized conditions, and Run 7 (p < 0.05). This suggests that the thermal process during wet rendering may have a negative effect on the PUFA content [51]; however, using an optimized extraction condition could retain a considerable amount of PUFA. This finding is significant for industries seeking to extract PUFA-rich oils from fish byproducts using a more environmentally friendly and cost-effective method like wet rendering. Marsol-Vall et al. [52] also demonstrated that with proper optimization, wet rendering can yield oil with a considerable amount of PUFA, making it a viable alternative to solvent-based extraction methods. Additionally, longer extraction times could degrade PUFA to a greater extent [10]. The oil obtained underoptimized conditions had significantly higher amounts of EPA and DHA (17.41 and 20.82 μg/g, respectively) compared to the oil extracted from Run 7 (8.27 μg/g EPA and 5.21 μg/g DHA, respectively), which could be due to the higher rate of oxidation in oil extracted from Run 7, leading to the production of secondary oxidation compounds. Extracting EPA and DHA from fish byproducts like catfish heads aligns with sustainable practices by minimizing waste in the fish processing industry. The higher EPA and DHA content achieved through optimized wet rendering conditions underscores the cost-efficiency of this method while maintaining nutritional value.

3.3.3 Volatile compounds

Table 5 presents the volatile compounds present in oils obtained by both solvent and wet rendering methods. Among the volatile compounds, aldehydes were found to be the most abundant.

Table 5

Change in the volatile compounds of catfish head oils recovered using the wet rendering method as compared to the two solvent extraction methods

Volatile compounds A B Optimal conditions* Run 7**
Aldehydes
Hexanal 0.16c 0.12d 0.42b 0.59a
Nonanal 0.04c 0.01d 0.12b 0.73a
2-Octenal ND ND 0.10b 0.35a
2,4-Heptadienal ND ND 0.09b 0.11a
Benzaldehyde ND ND ND 0.05
2-Nonenal ND ND 0.06b 0.14a
2-Decenal ND ND ND 0.02
10-Undecenal ND ND ND 0.06
2-Dodecenal ND ND ND 0.03
2,4-Decadienal 0.11c 0.07d 0.98b 1.48a
Hexadecenal ND ND ND 0.22
17-Octadecenal 0.02 ND 0.19b 0.35a
Ketones
3,5-Octadien-2-one ND ND ND 0.06
Cyclohexene ND ND ND 0.05
Pentadecane ND ND ND 0.08
Hexadecane ND ND ND 0.04
Heptadecane ND ND 0.02b 0.04a
Others
Furan 2-pentyl ND ND ND 0.09

A: Oil extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v), B: oil extracted with hexane.

*Oil extracted under optimal conditions: extraction temperature = 80°C, extraction time = 25 min.

**Negative control, extraction temperature = 120°C, extraction time = 5 min.

Values are expressed as abundance (×106).

Different lowercase superscripts in the same row denote significant differences (p < 0.05).

ND: not detectable.

Aldehydes are commonly used as indicators of lipid oxidation in various fats and foods containing oils, as they have low threshold values and contribute to unpleasant odors [41]. The major aldehydes identified in the current study were octanal, nonanal, pentanal, and hexanal, along with some minor aldehydes such as 2,4-decadienal and 17-octadecenal. Octanal is primarily produced by the oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly ALA [53], while nonanal, pentanal, hexanal, and 2,4-decadienal are mainly derived from the oxidation of linoleic acid and oleic acid [54]. The oils obtained by solvent extraction methods contained lower levels of aldehydes than those obtained through wet rendering methods, indicating that the temperature and time in the wet rendering process could affect oil oxidation. However, the oil obtained under the optimized conditions had lower levels of hexanal and 2,4-decadienal than Run 7.

In the current study, 3,5-octadien-2-one was detected only in the oil recovered from Run 7. This ketone is the most important product resulting from the lipid oxidation of omega-3 PUFA [55]. Additionally, the oil recovered from Run 7 was found to contain furan derivatives, such as furan 2-pentyl (Table 5). Furan 2-pentyl is believed to be generated from the 12-hydroperoxide of EPA and 16-hydroperoxide of DHA [56]. The oil recovered from Run 7 contained the highest number of volatile compounds, followed by the optimized condition.

4 Conclusion

This study successfully recovered oil from C. magur heads, rich in essential PUFA including oleic acid, linoleic acid, ALA, EPA, and DHA. The optimization process identified extraction time as the most critical variable, significantly impacting the oil yield and quality attributes, including acid value, FFA, PV, and TBARS. Additional analyses, such as FTIR, fatty acid profiling, and volatile compound assessment, corroborated these findings. Utilizing optimized conditions of 25 min of extraction time at a constant temperature of 80°C, we achieved an oil yield and quality comparable to conventional solvent extraction methods. This highlights the crucial role of extraction time in determining the oil yield and maintaining the desired composition and quality.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang.

  1. Funding information: A.M. Moula Ali and S.C.B. Bavisetty would like to acknowledge the support provided by the School of Food Industry, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand (2565-02-07-007 and 2564-02-07-003), King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology, Ladkrabang, Research and Innovation Services (KREF186318) and “National Science, Research and Innovation Fund,” Thailand (RE-KRIS/FF66/25 and RE-KRIS/FF66/27).

  2. Author contributions: Jaydeep Dave: conducted research activities, investigated, and wrote some manuscript sections. Ali Muhammed Moula Ali: work plan and designed the experiments, corrected and critically improvized the manuscript. Tanaji Kudre: revised the manuscript with critical inputs. Pikunthong Nukhthamna: revised the manuscript with critical inputs. Nishant Kumar: writing – review and editing. Marek Kieliszek: writing – review and editing, funding acquisition. Sri Charan Bindu Bavisetty: conducted some lab experiments documented and improvized the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors declare no competing interests. Marek Kieliszek, who is the co-author of this article, is a current Editorial Board member of Open Life Sciences. This fact did not affect the peer-review process.

  4. Data availability statement: The dataset generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the first author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-09-07
Revised: 2023-10-27
Accepted: 2023-11-02
Published Online: 2023-11-23

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0789
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
catfish waste management; fish oil new resource; solvent-free extraction; polyunsaturated fatty acids; fatty acid analysis; volatile compounds
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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Heruntergeladen am 1.10.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0789/html?lang=de
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