Home Life Sciences Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
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Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas

  • Xiaolong Wang EMAIL logo , Peng Zhong , Zhao Yang EMAIL logo , Yongcai Lai , Shasha Li , Hua Chai , Yanxia Xu , Yue Wu and Jianli Wang
Published/Copyright: December 16, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is known as the “king of forages”. The aim of the current study is to determine the optimum planting density as the key cultivation technique for high yield of alfalfa seed. Alfalfa variety (Longmu 801) was planted in experimental fields from 2014 to 2017. In the planting density test, the row spacing was 65, 80, and 95 cm, and the plant spacing was 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm. The seed yield and yield components in the row spacing and plant spacing tests were measured. On the basis of 3 years average of the experimental data, the highest seed yield of 225.49 kg ha−1 was obtained with row spacing vs plant spacing of 65 and 60 cm, respectively. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the racemes per stem, pods per raceme, pods per stem, seeds per pod, and the seed yield. These results suggested that Longmu 801 should be cultivated with 65 cm row spacing and 60 cm plant spacing to maximize seed yields in western Heilongjiang areas.

Keywords: alfalfa; row spacing; plant spacing; yield components; seed yield

1 Introduction

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most important legume forage that is grown worldwide [1,2]. Due to high yield and rich nutritional value, alfalfa is known as the “king of forages” [3,4,5]. As the alfalfa planting area has been expanding continuously, the demand for high-quality alfalfa seed has also been increasing gradually. To this flow, the supply of alfalfa seeds however has become a key limiting factor towards the development of alfalfa [6,7]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to solve the problem of generally low seed yields in alfalfa seed production. Many factors including climatic conditions, soil fertility, agronomic measures, and genetic factors affect the increase in alfalfa seed yields [8,9,10]. Among, suitable agronomic measures including cultivation methods and planting density are important factors in increasing seed yield [11,12,13]. Therefore, the most suitable planting density is the key cultivation technology for the high yield of alfalfa seeds.

In the region of northeast China, the seed yield is low in recent years, which limits seed production potential of alfalfa. Seed yield is a very complex trait which depends upon a number of factors. Among those, the appropriate planting density can promote stem growth and increase the reproductive coefficient, thereby increasing the yield of alfalfa seeds [14]. Because in alfalfa, the planting density has a strong effect on the production of number of branches, inflorescences, and pods, and seed yield. Compared with other un-thinned plants of alfalfa, thinned plants were found more easily pollinated by insect. Some researchers have recommended that row spacing varied from 20 to 91 cm, and plant density could affect significantly on seed yield components, and it may be a better cultivation technique for achieving high seed yields [15,16,17]. But only few research works had considered the effect of plant spacing on alfalfa seed yield [17,18]. The plant density of alfalfa significantly increased the quantity of stems per square meter (m2), pods per stem, racemes per stem, and pods per raceme, but not significant on alfalfa seed weight [15]. Besides, row spacing and plant spacing can influence seed yield for several years. At present, the alfalfa planting area is increasing rapidly and its seed production technology is backward, it is of important ecological and economic significance to explore the suitable planting density (row spacing and plant spacing) of alfalfa seed production in western Heilongjiang areas. Therefore, the current study was aimed to explore the effect of planting density on alfalfa seed yield, and then determine the optimal planting density for alfalfa seed high-yield cultivation in Heilongjiang, China and other similar upper-latitude semiarid environments.

2 Materials and methods

The field experiment was conducted at the Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar (47°15′ N, 123°41′ E), Heilongjiang, China from 2014 to 2017. The soil basic nutrient index (0–30 cm depth), including organic matter (19.89 g kg−1), total N (1.19 g kg−1), available P (10.60 mg kg−1), available K (124.84 mg kg−1), and pH value of 7.40 (1:2.5 soil:water) was determined. The average annual rainfall is approximately 352 mm. The average temperature is 4.0°C. The previous crop was maize (Zea mays L.) before cultivating the alfalfa field experiment.

The field experiment was conducted following a complete randomized block design. The experimental plot was set up for 3 replicates. Each replication had 15 treatment combinations. The field experiment treatments were arranged as 3 × 5 factorial combinations of three row spacings (R) (65, 80, and 95 cm), five plant spacings (P) (30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 cm). The size of each experimental plot was 3 × 5 m (15 m2), having 1 m spacing distance between the adjacent plots. The sowing seeds of Longmu 801 variety was provided by Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China. The adaptability of Longmu 801 alfalfa was very high with wide application of its cultivation in the western Heilongjiang areas. The field experiment was started in 2014. Alfalfa seed yield was tested in experimental fields from 2015 to 2017. The sowing depth of alfalfa seeds was 1–2 cm, with 5–6 seeds per hole. Fertilizer was not applied during the establishment of the experimental field. The test plot was sown on 10 Jun, 2014 and the irrigation was carried out four times on 25 Jun, 10 July, 25 July, and 25 November every year, respectively. Each clump in the test plot was thinned to two plants per clump during the re-green stage in 2015. The test plots were hand weeded during the alfalfa growing period.

Alfalfa seed yield was determined by hand harvesting the seeds in three replicate samplings from each plot when 70% of the pods turned blackish brown. The flowering and harvesting dates of each year are shown in Table 1. Flowering dates were recorded when more than 50% of the stems had racemes. The seed samples collected from each plot was dried, threshed, sieved, and weighed and then put into mesh bags before laboratory testing. Alfalfa seed yield was calculated based on the seeds having 12% standard moisture content. The seed weight of each test plot (15 m2) was measured (repeated three times), and the average seed weight of the test plot was calculated to convert the seed weight per ha (kg ha−1). The yield components of alfalfa seeds, such as stems per m2, pods per stem, racemes per stem, pods per raceme, seeds per pod, and 1,000 seeds weight (g) were measured. Before alfalfa seed harvest, ten random clumps were sampled from each plot to measure the number of stems per clump. According to the average number of stems per clump, clump density was calculated and expressed as number of stems per m2. Thirty stems, 30 racemes, and 30 pods were randomly sampled from test plot to determine the number of racemes per stem, pods per stem, pods per raceme, and seeds per pod. Four random samples of seeds were dried at 80°C to constant moisture content, and then the 1,000 seeds weight was measured.

Table 1

Date of flowering and harvesting in 2015, 2016, and 2017

Year
2015 2016 2017
Flowering date 15 June 17 June 18 June
Harvesting date 4 Aug 7 Aug 11 Aug

The test was conducted for 3 years (2015, 2016, and 2017) in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China. Years were considered a fixed effect because this experiment was aimed to explore whether test would increase yield of alfalfa seeds. The interaction of different years and two treatments (row spacing and plant spacing) were analyzed using Two-factors ANOVA (Table 2). Analysis of variance (ANOVA, P < 0.05) and correlation analysis (P < 0.05, P < 0.01) were performed using SAS 9.0 software (SAS Institute Inc, 2002, NC USA). The figure was drawn with Sigma Plot 12.5 software (Systat Software Inc, 2003, San Jose, CA USA).

Table 2

Years, plant spacing, and row spacing interactions on seed yield and yield components (stems per m2, racemes per stem, pods per stem, pods per raceme, seeds per pod, and 1,000 seeds weight) at Heilongjiang, China

Year Source df Stems per m2 Racemes per stem Pods per stem Pods per raceme Seeds per pod 1,000 seeds weight (g) Seed yield (kg ha−1)
2015 Row (R) 2 ** * NS ** ** NS **
Plant (P) 4 ** ** ** ** ** NS **
R × P 8 * ** ** * * NS **
2016 Row (R) 2 ** NS NS NS NS NS **
Plant (P) 4 ** ** ** NS * * **
R × P 8 ** NS NS NS ** NS **
2017 Row (R) 2 ** NS NS * ** NS **
Plant (P) 4 ** ** ** * NS NS **
R × P 8 ** NS * NS NS NS **
2015–2017 Year (Y) 2 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Row (R) 2 ** NS NS ** ** NS **
Plant (P) 4 ** ** ** ** ** ** **
Y × R 4 ** * NS NS * NS **
Y × P 8 ** ** ** ** NS NS **
R × P 8 ** ** * * ** NS **
Y × R × P 16 * NS NS ** ** NS **

*0.05 level significant; **0.01 level significant; NS, not significant.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Stems per m2

The quantity of stems per m2 of the plant spacing treatments over 3 years ranged from 81.7 to 189.8 (Table 3). However, a 30 cm plant spacing showed the highest number of stem production per m2. The greatest seed yields were maintained in the first harvest years despite having lesser stems per m2. Meanwhile, these findings were in agreement with Zhang et al. [17]. This suggested that the number of stems per m2 were not the only deciding factor in measuring seed yields, but may also be the result of racemes produced in thinner stands [19]. In the next 2 years, the highest seed yields were harvested from the treatment of 65 cm row spacing × 60 cm plant spacing. This result indicated that with the thinner plant density (row or plant spacing), the increased numbers of racemes per stem and pods per stem could not compensate for the decrease in the number of stems per m2.

Table 3

Average values for stems per m2, racemes per stem, and pods per stem in 2015, 2016, and 2017

Plant spacing (cm) Row spacing (cm) Stems per m2 Racemes per stem Pods per stem
2015 2016 2017 Mean value 2015 2016 2017 Mean value 2015 2016 2017 Mean value
30 65† 174.5 201.7 278.0 218.1 16.8 24.6 20.2 20.5 49.61 41.9 42.3 44.6
80 154.9 198.9 241.2 198.3 19.9 27.6 23.3 23.6 49.14 42.3 43.5 45.0
95 120.4 141.5 197.6 153.2 22.9 30.8 24.6 26.1 54.33 45.8 44.4 48.2
45 65 137.6 165.9 250.7 184.7 18.3 29.2 23.9 23.8 48.97 49.2 45.1 47.8
80 108.1 131.6 208.9 149.5 21.6 33.6 25.2 26.8 55.18 51.3 44.5 50.3
95 82.5 120.9 149.7 117.7 22.0 33.9 26.1 27.3 56.54 54.3 47.4 52.7
60 65 110.8 164.4 215.2 163.5 30.4 37.3 25.7 31.1 66.71 63.3 50.4 60.1
80 97.7 127.0 165.0 129.9 23.0 31.1 24.8 26.3 59.33 54.9 50.8 55.0
95 69.9 98.7 120.3 96.3 23.3 31.6 25.1 26.7 50.56 58.5 49.6 52.9
75 65 87.7 112.0 163.6 121.1 24.3 31.9 27.6 27.9 59.09 56.1 48.4 54.5
80 68.7 85.8 113.0 89.2 24.7 33.4 26.6 28.2 62.89 60.2 47.5 56.9
95 64.7 74.0 96.9 78.5 30.4 34.8 25.9 30.4 64.96 65.2 47.2 59.1
90 65 73.1 91.2 115.5 93.3 30.5 34.9 28.1 31.2 66.44 63.1 54.4 61.3
80 68.7 76.2 89.6 78.2 32.2 35.3 30.7 32.7 69.77 67.4 52.1 63.1
95 61.7 74.5 84.6 73.6 35.0 42.1 31.9 36.3 74.72 70.6 52.4 65.9
Row spacing treatments (mean value‡)
65 116.7a 147.0a 204.6a 156.1a 24.1b 31.4b 25.1b 26.9a 58.2b 54.7a 47.6a 53.5a
80 99.6b 123.9b 163.5b 129.0a 24.3b 32.2ab 26.1ab 27.5a 59.3ab 55.2a 48.1a 54.2a
95 79.8c 101.9c 129.8c 103.8a 26.9a 34.6a 26.7a 29.4a 61.9a 58.5a 48.2a 56.2a
Plant spacing treatments (mean value§)
30 149.9a 180.7a 238.9a 189.8a 19.8c 27.6c 22.7c 23.4c 51.0d 43.3d 43.4d 45.9c
45 109.4b 139.4b 203.1b 150.6ab 20.6c 32.2b 25.1b 26.0bc 53.6d 51.6c 45.7c 50.3c
60 92.8c 130.0c 166.8c 129.9bc 25.6b 33.3ab 25.2b 28.0b 58.9c 58.9bc 50.3b 56.0b
75 73.7d 90.6d 124.5d 96.3c 26.5b 33.4ab 26.7b 28.9b 62.3b 60.5ab 47.7c 56.8b
90 67.8d 80.6e 96.6e 81.7c 32.6a 37.5a 30.2a 33.4a 70.3a 67.0a 52.9a 63.4a

†Data for treatment combination of three row spacing and five plant spacing treatments.

‡Row spacing treatments, the same letters in the same column are not significantly different (P > 0.05).

§Plant spacing treatments, the same letters in the same column are not significantly different (P > 0.05).

3.2 Racemes per stem

The 3 years average number of racemes per stem of the plant spacing treatments ranged from 23.4 to 33.4 (Table 3). In 2015, the number of racemes per stem plant spacing in 90 cm (32.6) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of other treatments. In 2016 and 2017, the number of racemes per stem row spacing of 95 cm were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than 65 cm row spacing. Abadouz et al. [20] stated that an increase in the number of racemes with decreasing plant densities (row or plant spacing) can affect alfalfa seed yield. This study showed that the 65 cm row spacing × 60 cm plant spacing was adequate for increasing the number of racemes per stem, pods per stem, and pods per raceme. The decline in the number of racemes per stem and pods per stem with 30 cm plant spacing may have resulted from increased interplant competition for soil nutrients, water, light, and other resources, which eliminated smaller and less vigorous racemes and ultimately increased mortality [17].

3.3 Pods per stem

In 2015, the number of pods per stem at 95 cm row spacing was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of 65 cm row spacing. This represents a 6.4% increase in pods per stem compared to 65 cm (Table 3). In 2016, the quantity of pod production per stem at different row spacing treatments was not obvious, but plant spacing 60, 75, and 90 cm were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other treatments. The 3 years average number of pods per stem in the plant spacing treatments of 60 and 90 cm were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of other treatments. Gradual increases in row spacing and plant spacing confronted corresponding decreases in the total quantity of stems per m2, but the thinner stands of alfalfa exhibited increased number of racemes and pods per stem. Correlation analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the number of racemes per stem, pods per stem, and stems per m2 showing correlation coefficient of −0.798 and −0.822, respectively (P < 0.01, Table 4).

Table 4

Correlation analysis for seed yield and yield components across row spacing and plant spacing treatments in the three years

Seed yield components Stems per m2 Racemes per stem Pods per stem Pods per raceme Seeds per pod 1,000 seeds weight (g) Seed yield (kg ha−1)
Stems per m2 1.000
Racemes per stem −0.798** 1.000
Pods per stem −0.822** 0.958** 1.000
Pods per raceme −0.095 0.419 0.487 1.000
Seeds per pod −0.061 0.496 0.496 0.907** 1.000
1,000 seeds weight −0.506 0.287 0.408 0.261 0.009 1.000
Seed yield −0.223 0.624* 0.656** 0.886** 0.860** 0.200 1.000

*0.05 level significant; **0.01 level significant.

3.4 Pods per raceme

The row spacing treatments on the number of pods per raceme showed significant differences during the 3 years of study (Table 5). The number of pods per raceme with row spacing of 65 cm was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than row spacing of 95 cm in 2015 and 2017. In 2015, the number of pods per raceme at plant spacing of 90 cm was the highest (10.9). In 2016, the number of pods per raceme with plant spacing of 60 cm was also higher (8.7) significantly (P < 0.05) than the plant spacing of 90 cm. This represents a 2.4% increase in pods per raceme compared to 90 cm. These results indicated that the number of pods per raceme were important yield components when the planting density was the primary factor affecting seed yields of alfalfa, as the seed yield composition (pods per raceme) was closely related to pollinator (honeybee and bumblebee) effects [21].

Table 5

Average values for pods per raceme, seeds per pod, and 1,000 seeds weight in 2015, 2016, and 2017

Plant spacing (cm) Row spacing (cm) Pods per raceme Seeds per pod 1,000 seeds weight (g)
2015 2016 2017 Mean 2015 2016 2017 Mean 2015 2016 2017 Mean value
30 65† 8.2 7.4 7.9 7.8 4.0 4.2 5.3 4.5 2.11 2.13 1.96 2.07
80 8.5 8.5 8.6 8.5 3.9 5.1 5.7 4.9 2.12 2.19 1.94 2.08
95 6.1 8.2 8.9 7.7 3.3 5.3 6.1 4.9 2.08 2.13 1.82 2.01
45 65 8.8 8.4 10.2 9.1 3.9 5.0 6.3 5.1 2.13 2.21 1.94 2.09
80 7.7 8.2 9.3 8.4 3.5 5.2 5.6 4.8 2.13 2.19 1.96 2.09
95 7.6 8.7 9.5 8.6 3.2 5.6 5.7 4.8 2.10 2.22 1.98 2.10
60 65 10.8 9.4 10.4 10.2 4.8 6.4 7.2 6.1 2.14 2.18 1.93 2.08
80 10.1 9.1 9.6 9.6 4.5 5.5 5.7 5.2 2.12 2.18 1.97 2.09
95 7.7 7.8 9.3 8.3 3.3 4.4 5.5 4.4 2.08 2.25 2.05 2.13
75 65 9.6 8.9 8.4 9.0 4.2 5.8 6.2 5.4 2.09 2.20 2.01 2.10
80 9.5 7.9 8.5 8.6 4.2 4.7 5.9 4.9 2.15 2.27 2.02 2.15
95 7.7 6.8 7.7 7.4 3.3 4.2 5.1 4.2 2.12 2.22 1.98 2.11
90 65 10.2 8.2 10.8 9.7 4.7 5.1 7.6 5.8 2.12 2.24 1.99 2.12
80 10.9 8.0 8.3 9.1 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.1 2.15 2.18 1.96 2.10
95 11.5 9.2 7.1 9.3 5.3 6.1 5.3 5.6 2.20 2.23 1.89 2.11
Row spacing treatments (mean value ‡)
65 9.5a 8.5a 9.5a 9.2a 4.3a 5.3a 6.5a 5.4a 2.11a 2.19a 1.96a 2.09a
80 9.4a 8.3a 8.8ab 8.8a 4.2a 5.1a 5.7b 5.0a 2.14a 2.20a 1.97a 2.10a
95 8.1b 8.1a 8.5b 8.2a 3.6b 5.1a 5.6b 4.8a 2.12a 2.21a 1.94a 2.09a
Plant spacing treatments (mean value§)
30 7.6c 8.1ab 8.4b 8.0b 3.7c 4.8b 5.7a 4.7a 2.10a 2.15b 1.91a 2.05b
45 8.0c 8.5ab 9.6a 8.7ab 3.5c 5.3a 5.8a 4.9a 2.12a 2.21ab 1.96a 2.10ab
60 9.5b 8.7a 9.7a 9.3a 4.2b 5.4a 6.1a 5.2a 2.11a 2.20ab 1.98a 2.10a
75 8.9b 7.9ab 8.2b 8.3ab 3.9bc 4.9b 5.7a 4.8a 2.12a 2.23a 1.99a 2.11a
90 10.9a 8.5b 8.7ab 9.4a 4.9a 5.3a 6.2a 5.5a 2.15a 2.22a 1.95a 2.11a

†Data for treatment combination of three row spacing and five plant spacing treatments.

‡Row spacing treatments, the same letters in the same column are not significantly different (P > 0.05).

§Plant spacing treatments, the same letters in the same column are not significantly different (P > 0.05).

3.5 Seeds per pod

Remarkable differences were observed in the number of seeds per pod among plant spacing treatments (Table 5). In 2015, the quantity of seeds per pod at plant spacing of 90 cm was the highest (4.9). The number of seeds per pod of different row spacing was between 4.8 and 5.3. The number of seeds per pod under different plant spacing was between 4.7 and 5.5. The quantity of seeds per pod did not show significant differences with increases in row spacing and plant spacing. This result was consistent with the research findings of Kowithayakorn and Hill [18]. The studies indicated that the number of seeds per pod were not important yield components when the planting density was the primary factor affecting seed yields of alfalfa.

3.6 1,000 seeds weight

The 3 years average of 1,000 seeds weight of the plant spacing treatments ranged from 2.05 to 2.11 g (Table 5). The effect of row spacing treatments on 1,000 seeds weight were not significant. Seed weight has been reported to be of minor importance in seed yield [22,23]. This result also supported the findings of Bolanos-Aguilar et al. [24], the alfalfa seed weight per inflorescence may be closely related to genetic factors in alfalfa [25].

3.7 Seed yield

Row spacing and plant spacing treatments on seed yield showed significant differences in 3 years (Figure 1). In 2015, row spacing (95 cm) × plant spacing (90 cm) treatment of seed yield (335.25 kg ha−1) was the highest (Figure 1a). In 2016, row spacing (65 cm) × plant spacing (60 cm) treatment of seed yield (267.51 kg ha−1) was the highest (Figure 1b). When the spacing in row spacing treatment was 65 cm in 2017, seed yield in plant spacing treatments of 45, 65, and 90 cm was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than the other treatments (Figure 1c). The highest 3 years average seed yield was obtained with row spacing of 65 cm × plant spacing of 60 cm, which was 225.49 kg ha−1 (Figure 1d). Thinning done to reduce plant density (row or plant spacing) has long been known to improve the seed yield of alfalfa [9]. Previously, Askarian et al. [15] found that alfalfa seed yield obtained with 15 cm row spacing was significantly less than those of the 30, 45, and 60 cm. Zhang et al. [17] also reported that intermediate planting density treatments (80 cm row spacing and 30 cm plant spacing) obtained the highest seed yields over 4 years. These results support the view of Duro et al. [26] that alfalfa should be grown in row spacing 60 cm, which was most productive for increasing seed yield. On the one hand, plants in intermediate density stands have ample room and resources to increase seed yield by increasing more branches, racemes, and pods per stem [16,27]. The probability of flowering generally increases with the distance of the plant, thus indicating an increasing resource availability of plants [26]. On the other hand, high plant density treatments could result in a negative effect on alfalfa seed yields [18], such as row spacing (65 cm) × plant spacing (30 cm) produced greater interplant competition, thereby easily causing the plant lodging and affecting the insect pollination. Kowithayakorn and Hill [18] reported that alfalfa seed production relies upon seed yield per plant rather than the number of plants per unit area, and low plant density (wide row or plant spacing) promotes more branches, racemes per stem, higher percentage seed pod, and higher alfalfa seed yields. However, there was a point of diminishing yields whereby higher yields per plant cannot compensate for the lower plant density. The lower plant density not only causes waste of land room, light, water, and other resources, but also fails to obtain optimal seed yield in later years [28]. In conclusion, the highest alfalfa seed yield depends on the best balance between row spacing and plant spacing, rather than either of these two factors individually.

Figure 1 The effects of different row spacing and plant spacing combinations on seed yield. (a) Year 2015, (b) Year 2016, (c) Year 2017, and (d) 3 years average seed yield. Data for row spacing treatments are pooled across plant spacing treatments. Seed yield represented by bars with the same letters in each graph and each treatment is not significant different at 0.05 probability level.
Figure 1

The effects of different row spacing and plant spacing combinations on seed yield. (a) Year 2015, (b) Year 2016, (c) Year 2017, and (d) 3 years average seed yield. Data for row spacing treatments are pooled across plant spacing treatments. Seed yield represented by bars with the same letters in each graph and each treatment is not significant different at 0.05 probability level.

The actual seed yield accounts for only a proportion of the potential seed yield on the standing alfalfa, which are due for harvest [6]. There were two probable reasons. First, the loss of seed yields mainly resulted from the processes of cutting, threshing, and cleaning alfalfa, as those were done using different hand tools. Second, alfalfa is a cross-pollinated plant whose pollination is carried out with the help of insects (honeybee), wind, and other external factors [8]. So, it could be concluded that the seed yield in alfalfa is usually affected because of climatic conditions, low temperature, and high humidity associated with excess precipitation during flowering, which limited insect pollination and increased physiological losses of pollinated flowers [24,25].

4 Conclusion

This study concluded a remarkable positive correlation between the number of racemes per stem, pods per stem, pods per raceme, seeds per pod, and seed yield. The highest alfalfa seed yields were obtained with 65 cm row spacing and 60 cm plant spacing over a 3 years period of study. Therefore, this study suggested that alfalfa should be cultivated by using 65 cm row spacing and 60 cm plant spacing to maximize seed yields in the western Heilongjiang areas, China.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Heilongjiang Province (CX23GG06).

  2. Author contributions: XLW and ZY designed the research and revised the manuscript. XLW, PZ, YCL and HC carried out the study and wrote the manuscript. SSL and YW conducted the experimental work. YXX and JLW carried out the data analysis. All authors discussed the results and reviewed the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-08-30
Revised: 2023-11-01
Accepted: 2023-11-13
Published Online: 2023-12-16

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0792
Keywords for this article
alfalfa; row spacing; plant spacing; yield components; seed yield
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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