Startseite A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
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A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals

  • Huanchang Jiang , Qinglian Jiang und Shuzhen Wu EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 28. Dezember 2023
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Open Life Sciences
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Life Sciences Band 18 Heft 1

Abstract

According to Mendel’s law of genetic separation, there must be a certain blood relationship between members of the same family, and two individuals with blood relations must have the following three situations, that is, there are two homologous genes (I denotes), one homologous gene (T denotes), and no homologous genes (O denotes), which is the ITO index for calculating the blood relationship between two individuals. The AGGU Expressmarker 22 kit, ABI 3500 genetic analyzer, and GeneMapper ID-X v1.5 software were used to statistically analyze the ITO index of the gene locus of 5 kinds of samples, 28 pairs of monozygotic twins (MT), 4,000 pairs of parent–offspring (PO), 392 pairs of full sibling (FS), 138 pairs of half-siblings (HS) (including grandchildren, uncles, and nephews) and 3,500 pairs of unrelated individuals (UI). Observing the median distribution of ITO index found that from MT, PO, FS, HS to UI, the more distant the kinship, the smaller the ITO index. Full sibling index (FSI)/half-sibling index (HSI) ≥ 1 can be used as the FS discriminant standard, FSI/HSI < 1 can be used as the HS discriminant standard. According to the distance of kinship, from the direction of MT, PO, FS, HS, and UI, the proportion of the maximum ITO index of the same type of sample in the true kinship index item showed a decreasing trend. ITO index is an important statistical means to identify the kinship between two individuals, according to which the ITO index can accurately determine the kinship between individuals, which has high application value. MT index is not 0 to identify relatives as MT, PO index is an important indicator to distinguish between relatives as PO and FS. The critical values of ITO index discriminant values for UI and HS need to be further studied.

Keywords: forensic genetics; short tandem repeat; ITO index; kinship testing; homologous genes

1 Introduction

There are 0, 1, and 2 identical-by-descent alleles per locus between relatives (probability 0.25, 0.5, and 0.25, respectively), which is the basic principle of full sibling (FS) identification as another type of major kinship identification in addition to paternal identification [1,2]. Based on this principle, the autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) has become a widely used genetic marker in the field of forensic physical identification [3,4]. Li and Sacks first proposed the random ITO transform matrix method in 1954 for obtaining joint STR genotype distribution and genotypic correlation between any particular non-breeding relative pair [5]. According to Mendelian hereditary laws, there must be a certain blood relationship between members of the same family. In the ITO calculation method, I, T, and O represent the probability of individual 2 developing the genotype when two individuals in a pair of samples have 2, 1, or no homologous genes [6]. At present, the application of ITO methods has been reported in the identification of FS and half-siblings (HS), and occasionally in the identification of cousins, and the survey statistics of ITO index distribution of other sample types have not been reported [7]. At present, the commonly used detection system for paternity testing is AGCU EX22, and the 21 autosomal STR loci observed in this system are D3S1358, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, Penta E, D2S441, TPOX, TH01, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, D10S1248, D19S433, vWA, D21S11, D18S51, D6S1043, D8S1179, D5S818, D12S391, and FGA locus [8]. In this article, the ITO method is used to calculate the ITO index of autosomal STR typing results of different related individuals, and the distribution range of ITO index of the same type of samples is counted to understand its distribution law, which provides a theoretical basis for the application of ITO index to determine kinship.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Samples

The samples were collected from the daily examination accumulation of the Judicial Expertise Center of Wenzhou Medical University in 2013–2022, the sample information was collected with informed consent. It was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Forensic Appraisal Center of Wenzhou Medical University (WYDSJZX2023-1), and all samples obtained oral informed consent of the samples. The sample included 28 pairs of monozygotic twins (MT), 4,000 pairs of parent–offspring (PO), 392 pairs of FS, 138 pairs of HS (including grandchildren, uncles, and nephews), and 3,500 pairs of unrelated individuals (UI), one pair representing two individuals. All MT and FS samples were from offspring of triplet paternity testing families whose parents were also involved and supported kinship; 48 pairs of HS samples were from offspring individuals of half-sitomy or half-father triad families; the UI samples were from the triad samples from the parents of the test (excluding the parents’ combination with the same surname). In all FS samples and HS samples, the transmission of autosomal STR locus alleles that support kinship conforms to Mendelian inheritance laws and there are no mutations.

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies, and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Forensic Appraisal Center of Wenzhou Medical University (WYDSJZX2023-1).

2.2 Instruments and reagents

A 96-well Veriti PCR amplification instrument, ABI 3500 genetic analyzer (AB Company, USA), AGCU EX22, AGCU 21 + 1, AGCU X19 and AGCU Database Y24 kits (Wuxi Zhongde Meilian Biotechnology Co., Ltd), and GeneMapper ID-X 1.5 software for genotype analysis were used.

2.3 DNA extraction and autosomal STR loci detection

The DNA of all samples was extracted by polystyrene divinylbenzene resin (chelex) method, and the DNA of the samples was amplified by composite PCR using human fluorescent labeled STR compound amplification detection reagent. 9947A provided by the kit was used for positive control, and pure water was used to replace the DNA of the samples for negative control. Electrophoretic typing of the amplified products was determined by 3500 genetic analyzer. The genotyping results were analyzed by GeneMapper ID-X 1.5 software.

The 21 STR loci involved in this study are: D3S1358, D13S317, D7S820, D16S539, Penta E, D2S441, TPOX, TH01, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, D10S1248, D19S433, vWA, D21S11, D18S51, D6S1043, D8S1179, D5S818, D12S391, and FGA locus.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The two individual genotypes were compared, and the coefficient Φ was used to represent the probability of occurrence of homologous genes between the two individual genotypes. Φ 0, Φ 1, and Φ 2 represent the probabilities of “no, there is one, and there are two” homologous genes, respectively, whose values satisfy the following relation hypothesis: (1) 0 ≤ Φ 0, Φ 1, Φ 2 ≤ 1; (2) Φ 0 + Φ 1 + Φ 2 = 1; and (3) Φ 1 2 ≥ 4Φ 0 Φ 2. If there is only one homologous gene between father and son, it is impossible to appear “no or there are two homologous genes,” so Φ 1 = 1, Φ 0 = 0 = Φ 2. For example, the probability of “no, or there is 1, or there is 2” homologous genes between siblings is 1/4, 1/2, 1/4, so Φ 1 = 1/2 and Φ 0 = 1/4 = Φ 2. Another example is two UIs, their genotypes can be the same, but the same genes are not caused by genetics, but random, they absolutely do not have homologous genes, so Φ 0 = 1 and Φ1 = 0 = Φ 2. According to the consanguineous relationship among the members of the family, three kinds of Φ values among the members of different relations of the family can be inferred (Table 1).

Table 1

The probability that common consanguineous relationships have homologous genes (Φ)

Kinship Acronym Φ 0 Φ 1 Φ 2
Monozygotic twins MT 0 0 1
Parent–offspring PO 0 1 0
Full sibling FS 1/4 1/2 1/4
Half-siblings HS 1/2 1/2 0
First-generation cousin 1C 3/4 1/4 0
Second-generation cousin 2C 15/16 1/16 0
Unrelated individuals UI 1 0 0

In the ITO calculation method, I, T, and O represent the probability of individual 2 developing the genotype when two individuals in a pair of samples have 2, 1, or no homologous genes [9]. The probability that common consanguineous genes have homologous genes Φ two individual genotypes include three cases. (1) Two individuals do not have the same gene, if A is A i A j and B is A k A r , B cannot have a genetic homology relationship with A, and the probability of B being A k A r can only be the probability of A k A r in a random population, that is, O = 2P k P r (no homologous gene), and since A and B cannot have one or two homologous genes, T = 0 = I. (2) Two individuals have the same gene, such as A i A j for A and A i A k for B; there is no case of two homologous genes, so I = 0. Because they have the same gene, the same gene may be related (in this case, two people have one homologous gene), or they may not be related, and only one of the same genes appears randomly (two people have no homologous genes). Thus, the probability that B is A i A k T = the chance that A will produce A gene × the frequency of A k gene in a random population = 0.5P k (with 1 homologous gene), O = 2P i P k (without homologous gene). (3) If two individuals have two identical genes, such as A i A j for A and A i A j for B, there are three possibilities for the two identical genes: (1) both can be genetically identical (both genes are homologous genes), (2) one is genetically identical and the other is randomly identical (only one homologous gene), and (3) both are randomly identical (no homologous genes). Thus, the probability that B is A i A j is I = 1 (with 2 homologous genes), T = 0.5(P i + P j ) (with 1 homologous gene), and O = 2P i P j (without homologous genes) (Table 2). In this article, the ITO calculation method is used to calculate and count the following indices, including monozygotic twins index (MTI), parent–offsprings index (POI), full sibling index (FSI), half-sibling index (HSI), first-generation cousin index (1CI), second-generation cousin index (2CI), and unrelated individuals index (UII).

Table 2

Complex allele loci I, T, and O values

A B
A I A i A i A j A j A j A j A k
A i A i I 1 0 0 0
T P i P j 0 0
O P i 2 2P i P j P j 2 2P j P k
A B
A i A i A j A j A i A j A i A k A j A k A k A k A k A r
A i A j I 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
T 0.5P i 0.5P j 0.5(P i + P j ) 0.5P k 0.5P k 0 0
O P i 2 P j 2 2P i P j 2P i P k 2P j P k P k 2 2P k P r

The maximum value of ITO indicators for each sample pair is calculated, and then, the classification statistics are performed according to the true kinship category of the sample pair.

3 Results

3.1 Distribution of ITO index for different kinship samples

The distribution range of ITO indexes of the MT samples (28 pairs) is shown in Table 3. The UII of all MT samples is 1, and the values of all other ITO index are more than 10. The maxima, minima, and median of the MT samples UII are the smallest, and the maxima, minima, and median of the MTI are the largest among the indexes.

Table 3

Distribution of ITO indexes in MT samples (n = 28)

Range MTI POI FSI HSI 1CI 2CI UII
0–1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1–10 0 0 0 0 0 0 28
10–102 0 0 0 0 0 20 0
102–104 0 0 0 0 0 8 0
104–108 0 0 0 13 28 0 0
108–1010 0 0 0 11 0 0 0
1010–1015 0 28 0 4 0 0 0
1015–1020 0 0 23 0 0 0 0
≥1020 28 0 5 0 0 0 0
Maxima 1.26 × 1032 6.72 × 1014 3.09 × 1022 3.85 × 1010 1.61 × 107 881.65 1.00
Minima 5.55 × 1024 1.55 × 1010 8.26 × 1015 4.77 × 106 1.27 × 104 19.40 1.00
Median 3.01 × 1027 1.01 × 1012 2.18 × 1018 1.24 × 108 1.23 × 105 47.97 1.00

Note: Range of values in the table, with the left value means ≥ and the right value means <; the numbers in the table are the number of samples for the corresponding exponential range. The following is the same.

The distribution range of ITO indexes in the PO samples (4,000 pairs) is shown in Table 4. The MTI of all PO samples is 0, the UII is 1, and all other index values are more than 1. The FSI maxima is the largest of all indexes, and the minima and median of POI are the largest of all indexes, The MTI maxima, minima, and median are the smallest of all indexes, all of which are 0.

Table 4

Distribution of ITO indexes in PO samples (n = 4,000)

Range MTI POI FSI HSI 1CI 2CI UII
0 4,000 0 0 0 0 0 0
0–1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1–102 0 0 74 2 255 3,813 4,000
102–104 0 15 874 813 3,160 177 0
104–106 0 610 1,715 2,534 557 1 0
106–108 0 2,024 1,032 607 18 0 0
≥108 0 1,351 305 44 10 9 0
Maxima 0 2.09 × 1034 1.49 × 1039 2.86 × 1029 5.28 × 1024 1.32 × 1016 1.00
Minima 0 223.68 1.23 31.93 7.46 1.77 1.00
Median 0 2.22 × 107 1.65 × 105 6.88 × 104 9.90 × 102 9.42 1.00

The distribution range of ITO indexes of each affinity of FS (392 pairs) is shown in Table 5. The MTI of all FS samples is 0, the UII is 1, and the HSI, 1CI, and 2CI are more than 1. The POI of 36 pairs of samples is more than 0 (9.18%), and the POI of the remaining 356 pairs of samples is equal to 0. The FSI of 1 pair of samples is less than 1 (0.26%), and the FSI of other samples is more than 1. The FSI maxima and median are the largest of all indexes, and the HSI minima is the largest of all indexes. The MTI maxima, minima, and median are the smallest of all indexes, all of which are 0.

Table 5

Distribution of ITO indexes in FS samples (n = 392)

Range MTI POI FSI HSI 1CI 2CI UII
0 392 356 0 0 0 0 0
0–1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1–102 0 0 16 12 70 375 392
102–104 0 0 61 163 278 16 0
104–106 0 2 114 175 43 0 0
106–108 0 12 94 38 0 0 0
108–1010 0 16 80 3 0 0 0
1010–1015 0 6 24 0 0 1 0
1015–1020 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
≥1020 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
Maxima 0 2.79 × 1012 1.74 × 1029 7.03 × 1022 1.22 × 1019 1.11 × 1012 1.00
Minima 0 0 0.13 6.72 6.08 1.90 1.00
Median 0 0 1.30 × 106 1.52 × 104 505.95 7.63 1.00

The distribution range of ITO indexes of HS (138 pairs) is shown in Table 6. In the HS samples, both the MTI and POI were 0, and the UII was both 1. In the HS samples, the ITO indexes were less than 1, with 67 pairs (48.55%) for FSI, 11 pairs (7.97%) for HSI, 6 pairs (4.35%) for 1CI, 4 pairs (2.90%) for 2CI, and all other ITO indexes more than 1. The maxima value of FSI is higher than that of the remaining indicators, the minima value of UII is the largest of all indicators, the value is 1, and the median of HSI is the largest. The maxima, minima, and median of MTI and POI are the smallest with a value of 0.

Table 6

Distribution of ITO indexes in HS samples (n = 138)

Range MTI POI FSI HSI 1CI 2CI UII
0 138 138 0 0 0 0 0
0–10−2 0 0 22 1 0 0 0
10−2–10−1 0 0 21 3 1 0 0
10−1–1 0 0 24 7 5 4 0
1–102 0 0 43 75 110 133 138
102–104 0 0 22 47 21 1 0
≥104 0 0 6 5 1 0 0
Maxima 0 0 3.45 × 107 7.56 × 105 3.24 × 104 181.88 1.00
Minima 0 0 1.27 × 10−9 1.30 × 10−4 0.03 0.45 1.00
Median 0 0 1.32 39.15 16.87 2.58 1.00

The distribution range of ITO indexes of UI (3,500 pairs) is shown in Table 7. All UI samples have an MTI and POI of 0 and a UII of 1. Among the UI samples, 30 pairs (0.86%) of FSI, 326 pairs (9.31%) of HSI, 859 pairs (24.54%) of 1CI, and 1,427 pairs (40.77%) of 2CI were included in the ITO index less than or equal to 1. In this article, the FSI, his, and 1CI of 1 pair of UI were observed the values are relatively high, over 1010 orders of magnitude. The maxima value of HSI was higher than that of the other groups, the minima and median values of each ITO index were less than or equal to 1, and the minima and median of UII were the largest of 1.

Table 7

Distribution of ITO indexes in UI samples (n = 3,500)

Range MTI POI FSI HSI 1CI 2CI UII
0 3,500 3,500 0 0 0 0 0
0–10−10 0 0 4 0 0 0 0
10−10–10−8 0 0 112 0 0 0 0
10−8–10−4 0 0 2,215 21 0 0 0
10−4–10−2 0 0 950 1,079 4 0 0
10−2–10−1 0 0 140 1,236 438 0 0
10−1–1 0 0 49 838 2,199 2,073 0
1–10 0 0 22 272 818 1,423 3,500
10–102 0 0 4 48 37 0 0
102–104 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
104–108 0 0 3 2 2 3 0
108–1010 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
≥1010 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
Maxima 0 0 1.24 × 1012 1.90 × 1013 1.11 × 1012 1.50 × 108 1
Minima 0 0 9.61 × 10−12 5.47 × 10−6 6.88 × 10−3 0.33 1
Median 0 0 1.71 × 10−5 0.04 0.42 0.92 1

3.2 Pairwise comparison of ITO indexes of different kinship samples

After comparing the ITO indexes of the same sample, and then summarizing the ratios of the same kinship type, it is found that the distribution of the ITO index ratios in the MT samples is shown in Table 8. The maxima, minima, and median of MTI/POI are the largest among the indicators, and the maxima, minima, and median of POI/FSI are the smallest, all less than 1.

Table 8

Distribution of ITO index ratios in identical in MT samples (n = 28)

Range MTI/POI POI/FSI FSI/HSI HSI/1CI 1CI/2CI 2CI/UII
0–10−4 0 28 0 0 0 0
10−4–10−2 0 0 0 0 0 0
10−2–1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1–102 0 0 0 0 0 20
102–104 0 0 0 28 23 8
104–106 0 0 0 0 5 0
≥106 28 0 28 0 0 0
Maxima 1.87 × 1017 3.54 × 10−6 8.03 × 1011 2.40 × 103 1.82 × 104 881.65
Minima 1.91 × 1014 2.17 × 10−8 1.27 × 109 3.75 × 102 6.22 × 102 19.40
Median 2.40 × 1015 5.56 × 10−7 1.13 × 1010 8.79 × 102 2.47 × 103 47.97

Table 9 shows the distribution of the ratio of each ITO index in the PO sample. The maxima value of 2CI/UII is the largest, the minima value of HSI/1CI is the largest of all indicators, and the median of POI/FSI is the largest of all indicators. The maxima, minima, and median of MTI/POI are the smallest, all of which are 0.

Table 9

Distribution of ITO index ratios in identical in PO samples (n = 4,000)

Range MTI/POI POI/FSI FSI/HSI HSI/1CI 1CI/2CI 2CI/UII
0–10−5 4,000 0 0 0 0 0
10−5–10−2 0 3 1 0 0 0
10−2–1 0 46 1,500 0 0 0
1–102 0 1,667 2,269 2,827 2,000 3,813
102–104 0 2,265 221 1,166 1,991 177
104–106 0 19 6 7 1 1
106–108 0 0 0 0 5 0
≥108 0 0 3 0 3 9
Maxima 0 3.0 × 104 5.2 × 109 9.4 × 104 5.9 × 108 1.3 × 1016
Minima 0 1.41 × 10−5 9.93 × 10−3 4.28 4.20 1.77
Median 0 144.53 2.08 67.70 100.00 9.42

The distribution of ITO index ratios for FS samples is shown in Table 10. The maximum value of 2CI/UII is the largest, the minimum value of 1CI/2CI is the largest of the indicators, and the median of FSI/HSI is the largest of the indicators. The maxima, minima, and median of MTI/POI are the smallest; all are 0 and, in addition, the minima and median of POI/FSI are also 0.

Table 10

Distribution of ITO index ratios in identical in FS samples (n = 392)

Range MTI/POI POI/FSI FSI/HSI HSI/1CI 1CI/2CI 2CI/UII
0 392 356 0 0 0 0
0–1 0 20 32 0 0 0
1–102 0 16 170 344 258 375
102–104 0 0 157 48 133 16
104–106 0 0 31 0 0 0
106–108 0 0 2 0 1 0
≥108 0 0 0 0 0 1
Maxima 0 77.19 1.15 × 107 5.78 × 103 1.10 × 107 1.11 × 1012
Minima 0 0 0.02 1.11 3.20 1.90
Median 0 0 83.79 27.85 59.48 7.63

The distribution of ITO index ratios for HS samples is shown in Table 11. MTI/POI is meaningless due to the denominator of 0, the maximum value of FSI/HSI is the largest of all indicators, the minimum value of 2CI/UII is the largest, and the median of 1CI/2CI is the largest. The maxima, minima, and median of POI/FSI are the smallest, all of which are 0.

Table 11

Distribution of ITO index ratios in identical in HS samples (n = 138)

Range MTI/POI POI/FSI FSI/HSI HSI/1CI 1CI/2CI 2CI/UII
0 — 138 0 0 0 0
0–10−2 — 0 44 1 0 0
10−2–10−1 — 0 51 1 1 0
10−1–1 — 0 34 35 6 4
1–102 — 0 8 101 128 133
102–104 — 0 1 0 3 1
≥104 — 0 0 0 0 0
Maxima — 0 3.91 × 103 66.68 196.45 181.88
Minima — 0 9.79 × 10−6 4.78 × 10−3 0.06 0.45
Median — 0 0.03 2.11 6.39 2.58

The distribution of ITO index ratios for UI samples is shown in Table 12. MTI/POI is meaningless because the denominator is 0, and the minimum values of the rest of the indicators are 0. The FSI/HSI maxima is the largest of all indicators, the median of 1CI/2CI is the largest, the maxima and median of POI/FSI is the smallest at 0, and the median of FSI/HSI is also 0.

Table 12

Distribution of ITO index ratios in identical in UI samples (n = 3,500)

Range MTI/POI POI/FSI FSI/HSI HSI/1CI 1CI/2CI 2CI/UII
0 — 138 0 0 0 0
0–10−2 — 0 44 1 0 0
10−2–10−1 — 0 51 1 1 0
10−1–1 — 0 34 35 6 4
1–102 — 0 8 101 128 133
102–104 — 0 1 0 3 1
≥104 — 0 0 0 0 0
Maxima — 0 3,909 67 196 182
Minima — 0 0 0 0 0
Median — 0 0 2 6 3

3.3 Maximum ITO index for samples of different relatives

The ITO indices of the same sample are compared within a sample, the maximum value is collected, and the sample number, maxima, minima value, and median of the ITO maximum item are counted. The maximum ITO item of the MT sample is MTI, which accounts for up to 100%, as shown in Table 13.

Table 13

Maximum distribution of ITO index within MT samples

ITO indicators Number of sample pairs Percentage Maxima Minima Median
MTI 28 100 1.26 × 1032 5.55 × 1024 3.01 × 1027

The maximum distribution of ITO index for PO samples is shown in Table 14. The maximum ITO items of PO samples include POI and FSI, and the proportion of POI is much higher than that of FSI, as high as 98.78%, but the maxima, minima, and median of POI are smaller than FSI.

Table 14

Maximum distribution of ITO index within PO samples

ITO indicators Number of sample pairs Percentage Maxima Minima Median
POI 3,951 98.78 1.29 × 1032 223.68 2.19 × 107
FSI 49 1.23 1.49 × 1039 3.44 × 104 4.51 × 108

The maximum distribution of ITO index for the FS sample is shown in Table 15. The maximum ITO items of the FS sample include POI, FSI, and HSI, of which FSI is the highest proportion, 87.76%, of which the maximum value of FSI is the largest of the three.

Table 15

Maximum distribution of ITO index within FS samples

ITO indicators Number of sample pairs Percentage Maxima Minima Median
POI 16 4.08 1.22 × 109 2.15 × 105 4.86 × 107
FSI 344 87.76 1.74 × 1029 32.06 3.19 × 106
HSI 32 8.16 1.03 × 105 6.72 347.00

The maximum distribution of ITO index for HS samples is shown in Table 16. The maximum ITO items of the HS sample include FSI, HSI, 1CI, 2CI, and UII, of which HSI is the highest proportion, 66.67%, of which the maximum, minimum, and median of FSI are the largest among all indicators.

Table 16

Maximum distribution of ITO index within HS samples

ITO indicators Number of sample pairs Percentage Maxima Minima Median
FSI 9 6.52 3.45 × 107 178.32 7.89 × 102
HIS 92 66.67 7.56 × 105 4.89 82.93
1CI 30 21.74 13.91 1.33 3.54
2CI 3 2.17 1.24 1.14 1.23
UII 4 2.90 — — 1

The maximum distribution of ITO index for UI samples is shown in Table 17. The ITO maximum items of the UI sample include HSI, 1CI, 2CI, and UII, of which UII is the highest proportion, 59.23%, and the maxima, minima, and median of HSI are the largest of all indicators.

Table 17

Maximum distribution of ITO index within UI samples

ITO indicators Number of sample pairs Percentage Maxima Minima Median
HS 90 2.57 1.90 × 1013 3.03 10.49
1C 573 16.37 2.56 × 106 1.10 2.04
2C 764 21.83 2.93 1.00 1.12
UR 2,073 59.23 1.00 1.00 1.00

For two sample individuals that are unknown, it is a common method to judge their true kinship from the perspective of the ITO index maximum term. In this study, Bayes’ theorem is used to determine the probability that the maximum term of the ITO index is a certain affinity type (assuming an equal chance of the kinship types that make up a complete group of events), as shown in Table 18. Except for the maximum ITO index item of the MT sample, which only includes MTI, the maximum value of the ITO index of the remaining four groups of samples contains multiple indicators, but the maximum value of the ITO index with the largest proportion of each group of samples is consistent with the sample type.

Table 18

Distribution of ITO index maximums in actual kinship types (pairs, %)

item MT PO FS HS UI
Amount Proportion (%) Amount Proportion (%) Amount Proportion (%) Amount Proportion (%) Amount Proportion (%)
MTI 28 100
POI 3,951 98.78 16 4.08
FSI 49 1.23 344 87.76 9 6.52
HSI 32 8.16 92 66.67 90 2.57
1CI 30 21.74 573 16.37
2CI 3 2.17 764 21.83
UII 4 2.90 2,073 59.23
Total 28 100 4,000 100 392 100 138 100 3,500 100

4 Discussion

In the identification of all siblings to UIs, multiple STR loci were jointly detected, and the number of all identical and completely different loci could effectively indicate the sibling relationship [10]. The separate ITO index statistics involved in this study show that the MTI and UII distributions are relatively single, that is, all UIIs are 1, and the MTI of all samples except the MT sample is 0. However, the four indicators of FSI, HSI, 1CI, and 2CI are relatively complex, with phenomena greater than 1 and phenomena less than 1. Observing the median distribution of ITO index, it can be found that from MT, PO, FS, HS to UI, the more distant the kinship, the smaller the ITO index. To a certain extent, the median indicates that there is a relationship between STR locus matching and sibling relationship, and it is necessary to further determine the cut-off value to determine the relationship between each sample to effectively reduce the prediction error [11].

In the process of calculating the interbody kinship relationship of the ITO algorithm, the comparison of the ITO index of the same sample is a common effective index [12]. In this study, even if all index items such as MTI or POI are not considered, there are cases where the ratio of some indices is greater than 1 and the ratio of other indices is less than 1. That is to say, from the MTI to UII direction, the ITO index values of the same sample are not always simply arranged from high to low. Studies have shown that when the ITO method identifies FS and HS, FSI/HSI ≥ 1 can be used as the FS discrimination standard, and FSI/HSI < 1 can be used as the HS discrimination standard, with an accuracy rate of 87.5%, which is similar to the results of this study [13]. If the MTI is not 0, the sample type can be determined to be MT. When the maximum and minimum values of POI are not 0, the sample can be judged to be PO. When the maximum POI is not 0 and the minimum value is 0, the sample can be identified as FS. In addition, this study found that the MTI/POI of the MT sample was the largest, the median POI/FSI of the PO sample was the largest, and the median of 1CI/2CI of the UI sample was the largest, which may be the criterion for distinguishing MT, PO, and UI. However, the critical point of ITO index of different kinships is not clear, there is a certain error, and further research is still needed.

In all the samples in this article, most of the maximum ITO index values (>50%) of the same type of sample appeared in the ITO index item where their true kinship is located, and the specific proportion varied with the type of kinship. The specific proportion was 100% (MTI) for MT samples and 98.78% (POI) for PO samples. 87.76% (FSI) of the FS sample; The HS sample was 66.67% (HSI); The sample of UI was 59.23% (UII). According to the distance of kinship, from the direction of MT, PO, FS, HS, and UI, the proportion of the maximum ITO index of the same type of sample in the true kinship index item showed a decreasing trend.

This study shows that the maximum term of ITO index as the basis for judging the kinship of two bodies is a noteworthy idea. For example, when the maximum value of the ITO index is FSI, the true kinship is determined to be FS; When the maximum value of the ITO index is HSI, the true relative is determined to be HS. Based on this idea, the accuracy of judging the kinship of the sample is judged, and the accuracy rate is as follows: MT 100%, PO 96.03%, FS 91.89%, HS 86.13%, and UI 95.33%.

ITO index has more autosomal STR detection, and the results show that the number of STR tests will affect the judgment of results [14], and ITO is also used more in FS and HS sample discrimination, while the application of ITO index in multiple sample discrimination has not been reported [15]. In this study, not only more autosomal STRs were detected, but also ITO index analysis was carried out together with a variety of sample types, which expanded the application of ITO index in practical applications and increased the scope of ITO identification to confirm all kinship. At the same time, the author finds that taking the maximum term of ITO index as the basis for judging the kinship of two bodies has good application value. When the sample affinity is MT, PO, and FS, the TOI index can not only accurately identify the kinship but also have the advantages of simple and fast calculation.

However, our study had some limitations, as the sample included in this article did not involve first-generation cousin (1C) and second-generation cousin (2C), so the effects of these two types were not considered here. At the same time, the determination of the discriminant cut-off values of different samples still needs further research.

5 Conclusion

MTI is not 0 to identify relatives as MT, POI is an important indicator to distinguish between relatives as PO and FS. The critical values of ITO index discriminant values for UI and HS need to be further studied.

# Huanchang Jiang and Qinglian Jiang are both the co-first author of this article.

tel: +86 0577 88813608-8009, fax: +86 0577 88813608-8015

  1. Funding information: This study was funded by Wenzhou Basic Research Project, No. N20220031.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-08-02
Revised: 2023-10-27
Accepted: 2023-10-31
Published Online: 2023-12-28

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0786
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
forensic genetics; short tandem repeat; ITO index; kinship testing; homologous genes
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
  5. Effects of phytoestrogens combined with cold stress on sperm parameters and testicular proteomics in rats
  6. A case of pulmonary embolism with bad warfarin anticoagulant effects caused by E. coli infection
  7. Neutrophilia with subclinical Cushing’s disease: A case report and literature review
  8. Isoimperatorin alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis by downregulating ERK1/2 and NF-κB pathways
  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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Heruntergeladen am 5.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/biol-2022-0786/html
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