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Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques

  • Shiquan Liu , Taotao Li , Songlin Yu , Xiaohong Zhou , Zhanjun Liu , Xuemao Zhang , Hongmei Cai and Zhiyuan Hu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: February 9, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

The composition and diversity of microbial communities are of considerable significance to the quality development of Camellia sinensis (Fuzhuan tea). In this study, we examined differences in the bacterial community structures of loose, lightly-pressed, hand-made, and machine-pressed Fuzhuan teas and raw dark tea. We observed notable differences in the bacterial communities of the five groups, where there were only 51 consensus sequences. ASV/OTU Venn diagram, Chao1, Ace, Simpson indices, and dilution curve analyses consistently revealed that machine-pressed tea exhibited the highest bacterial diversity. Taxonomically, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla in each group, whereas Corynebacterium, Methylobacterium, and Bifidobacterium were the dominant genera. Our findings revealed significant differences in the bacterial community structures of different Fuzhuan tea products derived from the same raw material, with bacterial diversity rising with increased product compaction.

Keywords: Fuzhuan tea; processing technique; high-throughput sequencing; bacterial community structure

1 Introduction

Native to the Hunan province of China, Fuzhuan tea is traditionally produced via fungal fermentation of Camellia sinensis L. (raw dark tea) leaves and is processed through blending, screening, stacking, steam pressing, fermentation, drying, and packaging [1]. This tea has been demonstrated to have unique physiological benefits, such as conditioning of intestines [2,3] and antibacterial [4], blood lipid-lowering [5], liver protection [6], and immunoregulatory [7,8] functions, and presents great potential for product development.

Fungal fermentation during the processing of Fuzhuan tea is considered to be the key factor contributing to its unique flavour and properties [9]. In recent years, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed for a better understanding of the microbial diversity in Fuzhuan tea. To date, research on microorganisms in Fuzhuan tea has mainly focused on the isolation and identification of dominant strains [10], the physiological activity of their metabolites [11], and structural changes in microbial flora during the production process. With the development and application of high-throughput sequencing technology, an increased number of studies have applied Illumina MiSeq sequencing to study the structures of microbial communities in Fuzhuan tea. Although it is well known that the microbial community structure exerts a pronounced influence on tea quality, it remains unclear how different processing techniques control the microbial community structure in Fuzhuan tea.

The rapid development of the Fuzhuan tea industry has advanced its processing technology and facilities, superseding the traditional fermentation technology with modern fermentation. Also, different types of processing technology have evolved such as bulk, lightly pressed, hand-made, and machine-pressed Fuzhuan tea. Naturally, these processing techniques contribute to creating different microbial communities in Fuzhuan tea which in turn influences its quality attributes [12]. Consequently, analysis of microbial communities can provide actionable insights into the drivers of tea quality attributes. With the advance in high-throughput sequencing technology, sequencing results can reliably and comprehensively reflect the community structures of the sample microbial populations. In this study, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing, we analysed the structures of the bacterial communities associated with raw dark tea material and loose, lightly-pressed, hand-made, and machine-pressed Fuzhuan teas. The correlation between the processing technology and the Fuzhuan tea microbial community can provide new and actionable insights into the regulation of its fermentation as well as the enrichment and improvement of its processing.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Tea samples

Tea samples were collected from a production workshop of Yiyang Guan-Longyu Dark Tea Development Co., Ltd, Hunan Province, China, on 5 March 2021. The samples included raw dark tea (G0), loose Fuzhuan tea (G1), lightly-pressed Fuzhuan tea (G2), hand-made Fuzhuan tea (G3), and machine-pressed Fuzhuan tea (G4) and were derived from the same batch of raw dark tea material. Among these, G1 was loose tea, while G2, G3, and G4 were pressed teas, with the pressing degree gradually rising from G2 to G4. All the samples were analysed in three biological replicates.

2.2 PCR amplification

Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples, using the Soil DNA kit (OMEGA BioTek, USA), with the purity and concentration of the extracted DNA determined using agarose gel electrophoresis. Aliquots of the purified DNA were diluted to a concentration of 1 ng/μL with sterile water and stored at −80°C for later use [13]. The total DNA of the samples was quantified using a NanoDrop 2000 ultramicroprotein analyser (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The DNA mass concentration and the OD 260/OD 280 ratio were read for comparative analysis. The determination of DNA purity was based on the OD 260/OD 280 ratio, which ranged from 1.6 to 1.8 for highly purified DNA. The values below and above this range indicated excessive protein content and RNA, respectively, in the sample.

Using DNA extracted from G0, G1, G2, G3, and G4 samples as templates, we used the primer pair 338F (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and 806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′) to amplify the V3–V4 variable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences.

The PCR reaction mixtures contained 10 ng of DNA template, 2.5 μM upstream and downstream primers, and 2.5 μM DNA polymerase (Hieff® Taq DNA Polymerase, 5 U/μL), made up to a final volume of 30 μL with PCR buffer. The PCR amplification conditions were as follows: pre-denaturation at 98°C for 60 s, followed by 30 cycles of denaturation at 98°C for 10 s, annealing at 50°C for 30 s, and extension at 72°C for 30 s, with a final extension at 72°C for 5 min. PCR products were detected using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis. The samples were mixed at equal concentrations according to the PCR product concentration, and the PCR products were detected using 2% agarose gel electrophoresis after thorough mixing.

2.3 Library construction and sequencing

Having qualified the constructed library based on Qubit quantification and library detection, we obtained an original data file by using the Illumina (MiSeq pe300) platform for sequencing, with the data being converted to sequenced readings after base calling. The results were stored in FASTQ format, containing information on readings and corresponding sequencing quality.

2.4 Bioinformatics analysis

The original data were spliced and filtered to obtain clean data. Based on the valid data, we performed sequence denoising or operational taxonomic unit (OTU) clustering, using the process of QIIME2 dada2 analysis [14] or Vsearch analysis [15], followed by species classification analysis. Based on denoising or clustering results, each sequence was annotated to obtain the corresponding species information and species-based abundance distributions.

Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) or OTUs were analysed to obtain information on within-sample species richness and evenness [16]. Multi-sequence alignment of the ASVs or OTUs was performed, based on which, we constructed phylogenetic trees. Performing dimensionality reduction analysis, such as principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and principal component analysis, we examined differences in the community structures of the different samples or groups [17].

The number of ASVs/OTUs per sample was obtained using QIIME2, and the numbers of common and unique ASVs/OTUs among the samples were displayed using Venn diagrams [18]. The sample alpha diversity index was assessed using the diversity alpha-rarefaction command of QIIME2 software [19].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Sequencing data statistics

The number of valid tags in the five groups of the samples was more than 53,000, with the Q20 and Q30 values greater than 95.54 and 88.58, respectively. More than 29,000 high-quality sequences were obtained. For each sample, we obtained more than 270 ASV/OTU sequences, with an average data quality of 35 or higher. For all the samples, the sequencing quality met the requirements for subsequent analysis.

3.2 ASV/OTU-Venn statistics and classification analysis

The Venn map was constructed to depict the similarity in the bacterial populations of the different samples (Figure 1). Among the five assessed tea groups, the lowest and highest numbers of unique sequences were detected in G3 (513) and G4 (946), respectively. We detected only 51 consensus sequences among the five groups. This in turn indicated that the different processing techniques exert a significant influence on the microbial community structure in Fuzhuan tea. Group G4 with the highest number of unique sequences may be attributable to the destructive nature of machine pressing as this process may lead to the pronounced releases of contents from disrupted tea tissues which may be conducive to the growth of different bacteria.

Figure 1 ASV/OTU Venn map. Note: Overlap area: the number of ASV/OTU shared between different samples. Non-overlapping areas: the number of ASV/OTU specific of each sample.
Figure 1

ASV/OTU Venn map. Note: Overlap area: the number of ASV/OTU shared between different samples. Non-overlapping areas: the number of ASV/OTU specific of each sample.

3.3 Alpha diversity index analysis

Values obtained for the Alpha diversity Chao1, Ace, and Simpson indices of each sample are shown in Table 1 and Figure 2. These results showed that the Chao1 and Ace indices of the samples from the five groups varied between 274 and 444, with the highest values obtained for group G4. We detected significant differences between groups G0 and G2, G1 and G2, G1 and G4, G2 and G4, and G3 and G4. Group G4 was found to significantly differ from all the other groups, thus indicating that the machine pressing process is conducive to microbial growth and higher bacterial abundance.

Table 1

Statistics of alpha diversity index (1, 2, and 3 after the sample numbers represent three parallel assays)

Sample name Single sample ACE index Between-group mean Single sample Chao1 index Between-group mean Single sample Simpson index Between-group mean
G0.1 373.9009 340.6048 369.5882 340.3865 0.9318 0.9660
G0.2 311.7155 308.5714 0.9803
G0.3 336.1981 343.0000 0.9859
G1.1 317.9485 309.0535 322.1667 309.6984 0.9846 0.9873
G1.2 305.1103 303.5000 0.9889
G1.3 304.1018 303.4286 0.9883
G2.1 291.3519 289.7892 289.9091 289.0067 0.9650 0.9823
G2.2 295.3543 295.0000 0.9919
G2.3 282.6615 282.1111 0.9901
G3.1 231.3358 274.8899 231.1429 276.2322 0.9867 0.9836
G3.2 319.1115 324.1250 0.9788
G3.3 274.2225 273.4286 0.9852
G4.1 553.7025 443.7158 559.4000 444.2127 0.7483 0.8589
G4.2 354.8699 353.5714 0.9515
G4.3 422.5749 419.6667 0.8768
Figure 2 Alpha diversity index (a) ACE index, (b) Chao1 index, and (c) Simpson index. Note: The horizontal lines in the figure represent the two groups with differences (p < 0.05) and are marked with *.
Figure 2

Alpha diversity index (a) ACE index, (b) Chao1 index, and (c) Simpson index. Note: The horizontal lines in the figure represent the two groups with differences (p < 0.05) and are marked with *.

The Simpson index is mainly used as a measure of species diversity. The lower the Simpson index value is, the higher the species diversity of a sample is. As shown in Table 1, the Simpson index values of the five groups ranged from 0.8589 to 0.9873, with the lowest value for group G4, thus indicating that the bacterial community in the machine-pressed tea is characterized by the highest bacterial diversity. We detected significant differences between group G4 and the other three processed teas with respect to the Simpson index, again indicating that the machine-pressed tea led to the highest bacterial diversity, as was consistent with the results from the ASV/OTU-Venn diagram analysis.

3.4 Rarefaction curve

Figure 3 shows the sample dilution curve. The 15 samples of the five groups were all within 2,500 sequences. With the increased number of sequencing samples, the curve showed a sharp rise, indicating that a large number of species was found in the sample community. When the number of sequences exceeded 2,500, the curve flattened, indicating that the number of species in this sample did not rise with the increased number of sequences. The number of samples sequenced was more than 20,000, indicating that the sequencing volume of each sample was sufficient. From the perspective of the number of new ASVs, compared to group G0, we detected a reduction in the final number of new ASVs in G1, G2, and G3 and an increase in the final number of new ASVs in G4. Therefore, these findings indicate that the processing technique exerts a significant impact on the growth of bacteria and that the machine pressing process was more conducive to increasing bacterial populations than the other processes.

Figure 3 Curve of dilution.
Figure 3

Curve of dilution.

3.5 PCoA analysis

The results of PCoA analyses of the five groups are shown in Figure 4. The larger distance between G4 and G0 than between the other groups showed the distinct difference in the species diversity of the G4 bacterial community. As can be seen in Figure 5, according to principal component 1, G4 was significantly different from G1, G2, and G3 (Figure 5a). However, according to principal component 2, G1 was significantly different from G2, while G2 was significantly different from G3 and G4 (Figure 5b). Therefore, these findings indicate that the different processing techniques significantly influence the compositions of the bacterial communities in the samples. The composition of the bacterial community in G4 was affected by the processing and differed from G1, G2, and G3 significantly. This was consistent with the findings of the ASV/OTU-Venn diagram, Chao1, Ace, Simpson indices, and dilution curve analyses.

Figure 4 PCoA analysis. Note: 1, 2, and 3 after the sample numbers represent three parallel assays.
Figure 4

PCoA analysis. Note: 1, 2, and 3 after the sample numbers represent three parallel assays.

Figure 5 PCoA principal component analysis: (a) first principal component and (b) second principal component. Note: The horizontal lines in the figure represent the two groups with differences (p < 0.05) and are marked with *.
Figure 5

PCoA principal component analysis: (a) first principal component and (b) second principal component. Note: The horizontal lines in the figure represent the two groups with differences (p < 0.05) and are marked with *.

3.6 Species annotation analysis

The results of the taxonomic annotations are shown in Table 2. The highest number of annotated ASV/OTU sequences in the five groups was seven phyla, 23 classes, 41 orders, 154 families, 532 genera, and 231 species, with significant differences identified among the groups. Compared to the other groups, the number of ASV/OTU sequences annotated to each level in G4 was highest, indicating that the machine pressing process most significantly affected the composition of the bacterial communities in Fuzhuan tea, as was also consistent with the previous analysis results.

Table 2

Statistical table of species of tea samples from annotations to grades (ASV/OTU sequence)

Group name Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Unknow
G0 90 4 14 36 114 411 134 92
G1 67 8 20 27 95 374 141 79
G2 65 5 13 32 87 356 134 79
G3 68 4 12 31 79 336 116 71
G4 97 7 23 41 154 532 231 108

At the phylum level of classification, we annotated 17 phyla with clear status among the Fuzhuan tea samples subjected to the different processing techniques; namely, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Fusobacteria, Synergistetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Planctomycetes, Patescibacteria, Tenericutes, Chloroflexi, Spirochaetes, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Acidobacteria, the top ten of which are shown in Table 3. Among the five groups, Actinobacteria was identified as the predominant bacterial phylum, followed by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. This was consistent with the results of MiSeq sequencing analysis of dark tea products, such as Fuzhuan tea and pu-erh tea, reported by Fu et al. [20], who found Firmicutes and Actinobacteria to be the dominant phyla.

Table 3

Species statistics at the phylum level (top ten in abundance)

Serial number Microbial species G0 G1 G2 G3 G4
1 Actinobacteria 24,245 28,214 26,254 26,914 17,256
2 Firmicutes 18,645 19,714 21,442 19,357 15,103
3 Proteobacteria 12,397 9,691 13,882 8,995 8,528
4 Cyanobacteria 12,062 6,646 2,363 8,485 29,915
5 Bacteroidetes 7,919 9,985 11,173 8,485 5,487
6 Unknown 4,611 4,642 4,701 4,614 4,034
7 Verrucomicrobia 1,433 919 1,017 1,467 823
8 Fusobacteria 1,041 1,379 976 1,322 656
9 Synergistetes 987 133 413 755 339
10 Deinococcus-Thermus 341 491 243 1,277 339

With respect to the top five predominant phyla, the numbers of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes in G1 rose by varying degrees when compared to those in G0. The numbers of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria fell in G1 compared to those in G0. Compared to those in G0, the numbers of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes in G2 increased by a different degree, whereas there was a significant reduction in the number of Cyanobacteria. The pattern of phyla was found to be essentially the same between G3 and G1. Only the number of Cyanobacteria significantly increased (1.48 times), while the numbers of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes decreased in G4 when compared to G0. These observations verified that the different processing techniques significantly influenced the structures of the bacterial communities in Fuzhuan tea.

At the genus level, we annotated 532 genera with clear status in the different samples, among which, Corynebacterium, Methylobacterium, Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Escherichia–Shigella, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Collinsella, Sphingomonas, Prevotella, Candidatus Xiphinematobacter, Caldicoprobacter, Aminobacterium, uncultured Acidothermaceae, Leptotrichia, Coprostanoligenes group, and Veillonella were detected commonly. The number of species in each group at the genus level is shown in Table 4. Among the five groups, Corynebacterium was most predominant, followed by Methylobacterium and Bifidobacterium. Compared to G0, a varying degree of increased numbers of Corynebacterium, Faecalibacterium, Escherichia–Shigella, Actinomyces, and Collinsella was detected in G1, whereas a reduction was observed for all the other genera, among which, a significant (approximately 10%) reduction in the number of Methylobacterium was found. Increases to a different extent in the numbers of Corynebacterium, Faecalibacterium, Escherichia–Shigella, and Bacteroides were observed for G2 when compared to G0, whereas the numbers of all the other genera declined during the processing. The varying degrees of increases in the numbers of Corynebacterium, Faecalibacterium, and Sphingomonas were found in G3 when compared to G0, with the numbers of the remaining genera declining, among which the number of Methylobacterium significantly fell by approximately 10%. Only the number of Collinsella increased in G4 compared to G0, with the numbers of all the other genera decreasing, in particular, the numbers of the unidentified genera. Collectively, these findings highlight the significant effects of the Fuzhuan tea processing techniques on the bacterial community structure, with important implications for the final tea products.

Table 4

Species statistics at the genus level (top ten in abundance)

Serial number Microbial species G0 G1 G2 G3 G4
1 Unknown 23,620 19,111 14,942 20,147 40,309
2 Corynebacterium 12,372 15,617 13,518 16,290 8,057
3 Methylobacterium 4,476 530 4,909 428 1,892
4 Bifidobacterium 3,033 1,604 2,882 2,030 2,350
5 Faecalibacterium 2,425 3,370 4,493 4,047 2,457
6 Escherichia–Shigella 2,078 2,427 2,141 1,777 1,382
7 Actinomyces 1,837 1,985 1,809 1,544 1,329
8 Bacteroides 1,677 1,488 2,080 826 1,106
9 Collinsella 1,380 2,205 1,116 832 1,400
10 Sphingomonas 1,336 1,272 1,169 1,421 651

To further study the phylogenetic relationship among the species at the genus level, we used MEGA 5 to obtain representative sequences of the top 100 genera based on multiple sequence alignment [21]. The results shown in Figure 6 point to the extremely rich bacterial diversity among the differently processed Fuzhuan teas. However, the relationships among these microbial populations and their interaction effects on the product quality need to be further assessed.

Figure 6 Phylogenetic tree of top 100 genera in different sample groups.
Figure 6

Phylogenetic tree of top 100 genera in different sample groups.

4 Conclusion

The flavour, colour, and aroma attributes of fermented teas and control over them primarily depend on the activities of microorganisms associated with the fermentation process. A better understanding of the composition of this microbial community is required to improve tea product quality [22]. Previous studies have shown that Klebsiella, Lactococcus, and Bacillus play a leading role in the fermentation process of Fuzhuan tea as well as participate in the generation of a large number of flavour compounds in the tea [23]. Aspergillus, Candida, Debaryomyces, Penicillium, and Saccharomycetales significantly contribute to the formation of the unique aroma of Fuzhuan tea [24]. Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus pallidofulvus, Aspergillus sesamicola, and Penicillium mangini can transform theophylline into theophylline in pu-erh tea, thus affecting its quality [25]. Chen et al. [26] reported the dependency of the metabolites of Fuzhuan tea on different production regions and attributed the difference in the tea microbial community to this.

In this study, using Illumina MiSeq technology, the bacterial structure was analysed in the finished products of the differently processed Fuzhuan teas. Seven phyla, 23 classes, 41 orders, 154 families, 532 genera, and 231 species were detected. Among the five groups analysed, only 51 consensus sequences were identified. Among the four groups (G1, G1, G3, and G4), G3 and G4 had the lowest (513) and highest (946) numbers of unique sequences, respectively. Alpha diversity index, dilution curve, rank abundance curve, and PCoA analyses consistently pointed to the significant influence of the different processing techniques on the structure of the bacterial communities in the finished Fuzhuan tea products, with the machine-pressed tea (G4) having the highest bacterial species abundance and diversity.

We also detected significant differences among the different tea products with respect to the number of ASV/OTU sequences annotated at the levels of kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. G4 had the highest number of ASV/OTU sequences annotated to each level. Actinobacteria dominated the phyla level, followed by Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria, whereas the genera were dominated by Corynebacterium, followed by Methylobacterium and Bifidobacterium. Some of these bacteria, such as Methylobacterium and Bifidobacterium, were loosely associated with the quality of fermented tea [27]. The presence of Faecalibacterium in tea was associated with the regulation of the intestinal tract [28]. Xynanase secreted by Actinobacteria helps to improve the quality of beverages and baked goods [29]. Amino acids and small molecules produced by Corynebacterium can enhance the concentration and taste of tea soup [30].

In the present study, the differences in the bacterial community structure among the different types of Fuzhuan tea were attributed mainly to the differences in the compression degree of the raw materials during the processing. Unlike loose Fuzhuan tea, not pressed, lightly-pressed, hand-made, and machine-pressed Fuzhuan teas, pressed with a progressive degree, damaged the tea tissues to a different extent, thus changing the releases of the contents of the leaf cells. This in turn plays an important role in influencing the subsequent fermentation. The results consistently indicated that the machine-pressed Fuzhuan tea contained the highest abundance and diversity of bacterial species. In other words, the excessive releases of intracellular tea contents significantly promoted the growth and development of bacteria. The degree of compaction among the four processed teas progressively rose from G1 to G4. Given the difference in compactness, the differently processed teas were characterized by different internal air circulation and humidity which in turn affected the growth of bacteria, and thus, the bacterial community structure. Overall, the change in the bacterial community structure during the fermentation of Fuzhuan tea significantly depended on the product morphology.

In this study, Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to provide insights into the structure and diversity of the bacterial communities of the differently processed Fuzhuan teas. However, the complex nature of these tea communities did not allow for the annotation of all the detected ASV/OTU sequences to specific species, which warrants further analyses. An additional focus in future is required on the specific metabolic mechanisms of bacterial community members with respect to the development of the quality attributes of Fuzhuan tea, such as their respective contributions to flavour formation. Given these insights, it may be feasible to control the different processing conditions to fully exploit the biotransformation properties of the tea microbiota. This in turn may enhance the quality of Fuzhuan tea, and thus, raise its manufacturing technology as well as quality control and assurance management to a new level.

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  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2021JJ40021), Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province (20B112), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ50285), Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2020JJ5873), and Research Foundation of Education Bureau of Hunan Province (22B0785).

  2. Author contributions: L.S. and H.Z. conceived and designed the study. Z.X. and C.H. participated in acquiring the data. Z.X. performed the analysis and interpretation of the data. L.Z. participated in obtaining funding. L.T. and Y.S. helped draft the article, and revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-10-15
Revised: 2022-12-07
Accepted: 2023-01-14
Published Online: 2023-02-09

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0573
Keywords for this article
Fuzhuan tea; processing technique; high-throughput sequencing; bacterial community structure
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
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  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
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  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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