Home On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
Article Open Access

On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies

  • Xia Zhao , ShuaiLi Wang , Tao Wen , Jiamin Xu , Bao Huang , Shufeng Yan , Gangqiang Gao , Yali Zhao , Hongping Li , Jiangfang Qiao , Jinliang Yang , Lianhai Wu , Hongwei Wang , Tianxue Liu EMAIL logo and Xinyuan Mu EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 23, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Studying the canopy spectral reflection characteristics of different N-efficient maize varieties and analyzing the relationship between their growth indicators and spectral vegetation indices can help the breeding and application of N-efficient maize varieties. To achieve the optimal management of N fertilizer resources, developing N-efficient maize varieties is necessary. In this research, maize varieties, i.e., the low-N-efficient (Zhengdan 958, ZD958), the high-N efficient (Xianyu 335, XY335), the double-high varieties (Qiule 368, QL368), and the double inefficient-type varieties (Yudan 606 YD606), were used as materials. Results indicate that nitrogen fertilization significantly increased the vegetation indices NDVI, GNDVI, GOSAVI, and RVI of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. These findings were consistent with the performance of yield, dry matter mass, and leaf nitrogen content and were also found highest under both medium and high nitrogen conditions in the double-high variety QL368. The correlations of dry matter quality, leaf nitrogen content, yield, and vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, and GOSAVI) at the filling stage of different N-efficient maize varieties were all highly significant and positive. In this relationship, the best effect was found at the filling stages, with correlation coefficients reaching 0.772–0.942, 0.774–0.970, 0754–0.960, and 0.800–0.960. The results showed that the yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then stabilized with the increase in the nitrogen application level in different periods, and the highest nitrogen application level of maize yield should be between 270 and 360 kg/hm2. At the filling stage, canopy vegetation index of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies was positively correlated with yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content, especially GNDVI and GOSAVI on the leaf nitrogen content. It can be used as a means to predict its growth index.

Keywords: maize; nitrogen efficiency; vegetation indices; leaf nitrogen content; dry matter content

1 Introduction

Among the essential nutrients of plants, nitrogen is the primary chemical element that limits the biological production and yield. So nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in crop growth. Its abundance and deficiency can affect crop metabolism, physiological characteristics, and nutrient absorption and utilization directly [1]. There were significant differences in nitrogen absorption and utilization between different N-efficient varieties of maize crop [2,3]. According to the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of different maize varieties, it can be divided into four types: higher grain yield under high nitrogen and low nitrogen levels, higher grain yield only under low nitrogen level, higher grain yield only under high nitrogen level, and lower than average grain yield under high nitrogen and low nitrogen levels [4,5], namely, double efficient type, low nitrogen efficient type, high nitrogen efficient type, and double inefficient type. Accurate and timely evaluation of crop growth and development as well as leaf analysis is the basis for reasonable fertilization, and it is also necessary to monitor the growth status of crops, along with [6]. Studies have shown that in wheat, rice, and other crops, leaf area, biomass, and leaf color are used to characterize the growth of crops [7,8,9]. A number of results have been achieved in the use of spectral imaging for crop growth and nutrient monitoring. The optimal spectral variables of key growth periods were used as parameters to model the N nutrition of winter wheat [7,8,9]. When using multispectral and spectral data to invert the adaptability of the maize leaf area index, it was found that the vegetation index could accurately reflect the maize leaf area index in the study area [10,11]. The results show that the spectral vegetation index (GNDVI, PSSRc, NDVI4, and DI) has higher fitting effects with the amount of aboveground dry matter in maize at different growth stages [12]. The optimal spectral vegetation index for summer maize LAC estimation at different growth stages had good results [13]. However, in the process of agricultural production, due to the complexity of the background factors for maize growth, the use of spectral vegetation index to monitor the growth status of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies is rarely studied. Especially for maize hybrids with significant differences in genetic background, the single spectral vegetation index is difficult to reflect the differences in nitrogen absorption and utilization [14]. In this study, the relationship between yield, biomass, and leaf nitrogen content under different nitrogen levels was demonstrated, which provided a possibility for the optimal management of nitrogen resources in the production of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. Through the correlation between canopy vegetation index and growth index, the possibility of UAV spectroscopy to predict maize varieties and growth indexes under different nitrogen efficiencies was explored.

The trials for the present experiment were conducted in 2021 in Yuzhou, Xuchang, Henan (113°56′E, 34°09′N), China. The test sites were flat with uniform ground force. In the individual test field, the drainage and irrigation were convenient, and the planting system was two ripe wheat-maize rotations per year. The soil pH was 7.5 and the organic matter content was 24.8 g/kg. The alkaline nitrogen and the available potassium content were 98.34 and 152.22 mg/kg, respectively. While the content of available phosphorus was 30.76 mg/kg. In this experiment, four representative maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies were selected as the research objects. the low-N efficient varieties (Zhengdan 958, ZD958), the high-N efficient varieties (Xianyu 335, XY335), the efficient-efficient varieties (Qiule 368, QL368), and the nonefficient-nonefficient varieties (Yudan 606, YD606) were used as test materials [5,15].

1.1 Field trial design and management

A split-plot experimental design was used in this study. The five nitrogen application levels in the main zone are 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 kg/hm2, namely N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, respectively, for 0, 90, 180, 270, and 360 kg/hm2 N application rates. Four different nitrogen efficiency maize varieties in the sub-zone are the low-N-efficient (Zhengdan 958, ZD958), the high-N efficient (Xianyu 335, XY335), the double-high varieties (Qiule 368, QL368) and the double inefficient-type varieties (Yudan 606 YD606). The experimental planting density was 67,500 plants/hm2 with three replicates and for a total of 60 plots. The area of each plot was 6.0 m × 3.6 m (6 rows) in size. The amount of potassium and phosphorus fertilizer applied to each treatment was 150 kg/hm2. All fertilizers were applied at one time during the jointing period by artificial inter-row trenching. The trial was sown on June 15, 2021, and harvested on September 29, 2021, with other field management being the same as local fields (from Henan Xinlianxin Chemical Industry Group Co).

1.2 Ground-truth data collection

Twenty representative plants with uniform growth were selected from each plot at the jointing stage for listing, and then, three representative above-ground parts of maize plants were selected from each plot at the trumpet stage, the filling stage, and the maturity stage, including stem, sheath, leaf, bract, stem axis, and grain. After sampling, the samples were divided into two parts: stem sheath and leaf at the large bell-mouth stage; into three parts: stem sheath (stem and leaf sheath), leaf blade, and ear at the filling stage; and into four parts: stem sheath (stem and leaf sheath), leaf blade, bract shaft (bract and cob shaft), and grain at the maturity stage. The samples were packed into kraft paper bags. Then, they were put in the oven (Yamato-dec912c, made in Japan) for 30 min at 105°C, dried at 80°C to constant weight, cooled to room temperature, and weighed with a one-tenth balance (Mettler Toledo-me303e, made in China). The weighed samples were crushed by Taiste-fw100, made in China, and then, 0.1 g of the crushed and screened samples was weighed in a deboiling tube, with 5 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid for deboiling, H2O2 as catalyst, in a continuous flow analyser (AA3, SEAL-Analytical System, made in Germany) to determine the plant and grain nitrogen content [16]. In the mature stage of maize, the middle 2 rows of each plot were selected to harvest all the ears, and 10 representative ears were selected for the determination of ear length, ear diameter, row number of ears, row number of grains, 100 grain weight, grain number per ear, and grain weight per ear. Then, all the ears were threshed and the grain yield was converted according to 14% water. The data from this part were used to calculate the indicators related to dry matter and nitrogen accumulation.

1.3 The UAV platform, image acquisition and processing

The multispectral remote sensing system of the UAV was used to obtain spectral information. The system consists of a six-rotor drone, a DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAV (SZ DJI Technology Co., Shenzhen, China) (Figure 1b). This system is equipped with a MicaSense Rededge-Altum (Figure 1a). The MicaSense Rededge-Altum did collect five discontinuous spectral bands of red, green, blue, red edge, near infrared, and thermal infrared with pixel size of 3.45 μm, resolution of 2,064 × 1,544, and field of view of 48 × 36.8°.

Figure 1 (a) A MicaSense Rededge-Altum. (b) A DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAV platform (SZ DJI Technology Co., Shenzhen, China).
Figure 1

(a) A MicaSense Rededge-Altum. (b) A DJI Matrice 600 Pro UAV platform (SZ DJI Technology Co., Shenzhen, China).

In the large trumpet stage, grouting period, and mature stage, the UAV multispectral remote sensing system was used to carry out information collection. For the purpose, clear, windless weather, and a working time between 10:00 and 14:00 h were chosen. Before the flight of the drone, the route was demarcated, the gray board was used for correction, and the aircraft flight direction was set east–west, with 80% for both the heading overlap and side overlap. The acquired multispectral photos were imported into Pi×4D software in sequence for image processing and the stitched images were corrected geometrically with high-definition digital images. Finally, the band operation was performed using ENVI 5.3 to extract the parameters. Microsoft Excel was used for data sorting and SPSS 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis, inter-processing significance test (Duncan’s), and correlation.

2 Results

2.1 Effects of nitrogen supply levels on yield

It can be seen from Table 1 that the yield of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increases first with the increase in nitrogen application and then tends to be stable. Under the conditions of N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, the coefficients of variation between grain yield varieties were 24.94, 9.37, 11.29, 11.44, and 12.91%, respectively, and the rate of nitrogen application increased first and then decreased. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer conditions, except for N90, there were significant differences in grain yield between varieties, and the yield of YD606 was the lowest. And under medium and high nitrogen conditions, the yield of QL368 was the highest. Under the treatment of N0, N90, N270, and N360, the grain yield of ZD958 was 83.15, 15.89, 11.34, and 16.83% higher, respectively, than that of YD606, the grain yield of XY335 was 28.55, 0.19, 1.33, and 7.40% higher than that of YD606, and the grain yield of QL368 was 46.70, 19.29, 27.26, and 34.26% higher than that of YD606.

Table 1

Effects of nitrogen supply level on yield of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies

ZD958 XY335 YD606 QL368
N0 8721a 8327a 7220b 8887a
N90 9431a 9964a 8866a 10362a
N180 10153b 10364ab 10065b 10889a
N270 11521a 11974a 10724b 11916a
N360 11454a 11772a 10480b 11717a
Nitrogenous fertilizer (F) 61.84*
Cultivars (C) 19.12*

Note: Different lowercase letters of different varieties indicate significant differences among varieties (P < 0.05). “*” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

2.2 Effects of nitrogen supply levels on the leaf nitrogen content

It can be seen that the effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatment on the leaf nitrogen content of maize at different growth stages reached a very significant level, and there were significant differences in the leaf nitrogen content of maize cultivars with different nitrogen efficiencies at the filling stage (Table 2). Under the conditions of N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, the coefficients of variation between cultivars with the leaf nitrogen content at different growth stages were 21.63, 9.74, 5.91, 17.11, 7.10, 26.21, 13.66, 13.75, 8.62, 10.54, 18.71, 8.63, 10.70, 17.19, and 5.88%, respectively, which decreased first and then increased with the increase in nitrogen application. With the increase in nitrogen application, the leaf nitrogen content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then was stable. Under the condition of no nitrogen application, there was no significant difference in the leaf nitrogen content of different N-efficient maize cultivars at the filling stage and the mature stage. Under the same nitrogen fertilizer condition, YD606 had the lowest nitrogen content in leaves at both the trumpet stage and the filling stage. Under high nitrogen conditions, the leaf nitrogen content of QL368 at the silking stage was significantly higher than that of ZD958, XY335, and YD606.

Table 2

Effects of nitrogen supply level on the leaf nitrogen content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies

N level Cultivar Trumpet stage (kg/hm2) Filling stage (kg/hm2) Maturity (kg/hm2)
N0 ZD958 24.81bc 27.15a 17.97a
XY335 33.31a 24.92a 12.87a
YD606 19.81c 14.70b 11.89a
QL368 29.12ab 28.44a 14.26a
F 7.02* 7.05* 1.78 ns
N90 ZD958 48.56a 44.64b 27.85a
XY335 53.57a 57.41a 23.63a
YD606 43.29a 43.87b 25.88a
QL368 44.58a 44.71b 23.15a
F 1.45 ns 6.70* 1.00 ns
N180 ZD958 64.31a 65.61ab 29.30a
XY335 56.67a 58.05bc 23.79a
YD606 57.55a 50.93c 30.11a
QL368 61.43a 69.99a 26.10a
F 1.13 ns 6.94* 0.75 ns
N270 ZD958 57.21a 62.67a 35.57a
XY335 62.41a 67.74a 26.27bc
YD606 69.11a 59.95a 29.90b
QL368 84.12a 72.78a 24.22c
F 1.40 ns 1.20 ns 9.92**
N360 ZD958 60.20a 65.22a 29.47a
XY335 71.09a 66.64a 33.47a
YD606 66.25a 56.25a 31.18a
QL368 69.06a 72.93a 29.79a
F 1.65 ns 1.70 ns 1.50 ns
ANOVA C 1.88 ns 9.56** 2.34 ns
F 41.69** 82.11** 19.23**
C × F 1.52 ns 1.38 ns 0.77 ns

Note: Different lowercase letters of different varieties indicate significant differences among varieties (P < 0.05). “*” indicates the significance at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

2.3 Effects of nitrogen supply levels on dry matter accumulation

It can be seen that the effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatment on the dry matter accumulation of maize at different growth stages reached a highly significant level, and the influence of varieties on the dry matter accumulation of maize at the filling stage and the maturity stage also reached a highly significant level (Table 3). Under the conditions of N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, the coefficients of variation between biomass cultivars at different growth stages were 17.89, 2.80, 7.88, 7.01, 11.33, 23.00, 11.79, 13.09, 5.06, 7.95, 24.25, 7.10, 13.46, 7.43, and 14.43%. Under the condition of N0, the differences among varieties at different growth stages were the greatest. With the increase in nitrogen application, the dry matter accumulation of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then decreased. Under the same nitrogen application condition, YD606 had the lowest dry matter accumulation at different growth stages, and QL368 had the highest dry matter accumulation at the filling stage and the maturity stage.

Table 3

Effects of nitrogen supply level on dry matter content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies

N level Cultivar Trumpet stage (kg/hm2) Filling stage (kg/hm2) Maturity (kg/hm2)
N0 ZD958 3445.66a 6814.35b 9867.43ab
XY335 2811.26a 6567.04b 8598.79bc
YD606 2329.08a 4565.73c 6476.94c
QL368 3426.53a 8218.65a 11778.76a
F 2.22 ns 16.94** 6.64*
N90 ZD958 3671.97a 10370.38ab 13515.83a
XY335 3732.19b 12207.77a 14867.34a
YD606 3507.45a 9702.00ab 14012.74a
QL368 3565.53a 9504.18b 15872.52a
F 0.88 ns 2.73 ns 0.67 ns
N180 ZD958 4202.19a 11171.13ab 15204.54b
XY335 4252.36a 11014.22ab 13577.34b
YD606 3587.39a 9322.75b 15548.42b
QL368 3851.00a 12878.27a 18649.97a
F 1.10 ns 3.32 ns 6.164*
N270 ZD958 4964.10a 11497.98a 16391.80a
XY335 4348.66a 12263.84a 17278.87a
YD606 4702.03a 11661.05a 15363.65a
QL368 4275.75a 12835.29a 18297.20a
F 0.84 ns 0.31 ns 0.88 ns
N360 ZD958 4545.51ab 11026.16a 14814.16a
XY335 3991.02b 12317.56a 17667.53a
YD606 4431.75b 11703.94a 14246.56a
QL368 5236.37a 13288.74a 19278.06a
F 4.93* 1.46 ns 2.38 ns
ANOVA C 2.17 ns 5.75** 8.45**
F 17.16** 33.21** 26.90**
C × F 1.33 ns 1.41 ns 0.95 ns

Note: Different lowercase letters of different varieties indicate significant differences among varieties (P < 0.05). “*” indicates the significance at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

2.4 The normalized vegetation index (NDVI)

The NDVI of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies decreased with the growth process, and the NDVI decreased more in the later growth period than in the early growth period (Figure 2). Under the conditions of N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, the coefficients of variation of biomass between varieties of maize cultivars with different nitrogen efficiencies were 7.95, 4.21, 4.88, 3.49, 4.72, 14.18, 5.19, 5.30, 5.6, 5.78, 16.70, 36.81, 52.66, 75.92, and 106.64%, respectively. In addition to the maturity period, the coefficient of variation between varieties was largest under the condition of N0 and then showed a decreasing trend and finally an upward trend. Under the same nitrogen application conditions, the low-N efficient cultivar (ZD958) was the lowest. In addition to the maturity stage, the canopy vegetation index (NDVI) of maize cultivars with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then stabilized with the increase of nitrogen application. In addition to QL368 at the maturity stage, the maize canopy vegetation index NDVI decreased with the increase in nitrogen application.

Figure 2 Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (NDVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. Note: Different lowercase letters of different varieties indicate significant differences among varieties (P < 0.05). The same as below.
Figure 2

Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (NDVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. Note: Different lowercase letters of different varieties indicate significant differences among varieties (P < 0.05). The same as below.

2.5 The green-normalized vegetation index (GNDVI)

It can be seen that nitrogen treatments and varieties have significant effects on the GNDVI of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies (Figure 3). With the progress of growth, the GNDVI of maize canopy vegetation index showed a decreasing trend, and the decreasing range was larger in the late growth period. Under the conditions of N0, N90, N180, N270, and N360, the variation coefficients of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies at different growth stages were 14.39, 2.07, 5.20, and 2.71%; 2.26, 36.14, 6.71, 9.14, 9.04, and 6.62%; and 19.81, 30.43, 59.55, 72.80, and 93.03%. The GNDVI of maize canopy vegetation index increased significantly with increasing N fertilizer application compared with no N fertilizer. With the increase in the nitrogen application rate, GNDVI increased first and then stabilized with the increase in the nitrogen application rate except at the maturity stage. Under medium and high nitrogen conditions, the GNDVI of the efficient-efficient cultivar (QL368) at all growth stages was significantly higher than that of ZD958, XY335, and YD606. Under high nitrogen conditions, the GNDVI of QL368 was the highest. Except for the N0 treatment, the GNDVI of the low-N efficient cultivar (ZD958) was lower than that of other varieties at the maturity stage, and the GNDVI of QL368 was the highest. However, there was no significant difference between XY335 and YD606.

Figure 3 Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (GNDVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.
Figure 3

Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (GNDVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.

2.6 The green-optimized soil conditioning vegetation index (GOSAVI)

The effect of nitrogen supply levels on the GOSAVI of different nitrogen efficiency maize varieties reached a significant level (Figure 4). With the growth period, the GOSAVI of different nitrogen efficiency maize varieties decreased, and the lower rate was greater in the late growth period. Except for the mature stage, the coefficient of variation among varieties was the largest under the condition of N0, which increased first and then decreased with the increase in the nitrogen application rate. With the increase in the nitrogen application rate, GOSAVI of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased continuously and then tended to be stable. At maturity, GOSAVI of ZD958, XY335, and YD606 decreased with the increase in the nitrogen application rate. Under medium and high nitrogen conditions, the GOSAVI of QL368 was significantly higher than that of other cultivars at different growth stages. Under high nitrogen condition, GOSAVI of the high-N efficient varieties XY335 was significantly lower than that of other varieties during the filling stage, and there was no significant difference between ZD958 and YD606.

Figure 4 Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (GOSAVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.
Figure 4

Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (GOSAVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.

2.7 The ratio of vegetation index (RVI)

The effect of nitrogen supply levels on the RVI of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies reached a significant level (Figure 5). During the growth process, the RVI of different nitrogen efficiency maize varieties decreased continuously, and the decline in the late growth period of maize was smaller than that in the early growth stage. In addition to the maturity period, the coefficient of variation of maize varieties decreased first and then increased with the increase in nitrogen application. The RVI of maize varieties with different N efficiencies increased with the increase in the N application rate at the big trumpet stage and the filling stage. At the maturity stage, the RVI of maize decreased with the increase in nitrogen application, except for the efficient varieties QL368. At the filling stage and the maturity stage, the RVI of QL368 was significantly higher than that of ZD958, XY335, and YD606 under medium and high nitrogen conditions, while the RVI of XY335 was significantly lower than that of other varieties. There was no significant difference in RVI between ZD958 and YD606.

Figure 5 Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (RVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.
Figure 5

Effects of nitrogen supply level on canopy vegetation index (RVI) of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies.

2.8 Relationships between canopy vegetation index and yield

There was a significant positive correlation between canopy vegetation index and maize yield in the trumpet opening stage and the filling stage, and the correlation was significantly higher than that in the mature stage (Table 4). There was a significant positive correlation between the variety mixing at the bell-mouth stage and the filling stage, but the correlation coefficient was lower than that of single variety. In the trumpet stage, the correlation coefficient between NDVI and yield was 0.748–0.827. The correlation coefficient between GNDVI and yield was 0.809–0.895. The correlation coefficient between RVI and yield was 0.567–0.840, and that between GOSAVI and yield was 0.848–0.937. In the filling stage, the correlation coefficient between NDVI and yield was 0.775–0.963, that between GNDVI and yield was 0.809–0.970, that between RVI and yield was 0.754–0.927, and that between GOSAVI and yield was 0.809–0.960 (Table 4).

Table 4

Correlation between canopy vegetation index NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GOSAVI, and yield at different growth stages

Stage Cultivar NDVI GNDVI RVI GOSAVI
Trumpet stage ZD958 0.823** 0.809** 0.796** 0.848**
XY335 0.827** 0.835** 0.840** 0.886**
YD606 0.748** 0.895** 0.564* 0.937**
QL368 0.777** 0.857** 0.786** 0.857**
Mixture 0.681** 0.810** 0.617** 0.794**
Filling stage ZD958 0.775** 0.809** 0.754** 0.809**
XY335 0.829** 0.844** 0.826** 0.839**
YD606 0.963** 0.970** 0.927** 0.960**
QL368 0.917** 0.904** 0.877** 0.897**
Mixture 0.655** 0.853** 0.787** 0.848**
Maturity stage ZD958 −0.806** −0.813** −0.823** −0.658**
XY335 −0.763** −0.763** −0.763** −0.763**
YD606 −0.512 −0.177 −0.223 −0.182
QL368 0.623* 0.836** 0.376 0.833**
Mixture 0.014 0.299* 0.090 0.236

“*” indicates the significance at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

2.9 Relationship between canopy vegetation index and leaf nitrogen content

There was a significant positive correlation between canopy vegetation index and leaf nitrogen content at the filling stage, followed by the big trumpet stage, and the lowest correlation at the maturity stage (Table 5). In the big trumpet stage and the filling stage, the correlation leaf of variety mixing showed extremely significant positive correlation, and the correlation coefficient was lower than that of single variety. At the filling stage, the correlation coefficient between NDVI and leaf nitrogen content was 0.839–0.979, that between GNDVI and leaf nitrogen content was 0.871–0.958, and that between RVI and leaf nitrogen content was 0.851–0.960. The correlation coefficient between GOSAVI and leaf nitrogen content was 0.873–0.957.

Table 5

Correlation between canopy vegetation index NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GOSAVI, and leaf nitrogen content in maize at different growth stages

Stage Cultivar NDVI GNDVI RVI GOSAVI
Trumpet stage ZD958 0.827** 0.808** 0.814** 0.826**
XY335 0.820** 0.871** 0.653** 0.860**
YD606 0.647** 0.882** 0.551* 0.918**
QL368 0.513 0.704** 0.532* 0.704**
Mixture 0.611** 0.770** 0.580** 0.775**
Filling stage ZD958 0.908** 0.939** 0.960** 0.939**
XY335 0.853** 0.877** 0.851** 0.874**
YD606 0.979** 0.958** 0.931** 0.957**
QL368 0.839** 0.871** 0.909** 0.873**
Mixture 0.777** 0.869** 0.817** 0.869**
Maturity ZD958 0.779** 0.777** 0.746** 0.812**
XY335 0.617* 0.733** 0.650** 0.733**
YD606 0.567* 0.761** 0.386 0.876**
QL368 0.418 0.622* 0.301 0.613*
Mixture 0.124 0.314* 0.160 0.297*

“*” indicates the significance at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

2.10 Relationship between canopy vegetation index and biomass

There was a significant positive correlation between canopy vegetation index and maize yield at the grain-filling stage, and the correlation was significantly higher than that at the trumpet stage and the maturity stage (Table 6). At the filling stage, the correlation of variety mixing was significantly positive, but the correlation coefficient was lower than that of single variety. At the filling stage, the correlation coefficient between NDVI and dry matter quality was 0.772–0.942. The correlation coefficient between GNDVI and dry matter quality was 0.774–0.927. The correlation coefficient between RVI and dry matter mass was 0.787–0.878, and that between GOSAVI and dry matter mass was 0.777–0.927.

Table 6

Correlation between maize canopy vegetation index NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, GOSAVI, and dry matter quality in different growth stages

Stage Cultivar NDVI GNDVI RVI GOSAVI
Trumpet stage ZD958 0.843** 0.823** 0.806** 0.847**
XY335 0.774** 0.802** 0.787** 0.800**
YD606 0.907** 0.882** 0.878** 0.884**
QL368 0.404 0.736** 0.462 0.736**
Mixture 0.546** 0.675** 0.500** 0.666**
Filling stage ZD958 0.942** 0.927** 0.828** 0.927**
XY335 0.774** 0.802** 0.787** 0.800**
YD606 0.907** 0.882** 0.878** 0.884**
QL368 0.772** 0.774** 0.854** 0.770**
Mixture 0.742** 0.793** 0.743** 0.792**
Maturity ZD958 −0.516* −0.705** −0.702** −0.378
XY335 −0.681** −0.328 −0.681** −0.280
YD606 −0.397 −0.055 −0.172 −0.062
QL368 0.481 0.662** 0.203 0.654**
Mixture 0.124 0.314* 0.161 0.297*

“*” indicates the significance at the 0.05 level. “**” indicates the significance at the 0.01 level.

3 Discussion

With the increase in nitrogen application, the yield, dry matter accumulation, and nitrogen accumulation of maize showed a trend of first increasing and then stabilizing, and the high-efficiency varieties were significantly higher than the nitrogen-inefficient varieties [17]. This conclusion is similar to the results of this study. Previous studies showed that both nitrogen application level and variety affected crop canopy reflectance [18,19]. The application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the near-infrared band reflectance of the rice canopy and reduced the reflectivity of the visible light band [20,21]. Increasing N fertilizer application could increase NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, and GOSAVI of rice (Table 7). Fu et al. also found that leaf N content of rice was positively correlated with canopy vegetation indices ndvi, rvi, dvi, and gndvi [22]. The results of this study showed that the differences of dry matter weight and leaf nitrogen concentration of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies at different nitrogen application levels were consistent with their own variety characteristics. With the increase in the nitrogen application level, the yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then stabilized. The canopy vegetation index (NDVI, GNDVI, GOSAVI, RVI) and growth index of maize varieties at different stages and with different nitrogen efficiencies were significantly different, and the canopy vegetation index (NDVI, GNDVI, GOSAVI, RVI) and growth index increased with the increase in the nitrogen application rate, which indicated the possibility of canopy vegetation index predicting growth index. Ryckewaert et al. analyzed the spectral data of different genotypes of maize varieties under water stress and screened out the more drought-tolerant maize varieties [23]. Fan et al. showed that nitrogen application rate had different effects on canopy vegetation index of different maize varieties [24]. The results showed that there was no significant difference in canopy vegetation index of maize varieties with different N efficiencies under low N conditions. With the increase in the nitrogen application rate, the difference of canopy vegetation index of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased. QL368 had the highest canopy vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, and GOSAVI) under medium and high nitrogen conditions, and its yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content were also higher than those of ZD958, XY335, and YD606. The results indicated that maize varieties with high nitrogen efficiency had strong greenness, higher contents of chlorophyll A, chlorophyll B, and carotenoid in leaves, and higher absorption rates of visible light, especially red, blue, and violet light, resulting in higher canopy vegetation indices NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, and GOSAVI, and higher response to nitrogen supply, strong material production capacity, and higher yield [25,26]. This indicates that index does not have the ability to screen high-efficiency maize varieties under low nitrogen condition and canopy vegetation, while canopy vegetation index provides the possibility to screen high-efficiency maize varieties under non-low nitrogen condition. There is a correlation between canopy vegetation index and crop yield, dry matter quality, and leaf nitrogen content. Phyu et al. found that NDVI was significantly associated with rice yields [27]. Niu et al. found that the vegetation indices derived from UAV RGB imagery had great potential to estimate maize above-ground biomass with R 2 values ranging from 0.63 to 0.73. When estimating the above-ground biomass of maize by using multivariable linear regression based on vegetation indices, a higher correlation was obtained with an R 2 value of 0.82 [28]. Panek et al. found that early spring NDVI in Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia was very closely related to cereal yields [29]. The results of this study showed that maize yield, dry matter mass, and leaf nitrogen content had similar trends with canopy vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, RVI, and GOSAVI) among different nitrogen levels or maize varieties. Therefore, this experiment analyzed the correlation between yield (Table 4), dry matter mass (Table 6), leaf nitrogen content (Table 5), and canopy vegetation index at the trumpet stage, the filling stage, and the maturity stage. The results showed that maize yield, dry matter mass, and leaf nitrogen content were significantly positively correlated with canopy vegetation index at the filling stage, and the correlation coefficient was higher than that at the trumpet stage and the mature stage. The correlation coefficient between leaf nitrogen content and four canopy vegetation indices was higher than that of yield and dry matter mass at the filling stage (Table 5). However, the correlation between GNDVI and GOSAVI and leaf nitrogen content, yield, and dry matter quality in the canopy vegetation index at the filling stage was stronger than that of other vegetation indexes. Therefore, it provided the possibility for the canopy vegetation index of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies to predict the leaf nitrogen content, yield, and dry matter quality at the filling stage, and the prediction of the leaf nitrogen content might be more accurate.

Table 7

Vegetation indices involved in this study

Vegetation index Formulas Reference
NDVI NDVI = (NIR − R)/(NIR + R) [21]
GNDVI GNDVI = (NIR − G)/(NIR + G) [11]
RVI RVI = NIR/RED [30]
GOSAVI GOSAVI = (1 + 0.16) × (NIR − G)/(NIR + G) [24]

4 Conclusion

The results showed that the yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies increased first and then stabilized with the increase in the nitrogen application level in different periods, and the highest nitrogen application level of maize yield should be between 270 and 360 kg/hm2. At the filling stage, canopy vegetation index of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies was positively correlated with yield, dry matter weight, and leaf nitrogen content, especially GNDVI and GOSAVI on the leaf nitrogen content. It can be used as a means to predict its growth index.

# Those authors contributed equally to this work.

  1. Funding information: This work was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300805-2) and Basic Scientific Research project of Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2022JC09) and Project of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Academy of Modern Agriculture (SCO21B003), supported by the Cooperation project of Henan Province.

  2. Author contributions: Xia Zhao: conceptualization and data curation and formal analysis and project administration and supervision and writing – review & editing; Shuaili Wang: writing – original draft; Tao Wen: writing – review & editing; Jiamin Xu & Gangqiang Gao: data curation and writing – review & editing; Bao Huang & Jiangfang Qiao: formal analysis; Shufeng Yan: data curation and writing – review & editing; Jinliang Yang & Tianxue Liu: writing – review & editing; Lianhai Wu: data curation. Yali Zhao & Hongping Li: data curation; Hongwei Wang: application of results; Xinyuan Mu: data curation and formal analysis; writing – review & editing.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

[1] Liu BF, Li J, He J, Shi ZJ. Estimation models of above-ground dry matter accumulation of summer maize based on hyperspectral remote sensing vegetation indexes. Trans Chin Soc Agric Machinery. 2016;47(3):254–62. 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2016.03.036.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Chen YL, Zhang J, Li Q, He XL, Su XP, Chen FJ, et al. Effects of nitrogen application on post-silking root senescence and yield of maize. Agron J. 2015;107(3):835–42. 10.2134/agronj14.0509.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Mi GH. Nutrient use efficiency in crops and its genetic improvemen. J Plant Nutr Fertilizers. 2017;23(6):1525–35. 10.11674/zwyf.17283.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Chen F, Fang Z, Gao Q, Ye Y, Jia L, Yuan L, et al. Evaluation of the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the dominant maize hybrids grown in North and Northeast China. Sci China Life Sci. 2013;56(6):552–60. 10.1007/s11427-013-4462-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[5] Yang YL, Zhao X, Wang SL, Xu JM, Mu XY, Xing RR, et al. Screening and yield character analysis of maize nitrogen efficient varieties in south and central Huang-Huai-Hai Area. J Maize Sci. 2022;30(1):23–32. 10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20220104.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Kross A, Mcnairn H, Lapen D, Sunohara M, Champagne C. Assessment of rapideye vegetation indices for estimation of leaf area index and biomass in corn and soybean crops. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf. 2015;34(1):235–48. 10.1016/j.jag.2014.08.002.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Donga T, Liua J, Qiana B, Heb L, Liub J, Wangb R, et al. Estimating crop biomass using leaf area index derived from landsat 8 and sentinel-2 data. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. 2020;168:236–50. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.08.003.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Liu CH, Wang Z, Chen ZC, Zhou L, Rui XZ, Miao YX. Nitrogen monitoring of winter wheat based on unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing image. Trans Chin Soc Agric Machinery. 2018;49(6):207–14. 10.6041/j.issn.1000-1298.2018.06.024.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Zhou X, Zheng HB, Xu XQ, He JY, Ge XK, Yao X, et al. Predicting grain yield in rice using multi-temporal vegetation indices from uav-based multispectral and digital imagery. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens. 2017;130:246–55. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.05.003.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Mananze S, Pôças I, Cunha M. Retrieval of maize leaf area index using hyperspectral and multispectral data. Remote Sens. 2018;10(12):1942. 10.3390/rs10121942.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Wang LG, Xu JH, He J, Li B, Yang XZ, Wang LJ, et al. Estimating leaf area index and yield of maize based on remote sensing by unmanned aerial vehicle. J Maize Sci. 2020;28(6):88–93. 10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20200613.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Liu L, Peng ZO, Zhang BZ, Wei Z, Han NN, Lin SZ, et al. Canopy nitrogen concentration monitoring techniques of summer corn based on canopy spectral information. Sensors. 2019;19(19):4123. 10.3390/s19194123.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] Wei TF, Xu XG, Li ZY, Yang GJ, Li ZH, Feng HK, et al. Remote sensing estimation of nitrogen content in summer maize leaves based on multispectral images of UAV. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng. 2019;35(8):126–33. 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2019.08.015.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Zhou LL, Feng HY, Yan ZM, Liu, K, Zhou SL. Hyperspectral diagnosis of leaf N concentration of maize and variety difference. Trans Chin Soc Agric Eng. 2010;26(8):195–9. 10.3969/j.issn.1002-6819.2010.08.033.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Zhao X, Wang HR, Zheng YZ, Mu XY, Yaang YL, Fu J, et al. Study on the uptake and utilization Efficiency of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium of maize in lime concretion black soils. J Maize Sci. 2021;29(6):144–50. 10.13597/j.cnki.maize.science.20210620.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Ding XP, Li GH, Zhang JW, Liu P, Ren BC, Zhao B. Effects of base application depths of controlled release urea on yield and nitrogen utilization of summer maize. Sci Agric Sin. 2020;53(21):4342–54. 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.21.004.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Chang X, Wang XB, Wu M, Yang ZS, Li J. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield,dry matter and nitrogen accumulation of maize inbred lines with different nitrogen use efficiency types. Soil Fert Sci China. 2021;2:221–7. 10.11838/sfsc.1673-6257.20075.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Li YX, Zhu Y, Cao WX. Characterizing Canopy Hyperspectral and Multispectral Reflectance under Different N-application Conditions in Wheat. J Triticeae Crop. 2006;26(2):103–8. 10.3969/j.issn.1009-1041.2006.02.022.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Liu TJ, Pan XZ, Tang JJ, Zhu B, Hu WJ, Zhang XD, et al. An analysis on hyper-spectral characteristics of rice under different nitrogen levels. Acta Agric Univ Jiangxiensis. 2014;36(4):699–704. 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2286.2014.04.001.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Xue LH, Cao WX, Luo WH. Canopy spectral reflectance characteristics of rice at elongating stage under different cultivated practice and their fuzzy cluster Analysis. Chinese. J Rice Sci. 2004;18(2):65–9. 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7216.2004.02.013.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Buchaillot ML, Gracia-Romero A, Vergara-Diaz O, Zaman-Allah M, Tarekegne A, Cairns J, et al. Evaluating maize genotype performance under low nitrogen conditions using rgb uav phenotyping techniques. Sensors. 2019;19(8):1815. 10.3390/s19081815.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Fu YQ, Zhong XH, Huang NR, Pan JF, Hu XY, Hu R, et al.. Research on relationship between canopy spectral characteristic and nitrogen nutrient of rice cultivars based on UAV multispectral remote sensing. Guangdong Agricultural Science. 2021;48(10):121–31. 10.16768/j.issn.1004-874X.2021.10.013.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Ryckewaert M, Gorretta N, Henriot F, Gobrecht A, Hran D, Moura D, et al. Potential of high-spectral resolution for field phenotyping in plant breeding: Application to maize under water stress. Comput Electron Agriculture. 2021;189:106385. 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106385.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Fan HY, Li YY, Lu XJ, Gu SH, Guo XY, Liu YH. Comparative analysis of lAI and above-ground biomass estimation models based on UAV multispectral remote sensing. J Plant Nutr Fertilizers. 2021;23(9):112–20. 10.13304/j.nykjdb.2020.0173.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Chen JG, Feng YS, Yang ZC, Zhou YJ, Chen YL. The main work is to study the characteristics of light spectrum of objects. J Jilin Agric Univ. 1984;3:68–74. 10.13327/j.jjlau.1984.03.014.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Echarte L, Rothstein S, Tollenaar M. The response of leaf photosynthesis and dry matter accumulation to nitrogen supply in an older and a newer maize hybrid. Crop Sci. 2009;48(2):656–65. 10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0366.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Phyu P, Islam M, Sta Cruz P, Collard BC, Kato Y. Use of ndvi for indirect selection of high yield in tropical rice breeding. Euphytica. 2020;216(5):1–9. 10.1007/s10681-020-02598-7.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Niu YX, Zhang LY, Zhang HH, Han WT, Peng XS. Estimating above-bround biomass of maize using features derived from uav-based rgb imagery. Remote Sens. 2019;11(11):1261. 10.3390/rs11111261.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Panek E, Gozdowski D, Acutis M. Relationship between modis derived ndvi and yield of cereals for selected european countries. Agronomy. 2021;11(2):340. 10.3390/agronomy11020340.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Tůma L, Kumhálová J, Kumhála F, Krepl V. The noise-reduction potential of radar vegetation index for crop management in the czech republic. Precis Agric. 2022;23(2):450–67.10.1007/s11119-021-09844-5Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-10-05
Revised: 2022-12-20
Accepted: 2023-01-09
Published Online: 2023-03-23

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0566
Keywords for this article
maize; nitrogen efficiency; vegetation indices; leaf nitrogen content; dry matter content
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 6.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0566/html
Scroll to top button