Home Life Sciences An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
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An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report

  • Sijia Zhang , Lu Wu , Zhenyu Li , Qianwen Li , Yan Zong , Kuikui Zhu , Leichong Chen , Haifeng Qin EMAIL logo and Rui Meng EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 18, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Thymomas and thymic carcinomas are rare and primary tumors of the mediastinum which is derived from the thymic epithelium. Thymomas are the most common primary anterior mediastinal tumor, while ectopic thymomas are rarer. Mutational profiles of ectopic thymomas may help expand our understanding of the occurrence and treatment options of these tumors. In this report, we sought to elucidate the mutational profiles of two ectopic thymoma nodules to gain deeper understanding of the molecular genetic information of this rare tumor and to provide guidance treatment options. We presented a case of 62-year-old male patient with a postoperative pathological diagnosis of type A mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma. After mediastinal lesion resection and thoracoscopic lung wedge resection, the mediastinal thymoma was completely removed, and the patient recovered from the surgery and no recurrence was found by examination until now. Whole exome sequencing was performed on both mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma tissue samples of the patient and clonal evolution analysis were further conducted to analyze the genetic characteristics. We identified eight gene mutations that were co-mutated in both lesions. Consistent with a previous exome sequencing analysis of thymic epithelial tumor, HRAS was also observed in both mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues. We also evaluated the intratumor heterogeneity of non-silent mutations. The results showed that the mediastinal lesion tissue has higher degree of heterogeneity and the lung lesion tissue has relatively low amount of variant heterogeneity in the detected variants. Through pathology and genomics sequencing detection, we initially revealed the genetic differences between mediastinal thymoma and ectopic thymoma, and clonal evolution analysis showed that these two lesions originated from multi-ancestral regions.

Graphical abstract

This result revealed genetic differences between type A ectopic pulmonary thymoma and mediastinal thymoma with high tumor heterogeneity.

Keywords: ectopic pulmonary thymoma; immunohistochemical; heterogeneity; clonal evolution; case report

1 Introduction

Thymoma is the most common anterior mediastinum tumor, while the incidence of ectopic thymoma is very low, accounting for only 4% of all thymomas [1,2]. The most common locations of ectopic thymoma are the cervical region followed by the lungs and pleura [2]. Other locations also have been reported, such as thyroid gland, middle/posterior mediastinum and pericardium [3]. Intratumoral heterogeneity hampers successful treatment in many types of solid tumors, and its impact on the course and treatment efficacy of thymomas is still an unmet scientific and clinical need [4]. The clonal architecture of thymoma plays a critical role in its pathogenesis and invasiveness [4]. Therefore, gaining more information about the genetic changes associated with thymomas could contribute to facilitate improvements in the prevention and treatment of this disease.

In this study, we reported a rare case of type A mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma. We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of the 2 ectopic thymoma nodules in the ectopic thymoma patient and revealed a set of cancer-related genes that are recurrently mutated in thymomas, including HRAS. In addition, we evaluated the intratumor heterogeneity of non-silent mutations by PyClone, and clonal evolution analysis showed that these two lesions originated from multi-ancestral regions.

2 Methods

2.1 Bioinformatic analysis

The sequencing data were first tested for quality control analysis using FastQC. Next the data were aligned to the human reference genome (NCBI build 37) using BWA [5], and then sorted followed by PCR duplication removal using GATK 4.0 [6].

Somatic mutation calling was performed using Mutect2, VarDict, and Strelka2 [7]. Somatic mutations existing in at least two of the results of the three software were selected as high confident mutations. The variant data were annotated using ANNOVAR [8] and converted to MAF files using maftools for further analysis [9]. The copy number variation was analyzed by GATK4.0 with default parameters following the tutorials of Broad Institute (Sensitively detect copy ratio alterations and allelic segments, https://software.broadinstitute.org/gatk/documentation/topic?name=tutorials). We used the MapScape R package to analyze the interactive visualization of spatial clonal evolution of tumor tissue (https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/mapscape.html).

2.2 Case presentation

A 62-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with “dizziness, nausea, and vomiting” in December 2018. Blood routine examination, liver and kidney function, electrolyte, myocardial enzyme profile, thyroid function, lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, pre-transfusion examination, tumor markers, and inflammatory indicators were performed at the initial diagnosis. No obvious abnormality was found in the physical examination. Positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) indicated that the patient had soft-tissue density lesions with calcification in the left lower lobes of the thymus (Figure 1a–d) and multiple nodules of different sizes in bilateral lungs (Figure 1e and f). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed the status of the mediastinum and lungs: (1) A mass (45 mm × 30 mm × 38 mm) was found in the superior mediastinum of the left lobe of thymus and fat space between the lesion and the surrounding mediastinum vascular, trachea, esophagus, and upper thymus gland; trachea shifted to the right, and the tumor showed equal T1 and long T2 mixed signals with obvious heterogeneous enhancement (Figure 1g and h); (2) Multiple nodules with smooth margin were found in bilateral lungs. The largest one (19 mm × 18 mm) was located in the left lower lobe of lung, and displayed marked enhancement (Figure 1i).

Figure 1 Imaging findings of the patient. (a–d) PET/CT showed a mass in the mediastinal portion. (e and f) PET/CT showed nodules (red arrow) in lung. (g and h) MRI examination showed a 4.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 3.8 cm mass (red arrow) in the mediastinal portion. (i) MRI examination showed multiple nodules in the lung. The red arrow indicated a 1.9 cm × 1.8 cm nodule in the left lower lobe of the lung.
Figure 1

Imaging findings of the patient. (a–d) PET/CT showed a mass in the mediastinal portion. (e and f) PET/CT showed nodules (red arrow) in lung. (g and h) MRI examination showed a 4.5 cm × 3.0 cm × 3.8 cm mass (red arrow) in the mediastinal portion. (i) MRI examination showed multiple nodules in the lung. The red arrow indicated a 1.9 cm × 1.8 cm nodule in the left lower lobe of the lung.

According to the proportion of positive cells and the degree of staining, the immunohistochemical results were divided into five grades of “+ (the proportion of positive cells and the degree of staining >60%),” “Partial + (the proportion of positive cells and the degree of staining is about 50%),” “Local + (the proportion of positive cells and the degree of staining is within the interval of 10–50%),” “Few + (the proportion of positive cells and the degree of staining <10%),” and “– (negative).” Immunohistochemical results (lung puncture biopsy under the guidance of CT in the left lung) showed that the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and P40 in tumor cells revealed positive and the expression of CD5, CD20, CD117, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and Ki-67 revealed negative as shown in Table 1. The above immunohistochemical indexes were not detected in the tissue specimens of the ectopic thymoma of left lower lung. Similarly, for the immunohistochemical indexes thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), synapsin (Syn), CD34, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), smooth muscle actin (SMA), S100, Desmin, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) were detected in ectopic thymoma of the left lower lung but not detected in the tissue specimens of the anterior mediastinal thymoma. The anterior mediastinal nodal tissue in this patient measured 5 cm × 4 cm × 3.5 cm. The pathological manifestations showed a grayish-white section, lobulated, with the envelope still intact and an additional 4 cm × 3 cm × 1.5 cm accumulation of fat-like tissue. Further detailed review of the pathological pictures of the pulmonary nodules revealed that the pulmonary nodules contained a small amount of adipose tissue. In contrast, ectopic thymomas are composed of spindle cells, epithelial cells, and mature adipocytes. The above evidence suggests the occurrence of ectopic thymus tissue, and further provides novel points and reference value for clinical practice. Overall, further pathological results revealed the possibility of type A thymoma (Figure 2a), considering thymoma involving lung or ectopic pulmonary in the lung. At the end of December 2018, the patient underwent “thoracotomy exploration plus mediastinal lesion resection plus thoracoscopic wedge pneumonectomy” under general anesthesia. The surgeon removed the mediastinal mass and wedge resection of the lung lesion. But only one lesion of the lung was removed for cloning analysis and sequencing. During the operation, a hard mass of 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm was found in the anterior mediastinum, which was closely related to the innominate vein and the left common carotid artery, involving the left mediastinal pleura, and multiple tough nodules were seen in the left lower lobe, the larger of which was about 2.0 cm × 1.5 cm. Postoperative pathology indicated type A anterior mediastinal thymoma (Figure 2b). Multiple type A thymoma presented in the lower left lung with ectopic thymoma in the lung (Figure 2c). The patient complained of chest discomfort occasionally after operation without obvious fever, cough, chest tightness, palpitation, and other discomfort. The patient underwent surgery only and did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy after operation. The pulmonary lesions of the patients have been stable (Figure 3). The CA724 and NSE of the patients were high before operation, but the NSE decreased to normal after operation, and the CA724 maintained a slightly higher level until now (Figure 2d). Thereafter, no recurrence or metastasis was found after the operation and the disease remained stable for approximately 3 years under observation. The patient is still being followed up.

Table 1

Results of immunohistochemistry on the tumor tissues originating from lung and anterior mediastinum

Immunohistochemistry (ectopic thymoma of the left lower lung)
P40 (positive nucleus) Positive (>60%)
PCK (positive cytoplasm) Positive (>60%)
TTF-1, Syn, CD34, STAT6, SMA, S100, Desmin, ALK Negative (–)
Immunohistochemistry (anterior mediastinal thymoma)
P40 (positive nucleus) Positive (>60%)
PCK (positive cytoplasm) Positive (>60%)
CD5, CD20, CD 117, TdT Negative (–)
Ki-67 Positive (+), (5%)
Figure 2 (a) Histopathological result showed a type A thymoma pattern (hematoxylin and eosin staining; magnification: ×100). (b) Microscopic view of thymoma type A in the anterior mediastinum. (c) Microscopic view of ectopic pulmonary thymomas type A in the left lower lung. Magnification: ×40. (d) Serum CA724 and NSE expression levels in patients (normal level of CA724 is less than 6.9 U/mL and the normal value of NSE is less than 16.3 μg/L).
Figure 2

(a) Histopathological result showed a type A thymoma pattern (hematoxylin and eosin staining; magnification: ×100). (b) Microscopic view of thymoma type A in the anterior mediastinum. (c) Microscopic view of ectopic pulmonary thymomas type A in the left lower lung. Magnification: ×40. (d) Serum CA724 and NSE expression levels in patients (normal level of CA724 is less than 6.9 U/mL and the normal value of NSE is less than 16.3 μg/L).

Figure 3 Imaging findings of the patient. CT examination showed masses (red arrows) in the multiple nodules in the lung.
Figure 3

Imaging findings of the patient. CT examination showed masses (red arrows) in the multiple nodules in the lung.

To obtain insights into the genetic alterations that characterize the tumor heterogeneity of thymomas, we performed WES analysis of mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues and a paired peripheral blood samples from the patient. We identified 383 and 269 somatic non-synonymous single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) in the coding regions of mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues, respectively (Tables S1 and S2). Direct comparison between the mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues revealed overlapping frequencies of commonly mutated genes, a total of eight somatic mutant genes were shared (Table S3). Consistent with a previous exome sequencing analysis of thymoma and thymic Carcinoma [10,11,12], HRAS mutation was observed in both mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues. We compared results from ten canonical signaling pathways and cancer driver genes with frequent genetic alterations in our study, using recently published mutational profiles of multiple samples from TCGA publications [13], 18 genes (18/335) and 16 genes (16/299) were identified in ectopic pulmonary thymoma, respectively. 24 genes (24/335) and 26 genes (26/299) were tested in mediastinal thymoma, respectively. Additionally, compared to the DNA Repair and DNA Damage Signaling Pathways [14], there are 8 genes (8/229) and 17 genes (17/229) that contain mutations found in ectopic pulmonary thymoma and mediastinal thymoma, respectively.

To gain further insight into the accumulation of genetic alterations, we constructed phylogenetic trees of disease evolution taking all mutations in mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma (Figure 4). We used the detected SNV profile for each sample to analyze the corresponding clonal and subclonal architecture using PyClone. Clustering of mutations revealed the subclonal structure of mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma in patient harboring multiple mutations. The mediastinal thymoma exhibited a wide spectrum of modes over clonal and subclonal frequencies ranging from one to five clusters. Mutation of PIK3CA was clustered together in subclone-1. Mutation of MUC17 was clustered in subclone-3. BRCA2, ALK, and PIK3R1 mutations were clustered together in subclone-6. Driver gene mutation was not found in subclone-2 and subclone-4. Two clusters in ectopic pulmonary thymoma were detected by PyClone. Mutation of MTOR was clustered in subclone-5, and ZNF440 mutations were clustered together in subclone-7. The results showed that the mediastinal lesion tissue appeared to have higher degree of heterogeneity in detected variants whereas the lung lesion tissue showed a relatively low amount of variant heterogeneity.

Figure 4 Clone phylogenies and sample clone mixtures. A clone phylogeny is shown for the patient, with distinct clonal genotypes color-coded. The clonal composition of each sample was depicted as a schematic tumor, with the coloring of “cells” proportional to the prevalence of each clone. Samples were arrayed in a circle, with constituent clones from the overall clone phylogeny represented in an outer circle.
Figure 4

Clone phylogenies and sample clone mixtures. A clone phylogeny is shown for the patient, with distinct clonal genotypes color-coded. The clonal composition of each sample was depicted as a schematic tumor, with the coloring of “cells” proportional to the prevalence of each clone. Samples were arrayed in a circle, with constituent clones from the overall clone phylogeny represented in an outer circle.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethics Committees of Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology.

3 Discussion

Thymomas and thymic carcinomas (TCs) are rare and primary tumors of the mediastinum, which is derived from the thymic epithelium [15]. Thymomas are the most common primary anterior mediastinal tumor, while ectopic thymomas are very rare [16]. As a subtype of ectopic thymoma, ectopic pulmonary thymoma accounts for 20% [17], which was first described by McBurney et al. in 1951. Until 2017, only 37 cases of ectopic pulmonary thymoma have been reported [18]. Although the histogenesis and specific mechanisms of ectopic thymomas are unknown, the most widely accepted concept to explain the presence of such tumors remains the displacement and stem cell theories [19]. Pharyngeal pouches 3 and 4 contribute to the formation of the thymus [20]. A sacculation of the ventral, endodermally lined portion of the third pharyngeal pouch occurs in the sixth week of pregnancy [20]. Furthermore, cervical sinuses are attached to primordia surrounding them by ectodermally derived tissue [20]. During the eighth week, after caudal and medial migration, the thymic primordia expand toward their lower poles to form two epithelial bars that fuse in the midline [20,21]. This final descent usually leads to the tail portion of the organ becoming thin and breaking up into small fragments [21,22]. Some of these thymic remains, however, may persist and grow into ectopic thymic tissue or even TCs [23]. Embryonic tissue displacement is generally responsible for such tumors. These tumors are typically caused by the displacement of thymic tissue during embryogenesis.

In addition, this concept readily explains thyroid, paratracheal, and pericardial thymic tissue, there is no explanation for the presence of thymic rests or neoplasms in the lung or pleura. As the larynx and pharynx develop, the pulmonary system is much more advanced than the thymus [24]. Before the thymic primordium develops, it descends caudally during the fourth week of fetal life [21]. The development of peripheral intrapulmonary thymomas cannot be explained by the dispersion of thymic tissue in the developing lung. The imaging studies in this patient showed multiple lung lesions, and we need to consider the possibility that the type A thymoma metastasized. In our case, the patient was diagnosed as ectopic pulmonary thymoma and type A mediastinal thymoma. By applying the stem cell theory, it made sense that the patient in our report developed thymomas at both sites.

Although the cytologic features of ectopic thymomas are identical to those of mediastinal thymomas, the accurate diagnosis is extremely challenging due to the rarity and diversity of histology patterns found in such unusual location. Diagnosis becomes more difficult because of the lack of typical features of the thymoma or thymic carcinoma, which affects pathologists’ understanding of this entity. Ectopic pulmonary thymoma is identical to the characteristic histological features of mediastinal thymoma based on the definitive diagnosis of histologic findings [25]. However, it is easily confused with other tumors, so detection of several immunohistochemical markers such as p40, TdT, SMA, S100, CD5, and desmin is recommended [26]. The strong collagen IV deposits among the spindle cells and the extensive co-expression of cytokeratins and CD20 are considered highly diagnostic for type A thymoma according to the World Class Organization classification system of thymic epithelial tumor (TET) [27]. The hemangiopericytoma pattern is a common feature of spindle cell (type A) thymoma [27]. In addition, the diagnostic value of the co-expression of cytokeratins and CD20 was considered [27]. In our case, positive staining for p40 and PCK were observed in both tumor tissues, while other immunohistochemical markers were negative. These results together with the histological features revealed by hematoxylin and eosin stain help in the diagnosis of ectopic pulmonary thymoma and type A mediastinal thymoma according to the 2021 version of the World Health Organization classification of Tumor Series, 5th edition [28]. The recommended treatment for thymoma is surgical resection because of the significantly better survival rate [24]. Besides, adjuvant therapy such as radiation or chemotherapy is suggested in case of incomplete resection or expansion of the tumor tissue. In our case, the masses were low-risk thymomas without invasion, therefore no adjuvant therapy was conducted after the surgical treatment.

Thymomas rarely metastasize, whereas TCs exhibit a more aggressive behavior, with distant metastases in liver, bones, or lymph nodes, and are frequently symptomatic due to the extent of local invasion. Type A thymoma is usually characterized by a low grade of malignancy, and we found genetic differences between mediastinal thymoma (type A) and ectopic pulmonary thymoma in our case. A total of eight genes were found to be co-mutated in both mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues, and HRAS mutation was identified as one of the recurrent somatic mutations in thymic carcinoma, which is the most aggressive type of TCs [29]. Briefly, the diagnosis of type A mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma was further validated from the point of view of clonal and mutational heterogeneity. Petrini et al. [30] analyzed 28 TETs and identified a high frequency of GTF2I (general transcription factor II I) mutation in the type A thymoma but not in the aggressive subtypes. GTF2I mutation was not found in either ectopic pulmonary thymoma or mediastinal thymoma. To further understand the function of the identified gene mutations, we reviewed the literature reports addressing these mutations and found that most of these mutations have not been reported to be related to human tumors at present [29]. Spatial heterogeneity complicates the analysis of solid tumors, as different areas of the tumor may contain different subclonal populations [31]. Analysis of multiple regions of heterogeneous tumors contributes to reveal the full spectrum of mutations in tumors and to identify the spatial origin of subclones. By sequencing the mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues, we elucidated the extent of genomic heterogeneity and the evolutionary history of ectopic pulmonary thymoma and type A mediastinal thymoma. We constructed a phylogenetic tree of disease evolution using all mutations in mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma as shown in Figure 4. Two clusters of ectopic pulmonary thymoma and mediastinal thymoma were detected by PyClone, and they showed a wide spectrum of modes over clonal/subclonal frequencies ranging from one to five clusters. In this patient, both the mediastinal lesion and lung lesion tissues were polyclonal, and the clonal populations differed from one thymoma to another, the mediastinal lesion tissue had a high degree of heterogeneity and the lung lesion tissue showed a relatively low amount of variant heterogeneity. No other lesions or ectopic thymus were found by fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography or whole-body computerized tomography (CT) scan, which assisted to confirm the multi-ancestral regions of the disease. All in all, the novel insights of the study are the following two points. First, the mediastinal lesion tissue has higher degree of heterogeneity and the lung lesion tissue has relatively low amount of variant heterogeneity in the detected variants. Second, clonal evolution analysis showed that these two lesions originated from multi-ancestral regions.

The following are the implications and clinical value of the study for future research. The results of the genetic analysis in this study suggest that the two lesions, type A mediastinal thymoma and ectopic pulmonary thymoma, may be derived from multi-ancestral regions, laying the foundation for the polyclonal evolution of the disease. In addition, this study reveals that IHC staining of spindle cells, epithelial cells, and mature adipocytes can suggest the occurrence of ectopic thymus tissue, which provides a new perspective and reference value for clinical practice. Moreover, HRAS, as a commonly mutated gene, could be a potential therapeutic target in the future due to its gene function and high mutation rate in thymoma. More importantly, this study illustrates the pivotal role of genetic analysis and molecularly targeted therapy in the identification and treatment of ectopic thymoma.

This study has several limitations. First, postoperative therapy is limited and not standardized due to the low incidence of this disease. Complete resection, followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, is the generally accepted strategy. In this patient, the surgery was performed without radiotherapy or chemotherapy. To date there is no sign of disease recurrence after surgery. Second, myasthenia gravis is the most common adverse effect in patients with thymoma, and it is logical that the study should follow the patients’ hormone levels over time. Although this study was a case report, we believe the results of the analyses of large sample were convincing.

4 Conclusion

In conclusion, our results revealed genetic differences between type A ectopic pulmonary thymoma and mediastinal thymoma with high tumor heterogeneity.

# Authors contributed equally to this work.

tel: +86-13995612493

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Shanghai Tongshu Biotechnology Co., Ltd for technical support.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: S.Z, L.W., and Z.L.: manuscript writing and clinical data collecting; Q.L, Y.Z, K.Z., and L.C.: data analysis and image selection; R.M, and H.Q.: study conceptualization, supervision, reviewing, manuscript writing, revising, and editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-12-04
Revised: 2023-03-13
Accepted: 2023-03-22
Published Online: 2023-05-18

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
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  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
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  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
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  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
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  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
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  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
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  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
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  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
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  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
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  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
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  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
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  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
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  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
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  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
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  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
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  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
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  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
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  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
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  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
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  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
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  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
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  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
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  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
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  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
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  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
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  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
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  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
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  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
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  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
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  245. Animal Sciences
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  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
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  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
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  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0600
Keywords for this article
ectopic pulmonary thymoma; immunohistochemical; heterogeneity; clonal evolution; case report
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
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  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
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  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
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  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
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  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
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  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
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  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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