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Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice

  • Wenting Zhou and Tao Duan EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 6, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Maternal nutrition is pivotal for offspring’s growth and development. Insufficient or unbalanced nutrition may cause osteoporosis and other diseases. Protein and calcium are essential dietary nutrients for offspring’s growth. However, the optimal contents of protein and calcium in maternal diet remain unclear. In the present study, we set four different protein and calcium content-pregnancy nutrition groups, including normal full-nutrient (Normal), low protein and low calcium (Pro−; Ca−), high protein and low calcium (Pro+; Ca−), and high protein and high calcium groups (Pro+; Ca+), to evaluate the weight gain of maternal mice as well as the weight, bone metabolism, and bone mineral density of offspring mice. When the vaginal plug is found, the female mouse will be kept in a single cage and fed with corresponding feed until delivery. The findings demonstrate that Pro−; Ca− diet affects the growth and development of offspring mice after birth. In addition, a low-calcium diet inhibits the growth of embryonic mice. Collectively, the present work further confirms the importance of protein and calcium in the maternal diet and deeply suggests their respective roles in different development stages.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: maternal diet; protein; calcium; osteoporosis; bone metabolism

1 Introduction

For hundreds of years, the influences of maternal nutrition on fetal utero and postnatal growth have been the focus. In the 1990s, Prof. David Barker demonstrated that maternal nutritional deficiency increases the incidence of numerous diseases in offspring, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases [1]. Maternal intrauterine environments during pregnancy influence fetal programming during intrauterine growth, which not only impacts the growth and development but also generates permanent structural and functional changes [2,3,4], thus increasing the incidence of correlated diseases in the fetus when they grow up.

Osteoporosis is a systemic bone disease with a decrease in bone mass, bone mineral content, a destruction of bone microstructure, and an increase in bone fragility and fracture [5,6]; meanwhile, it can be affected by the environment [7]. With the aging of the world population, the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing [8,9]. Bone pain and fracture caused by osteoporosis decrease the quality of life in patients. Nutrition, especially protein and calcium, plays an essential role in maintaining bone mass [10,11]. As acknowledged, dietary risk factors of osteoporosis include insufficient intake of calcium, protein, and vitamin D [5,12,13,14].

The link/connection between osteoporosis in offspring and pregnant mice has been characterized, e.g., nutritional status during pregnancy influences offspring’s risk of osteoporosis in further life [15]. However, it remains unclear whether insufficient of protein and calcium during pregnancy will lead to abnormal development of newborns and children.

Herein, the nutritional osteoporosis animal model was utilized to study the effects of different calcium and protein intakes on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice by limiting the nutritional intake of pregnant mice. The findings revealed the crucial roles of protein and calcium in pregnancy diet for the development and bone metabolism of offspring, thus further providing a reference for the establishment of optimal nutrition collocation during pregnancy.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Animals

ICR mice were raised in the specific pathogen-free barrier system, with the room temperature of 23 ± 2°C, the relative humidity of about 60%, the lighting of 12 h light–dark cycle, and the ventilation rate of 20–50 times/h. The drinking water and bedding materials were sterilized by high-pressure steam, and freely available. The experimental feeds are configured and provided by Shanghai Shilin Biotechnology Co., Ltd. See Table 1 for the formula of relevant feed nutrients. Mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups according to different calcium and protein contents, i.e., normal full-nutrient group (normal, n = 20), low protein and low calcium group (Pro−; Ca−, n = 20), high protein and low calcium group (Pro+; Ca−, n = 20), and high protein and high calcium group (Pro+; Ca+, n = 20). During the experiment, each pregnant mouse was fed with a corresponding specific diet, while before pregnancy and after delivery, the mother mouse was fed with a normal diet.

Table 1

Feed nutrients

Normal Pro−; Ca− Pro+; Ca− Pro+; Ca+
Protein (%) 21 8 32 32
Calcium (%) 1.00 0.025 0.025 1.27

  1. Ethics approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals, and has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital.

2.2 Breeding

Parental mice were 56 ± 2 days old and in normal health and mental state. Briefly, there were 10 males and 20 females in each group, with one male mouse and two female mice caged and fed with normal feed, the mating of mice was observed. When the vaginal plug was found, the female mouse would be kept in a single cage and fed with corresponding feed until delivery.

The pregnant mice per group are as listed: normal group (n = 17), Pro−; Ca− group (n = 18), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 18), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 19).

In total, 100 offspring mice per group were kept in the morning of the day after delivery to evaluate their body length.

2.3 Pregnancy observation

Pregnant mice were fed with a daily ration of 4 g corresponding feed and free drinking water according to different groups. Almost all of the feeds could be eaten up by mice; even though there were remaining feeds on the weighing plate, it was less than 0.2 g. The weight of pregnant mice was recorded once a week. On the day after delivery or in the morning of the next day, the birth weight and birth length of the pups were measured thrice (body length: the distance from the head to the anus of the mouse with left lying position, unit: mm); next, the average value was recorded.

2.4 Weight test

After delivery, mice in each group were fed with a normal diet. The birth weight of the new offspring mice was recorded in the morning of the next day after delivery and at a fixed time every week. To avoid nutrient deficiency caused by nutritional competition in offspring mice after birth, those cages with more than 8 offspring per litter were abandoned to 8 to continue breastfeeding. The young mice were fed to 3 weeks old and weaned. The offspring mice of each group were caged by gender. The mice per group are as listed: normal group (n = 80), Pro−; Ca− group (n = 80), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 80), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 80), with 40 female mice and 40 male mice in each group.

2.5 Fundus venous plexus blood collection

The offspring mice were fed to 8 weeks old and, thereafter, randomly selected for the collection of blood from the fundus venous plexus. The mice per group are as listed: normal group (n = 20), Pro−; Ca− group (n = 20), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 20), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 20), with 10 female mice and 10 male mice in each group. After being placed at 4°C for 1 h, the blood sample was centrifuged at 3,000 g for 15 min, followed by the collection of serum, which was stored at −20°C for further experimentation.

2.6 Serum calcium detection

The serum samples of mice were taken and sent to Shanghai Shenpu Pet Hospital. Serum calcium was measured with the full-automatic mouse serum calcium detector (IDEXX Laboratories, USA).

2.7 Serum pro-peptide of type I procollagen (PINP) detection

PINP biotin and diluted serum samples were mixed on a microplate mixer at 700 rpm for 1 h at room temperature. Then, the microplates were cleaned with sample diluent (SAMPDIL), followed by the addition of enzyme conjugate (Enzymconj), which was incubated at room temperature for 0.5 h. Afterwards, the microplates were cleaned with SAMPDIL, followed by the addition of TMB substrate, which was incubated at room temperature for 0.5 h. Thereafter, the reaction was stopped by HCl. Subsequently, the absorbance at 450 nm was recorded within 30 min. The standard curve was obtained by MultiCalc software (PerkinElmer). At last, PINP concentration was calculated by PINP detection kit (LDS, UK) based on the aforementioned absorbance and standard curve.

2.8 Serum TRACP 5b detection

Samples and release agents were added to the TRACP antibody-coated micropore, successively. After incubating and shaking at room temperature for 1 h, the substrate solution was added and incubated for 2 h at 37°C. Afterwards, NaOH solution was added to stop the reaction. Thereafter, the absorbance at 405 nm was read by MultiCalc software within 30 min. At last, the concentration of TRACP 5b was calculated by TRACP 5b detection kit (LDS, UK).

2.9 In vivo micro-CT detection

In brief, 1% pentobarbital sodium (80 mg/kg, Sigma Aldrich, USA) was injected intraperitoneally to induce anesthesia. Afterwards, mice were fixed on the GE Explore locus Micro-CT detection table with adhesive tape, to detect the bone mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and trabecular bone structure. The mice per group are as listed: normal group (n = 10), Pro−; Ca− group (n = 10), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 10), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 10), with 5 female mice and 5 male mice in each group.

2.10 Statistical analyses

Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 (USA) and stated as mean ± SD. Data were statistically compared by one‑way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference.

3 Results

3.1 Low protein–calcium nutrient during pregnancy affects the weight of pregnant mice

The weight gain of pregnant mice during pregnancy was recorded (Figure 1a). As shown in Figure 1b, in the third trimester (3rd week of pregnancy), the weight of mice in the Pro−; Ca− group was significantly lower than that of the normal group, while no significant decrease was found between the Pro+; Ca− group and the normal group or the Pro+; Ca+ group and the normal group (normal: 56.75 ± 0.21 g; Pro−; Ca−: 50.79 ± 0.48 g, p < 0.001; Pro+; Ca−: 55.88 ± 0.14 g; Pro+; Ca+: 57.69 ± 0.33 g).

Figure 1 Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the weight of pregnant mice. The weight of pregnant mice with Pro−; Ca− increases slowly compared with normal, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+ groups (a). The intrapartum body weight of pregnant mice with Pro−; Ca− (n = 18) is lighter than that of the normal group (n = 17) but not the Pro+; Ca− group (n = 18) or the Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 19) (b). ***p < 0.001.
Figure 1

Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the weight of pregnant mice. The weight of pregnant mice with Pro−; Ca− increases slowly compared with normal, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+ groups (a). The intrapartum body weight of pregnant mice with Pro−; Ca− (n = 18) is lighter than that of the normal group (n = 17) but not the Pro+; Ca− group (n = 18) or the Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 19) (b). ***p < 0.001.

3.2 Low maternal protein–calcium nutrient impacts the development of newborn mice

The litter weight of mice in each group was weighted (Figure 2a), which was listed as follows: normal: 11.99 ± 1.35 g; Pro−; Ca−: 9.11 ± 1.82 g, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 12.29 ± 0.85 g; and Pro+; Ca+: 12.07 ± 0.50 g. Among the four groups, the litter weight of newborn mice in the Pro−; Ca− group but not the Pro+; Ca− group or the Pro+; Ca+ group was significantly reduced compared with the normal group.

Figure 2 Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the development of fetal mice. Except for the Pro+; Ca+ group, the litter weight (a), body weight (b), and body length (c, n = 100) of newborn pups in the Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca− groups are significantly decreased compared to the normal group. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. The number for (a) and (b) was the same as Figure 1, and listed as follows: normal group (n = 17), Pro−; Ca− (n = 18), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 18), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 19).
Figure 2

Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the development of fetal mice. Except for the Pro+; Ca+ group, the litter weight (a), body weight (b), and body length (c, n = 100) of newborn pups in the Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca− groups are significantly decreased compared to the normal group. *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. The number for (a) and (b) was the same as Figure 1, and listed as follows: normal group (n = 17), Pro−; Ca− (n = 18), Pro+; Ca− group (n = 18), and Pro+; Ca+ group (n = 19).

The mean birth weight of mice in each group was weighted (Figure 2b), which was listed as follows: normal: 1.55 ± 0.06 g; Pro−; Ca−: 1.27 ± 0.15 g, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 1.55 ± 0.11 g; Pro+; Ca+: 1.51 ± 0.06 g. Among the four groups, the birth weight of mice in the Pro−; Ca− group but not the Pro+; Ca− group or the Pro+; Ca+ group was significantly decreased compared to the normal group.

The birth length of mice in each group was also measured (Figure 2c), which was listed as follows: normal: 29.97 ± 0.10 mm; Pro−; Ca−: 27.61 ± 0.12 mm, p < 0.001; Pro+; Ca−: 29.33 ± 0.10 mm, p < 0.001; and Pro+; Ca+: 29.69 ± 0.11 mm. Among the four groups, the birth length of mice in both the Pro−; Ca− group and the Pro+; Ca− group but not the Pro+; Ca+ group was significantly shorter in contrast with the normal group.

3.3 Low maternal protein–calcium diet influences the development of offspring mice

As shown in Figure 3, at the age of 0–2 weeks, there was no significant difference in the weight of mice; when weaned at the age of 3 weeks, the weight of mice in the Pro−; Ca− group and the Pro+; Ca− group but not the Pro+; Ca+ group was significantly lower than that of the normal group (normal: 14.04 ± 1.10 g; Pro−; Ca−: 11.47 ± 1.64 g, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 12.86 ± 1.91 g, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca+: 14.35 ± 1.17 g).

Figure 3 Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the postnatal development of offspring mice. The body weights of offspring mice at weeks 3 and 8 were significantly lower in the Pro−; Ca− group in comparison with the normal group. n = 80. *p < 0.05.
Figure 3

Low protein–calcium diet during pregnancy impacts the postnatal development of offspring mice. The body weights of offspring mice at weeks 3 and 8 were significantly lower in the Pro−; Ca− group in comparison with the normal group. n = 80. *p < 0.05.

After weaning, mice in each group were fed with normal diet. Thereafter, the weight of the mice in the Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca− groups increased slowly from week 4 to week 7, which were significantly different from the normal group at week 8, while there was no significant difference between the Pro+; Ca+ group and the normal group (normal: 36.10 ± 2.75 g; Pro−; Ca−: 30.67 ± 1.39 g, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 33.38 ± 0.24 g; and Pro+; Ca+: 35.52 ± 0.55 g).

3.4 Low maternal calcium diet affects the bone metabolism in offspring mice

As shown in Figure 4a, the serum calcium content in offspring mice of low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not Pro+; Ca+ group was significantly lower than that in the normal group (normal: 10.04 ± 0.10 mg/dl; Pro−; Ca−: 9.75 ± 0.05 mg/dl, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 9.72 ± 0.10 mg/dl, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca+: 9.85 ± 0.07 mg/dl).

Figure 4 Low calcium diet during pregnancy interferes with the bone metabolism of offspring mice. The contents of blood calcium (a) and PINP (b) are significantly lower, while TRACP 5b (c) is significantly higher in offspring mice of the Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca− groups compared with the normal group. n = 20. *p < 0.05.
Figure 4

Low calcium diet during pregnancy interferes with the bone metabolism of offspring mice. The contents of blood calcium (a) and PINP (b) are significantly lower, while TRACP 5b (c) is significantly higher in offspring mice of the Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca− groups compared with the normal group. n = 20. *p < 0.05.

As presented in Figure 4b, there were significant decreases in serum PINP of the low calcium group (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not Pro+; Ca+ group, when compared with that in the normal group (normal: 66.99 ± 8.47 ng/ml; Pro−; Ca−: 49.21 ± 5.68 ng/ml, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 49.41 ± 8.16 ng/ml, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca+: 69.41 ± 4.18 ng/ml).

As indicated in Figure 4c, serum TRACP 5b levels of mice in the low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not the Pro+; Ca+ group were significantly higher in comparison with the normal group (normal: 21.01 ± 2.07 U/l; Pro−; Ca−: 34.93 ± 2.44 U/l, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca−: 29.99 ± 2.28 U/l, p < 0.05; Pro+; Ca+: 14.86 ± 2.45 U/l).

3.5 Low maternal calcium diet impacts BMD of offspring mice

As shown in Figure 5, the left tibial metaphyseal growth plate was observed by micro-CT, with the gray level setting to 500, 2 layers below the growth plate as the starting point, and the next 16 layers for two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) image measurement. The volume of interest was drawn after getting the 2D image; thereafter, the corresponding BMD of cancellous bone and bone trabeculae was counted.

Figure 5 The left tibial metaphyseal growth plate in normal, Pro−; Ca−, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+ diet groups was observed by micro-CT. magnification, ×500. n = 10.
Figure 5

The left tibial metaphyseal growth plate in normal, Pro−; Ca−, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+ diet groups was observed by micro-CT. magnification, ×500. n = 10.

BMD and TMC of tibia metaphysis in low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not Pro+; Ca+ group were significantly lower than those in the normal group (Table 2).

Table 2

BMD of metaphysis of tibia ( x ¯ ± s , n = 10)

Group BMC (mg) BMD (mg/cc) TMC (mg) TMD (mg/cc) BVF (%)
Normal 0.54 ± 0.99 345.62 ± 0.56 0.53 ± 0.56 360.47 ± 0.78 0.93 ± 1.02
Pro−; Ca− 0.38 ± 0.74* 318.63 ± 1.08* 0.37 ± 0.86* 336.89 ± 1.02 0.91 ± 0.58
Pro+; Ca− 0.28 ± 1.07* 185.68 ± 1.05* 0.21 ± 1.03* 228.85 ± 0.64* 0.61 ± 0.96
Pro+; Ca+ 0.49 ± 0.05 250.65 ± 1.23* 0.43 ± 0.58 298.05 ± 0.98* 0.73 ± 1.02

*p < 0.05.

Meanwhile, the trabecular bone microstructure parameters including Tb.Th., Tb.Sp., and SMI, in low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not in the Pro+; Ca+ group were significantly lower in comparison with the normal group (Table 3).

Table 3

Bone microstructure parameters of metaphysis of tibia ( x ¯ ± s , n = 10)

Group SMI Tb.Th. (pixels) Tb.Th. (mm) Tb.Sp. (pixels) Tb.Sp. (mm)
Normal −45.69 ± 1.65 4.73 ± 1.02 0.21 ± 0.53 1.05 ± 0.84 0.05 ± 0.37
Pro−; Ca− −16.84 ± 0.85* 2.15 ± 0.75* 0.09 ± 0.30* 1.07 ± 0.96 0.05 ± 0.43
Pro+; Ca− −1.08 ± 1.02* 1.59 ± 0.68* 0.07 ± 0.32* 1.32 ± 0.67 0.06 ± 0.33
Pro+; Ca+ −4.00 ± 2.01* 2.85 ± 0.95 0.11 ± 0.40 1.32 ± 1.67 0.08 ± 0.71

*p < 0.05.

4 Discussion

As acknowledged, maternal nutrition status influences offspring’s risk of osteoporosis in further life [15]. Excessive or insufficient intake of certain nutrients during pregnancy may cause developmental disorders or malformations of fetal tissues and organs [16]. In the cell proliferation period, deficient maternal intake of calories or protein leads to stagnation of cell differentiation, insufficient number of cells in some organs of the fetus, and ultimately resulting in organ dysplasia or birth defects [17,18].

Calcium, an essential nutrient for bone construction, is an indispensable second messenger in signal transduction pathways, which regulate various processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis/secretion, muscle contraction, as well as body weight balance [19,20]. Placental transportation of calcium is pivotal for the development of fetal bone [21]. Protein, which makes up about 50% of bone volume and 33% of bone mass, provides the structural matrix of bone [22]. In light of novel researches and a plethora of available data on BMD, bone biomarkers, and fracture outcomes, the dietary protein intake was proved to be positively associated with bone health outcomes in healthy adults [23,24].

In the current study, the pregnant mice were divided into four groups by limiting the two nutrients of calcium and protein during the whole pregnancy period, demonstrating that when protein intake was low, not only the weight gain of the pregnant mice but also the birth weight of offspring mice were less than those of the normal group and protein-rich diet groups; however, when calcium intake was low, both low and high protein diet caused growth retardation and bone metabolism index reduction of offspring mice after weaning. In sum, the results demonstrate that adequate protein intake during pregnancy is crucial for the growth and development of fetal mice, while calcium is mainly involved in the bone metabolism and development of the offspring after birth, especially after weaning.

To explore the bone metabolism indicators and mechanism of maternal malnutrition affecting the postnatal development of mice, the contents of serum calcium [25,26], PINP [27,28], and TRACP 5b [29,30] were tested.

As acknowledged, low calcium intake declines the absolute absorption of calcium, a decrease in the source of calcium consumed by human body leads to a corresponding decrease of blood calcium; bone loss caused by a low calcium diet is mainly due to the enhancement of bone absorption [31]. Consistently, the serum calcium content in offspring mice of low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) but not Pro+; Ca+ group was lower than that in the normal group.

As well known, the formation of type I collagen, an important step in the process of bone formation, is the main organic component in the bone matrix. The amino terminal PINP is derived from type I procollagen during the process of collagen synthesis. Therefore, the quantitative determination of PINP reflects collagen synthesis and bone formation status [27,28]. In the current study, the PINP content in the low calcium diet groups (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) was lower than that of the normal group and the Pro+; Ca+ group, while no significant difference was observed between the Pro+; Ca+ group and the normal diet group. Altogether, a low calcium diet during pregnancy increased bone absorption and decreased bone formation rate in offspring mice, thus affecting bone development.

Serum TRACP 5b level was used to reflect the level of bone resorption [29,30], Herein, the TRACP 5b content in the offspring mice with low calcium, either low protein diet or high protein diet (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) was significantly upregulated, while in the offspring mice with Pro+; Ca+ diet was significantly downregulated, compared with the normal group. These results indicate that maternal calcium intake is negatively correlated with bone absorption and bone loss of the offspring mice after birth.

To confirm whether nutritional defects during pregnancy affect the BMD of offspring mice, micro-CT was used to detect the BMD and bone trabecula [32]. Also, micro-CT (Explore Locus) system was used for in vivo bone scanning in the present study, exhibiting that the BMD of the offspring mice with low calcium diets (Pro−; Ca− and Pro+; Ca−) was lower than that with a normal diet. SMI values of all three special feed groups (Pro−; Ca−, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+) were higher than those of the normal group, which indicated that the bone trabecular structure showed a “rod” development trend [33]. Trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.) of the three special feed groups (Pro−; Ca−, Pro+; Ca−, and Pro+; Ca+) was significantly lower than that of the normal group, while no significant difference in trabecular separation (Tb.Sp.) was observed among all the groups. These results demonstrate that low calcium and protein intake during pregnancy indeed affect the BMD and bone trabecular structure of offspring mice, while excessive protein and calcium intake during pregnancy may also exert negative effects on the bone trabecular structure of offspring mice.

In summary, a low calcium diet during pregnancy inhibits the growth, development, bone metabolism, and BMD of offspring mice after birth, while a low calcium–protein diet during pregnancy inhibits the embryonic growth and offspring development. Current research provides a reference for diet/nutrition matching during pregnancy and also supplies an experimental basis for researching the mechanism of osteoporosis in children.

  1. Funding information: The current study was funded by Shanghai “Rising Stars of Medical Talents” Youth Development Program-Specialist Program.

  2. Author contributions: W.Z. and T.D. conducted the experiments and analyzed the data. T.D. conceived the project, supervised the study, and prepared the article. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-02-06
Revised: 2023-04-19
Accepted: 2023-05-17
Published Online: 2023-07-06

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0631
Keywords for this article
maternal diet; protein; calcium; osteoporosis; bone metabolism
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
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  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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