Home Life Sciences The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
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The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila

  • Boju Wang , Jie Shao , Lili Qu , Qing Xu and Dong Zheng EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: September 16, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Infectious diseases caused by Aeromonas hydrophila (AH) have reduced the populations of Rana dybowskii). However, little is known about the immune response of R. dybowskii against AH infections. The toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway has been identified as a critical component in innate immunity, responsible for identifying pathogen-associated molecular patterns in pathogens. Our study used the next-generation sequencing technique and single-molecule long-read sequencing to determine the structures of transcript isoforms and functions of genes in the kidneys of R. dybowskii, as well as identify and validate the related genes in the TLR4 signaling pathway. In total, 628,774 reads of inserts were identified, including 300,053 full-length non-chimeric reads and 233,592 non-full-length reads. Among the transcriptome sequences, 124 genes were identified as homologs of known genes in the TLR4 pathway especially inflammatory cytokines and receptors. Our findings shed light on the structures and functions of R. dybowskii genes exposed to AH and confirm the presence of both MyD88-dependent and independent pathways in R. dybowskii. Our work reveals how various functional proteins in amphibians at the initial stage of immune response are activated and complete their corresponding functions in a short time.

Keywords: kidney; long non-coding RNA; Rana dybowskii ; single-molecule real-time sequencing; toll-like receptors

1 Introduction

Rana dybowskii is a significant amphibian species that is found primarily in northeast China. Some of its organs and products have high economic value and are used in traditional Chinese medicine [1,2]. Excessive hunting and infectious diseases caused by pathogens have resulted in a decrease in both wild and cultured populations of R. dybowskii [3–5]. The outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila, among other pathogens, has contributed the most to the infectious diseases in R. dybowskii [6–8]. A. hydrophila has the potential to cause red leg disease in farmed frogs, resulting in massive economic losses [9–11]. However, effective methods for controlling the A. hydrophila outbreak have yet to be developed. Furthermore, susceptibility to A. hydrophila varies across populations and aquatic environments [12]. As a result, determining the immune response mechanisms of R. dybowskii against A. hydrophila is necessary and urgent.

Antimicrobial peptides have been shown to be important innate immunity-related effectors in providing resistance against microorganisms [9,13]. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways regulate bactericide peptide levels [14]. Previous research has identified a number of TLRs [15,16]. TLRs are a type of pathogen recognition receptor that recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) [17]. TLR genes play an important role in fungi-induced infection resistance because their homologs in the genome are capable of producing proinflammatory factors (type I interferon [IFN], tumor necrosis factor [TNF], and interleukin [IL]) in response to various pathogens [18,19]. Adult frogs and tadpoles both have frog TLRs. Tadpoles’ immunity is insufficient because they rely primarily on innate immunity (including TLR pathways) for resistance to microbial infections [7,20]. However, there is a scarcity of high-quality R. dybowskii transcriptomic and genomic data, which prevents a thorough examination of their immune system.

TLRs have many family members, but A. hydrophila is a Gram-negative bacteria with a unique identification substance called lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS, as an important PAMP, can and only causes the activation of the TLR4 signal pathway. Based on previous research on the TLR4 signaling pathway, we believe that TLR4 should have at least two pathways to activate the expression of end products in frogs in order to achieve the immune effect.

Because of emerging next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technologies, transcriptomic analysis and genomic sequencing methods have become feasible in recent years [21,22]. Notably, SMRT sequencing greatly simplifies transcriptomic and genomic research by providing necessary structural and functional data for genes in a variety of organisms [23]. Transcriptomic analysis, on the other hand, has been significantly altered by high-throughput NGS, which can now be used in nearly all fields [24]. Overall, the combination of SMRT and NGS has greatly aided comprehensive transcriptomic analysis [25].

This study used SMRT sequencing to identify R. dybowskii’s full-length transcriptome within renal tissues after injecting it intraperitoneally with A. hydrophila. Following that, we used NGS to obtain short reads of corrected transcript isoforms. Later, we annotated the transcript isoforms of R. dybowskii, which helped us understand the complex mechanisms of R. dybowskii’s immune response. To determine immune patterns in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila, the transcriptome expressions of inflammatory cytokines and receptors were examined. As a result, our work generated valuable genetic resources and transcriptome data to aid future research on R. dybowskii and investigate the potential immune response mechanisms against A. hydrophila.

Although the research method we used is a widely used and mature research method in higher animals, such as mammals, our research is the first for amphibians. So our work can help humans have a more comprehensive and systematic understanding of how amphibians respond to bacterial infections. Our work also provides basic data for researchers who want to understand the immune function of amphibians, and we have organized and summarized this part of the data for other researchers to refer to.

At the same time, the focus of our laboratory’s research has always been the immune response of amphibians, not only because amphibians, especially the R. dybowskii, are important economic animals, but also because amphibians are a kind of organisms that can be called “environmental monitoring organisms.” Because of their special physiological structure and lifestyle, amphibians are more vulnerable to microbial infection. In response to this situation, amphibians have developed unique and highly effective immune response systems. We believe that through in-depth research on the immune system of amphibians, we can not only deepen our understanding of amphibians, but also hope to provide new and more effective antibacterial products.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Sample collection and preparation

Thirty wild, healthy male frogs were captured in the Yichun area of Heilongjiang Province. All animals used in experiments were treated ethically in accordance with Chinese laws and regulations governing Science and Technology applications. The frogs were randomly assigned to either the control or experimental groups (n = 15 each). The experimental frogs were given an intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL A. hydrophila (107 CFU/mL) (provided by the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) that was originally cultivated and preserved at Northeast Forestry University’s Laboratory of Animal Physiology. Simultaneously, the control group received an intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL of LB liquid medium. The frogs were kept alive for 2 h before being euthanized by double marrow destruction to collect kidney tissue samples, which were then stored at –80°C until further use.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals.

2.2 RNA preparation and complementary DNA (cDNA) library construction for the transcriptome analysis

To avoid errors in data analysis, we processed each group’s kidney samples separately and labeled them precisely, and TRIzol® Reagent (Ambion, USA) was used to extract total RNAs according to the specific instructions. To assess the integrity, quality, and quantity of the RNA, the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA) and the Nanodrop method (NanoDrop Technologies, Wilmington, DE, USA) were used. The quantified RNA samples were then used to build cDNA libraries. Following purification, the mRNA was enriched in the combined total RNA using Oligo (dT) beads (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA). The mRNA was then fragmented into small fragments in the fragmentation buffer at high temperatures using divalent cations. The first strand of cDNA was then synthesized using a random hexamer primer and short fragments as templates. The second strand of cDNA was synthesized using a buffer containing DNA polymerase I, Ribonuclease H, and deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates, followed by cDNA purification using AMPure XP beads (Beckman, Brea, CA, USA). The double-stranded cDNAs with end-repair and poly(A)-tail were then ligated into the sequencing adapters. The size of the cDNA fragments was then selected using the AMPure XP beads once more, followed by enrichment via PCR. The qualifying libraries were sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq instrument (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), and the raw sequence reads were deposited in the NCBI database.

2.3 Quality filtering and error correction in the PacBio long reads

Following amplification, we removed sequences of <50 bp or with a quality score of <0.75. Following that, we extracted the reads of inserts (ROIs) in those subreads by filtering and dividing them into non-full-length or full-length reads. Following that, we obtained clean reads by removing the low-quality reads and adapters. These clean reads were then used to correct the low-quality full-length transcript isoforms with the Proofread software. After correction, the de-reductance of low- and high-quality transcript isoforms was verified in order to obtain non-redundant ones.

2.4 Analysis of coding sequences (CDS)

Each open reading frame (ORF) was designated as a candidate CDS. Later, we classified the estimated CDS types as internal (no stop and start codons were estimated), complete (both stop and start codons were estimated), and 3′ end (3′-partial, only stop codon was estimated) or 5′ end (5′-partial, only start codon was estimated).

2.5 Functional annotation

We compared the transcriptome data from different treatment methods (experimental group and control group) at the same time to find the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These DEGs were aligned with non-redundant protein sequences (NR), non-redundant nucleic acid sequences (NT), SwissProt, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), euKaryotic ortholog groups (KOG), InterPro, and gene ontology (GO), and the intersection was checked with Blast, Blast2GO, and InterProScan5.

2.6 Experimental validation of DEGs and the end products of TLR4 signal pathway

We used β-actin as an internal reference gene, after that, we designed merger primers for three end products, namely IFN, TNF, and IL. In order to investigate the types of end products that depend on two pathways in the TLR4 signaling pathway and the initiation time of the two dependent pathways, we also selected inhibitors of TLR4, MyD88, and TRIF molecules to join the experimental work. Frogs were infected with 1 mL of AH bacterial solution with the concentration of 107 CFU/mL, then we executed the frog and collected the kidney from the frogs at six different time points after infection: 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Subsequently, qRT-PCR detection was performed, and the experimental results were organized and produced into a time-expression histogram.

3 Results

3.1 General properties of the single-molecule long-reads

We performed an Illumina-based transcriptomic HTS analysis on transcriptomes of combined cDNA obtained from renal tissues to determine gene expression levels in A. hydrophila-exposed R. dybowskii. A total of 628,774 ROIs were generated, with the insert’s mean read length of 1,787 bp (Table 1 and Figure 1a). Of these 47.72% of ROIs (300,053) were full-length non-chimeric reads, while 35.56% of ROIs (233,592) were non-full-length reads (Figure 1b).

Table 1

Statistics of the ROI in R. dybowskii

cDNA size Total
ROI 628,774
Five primer reads 445,002
Three primer reads 461,624
Poly(A) reads 437,951
Mean read length of the insert 1,787
Figure 1 Histogram for the length of the ROI (a) and the summary of classification of the reads (b).
Figure 1

Histogram for the length of the ROI (a) and the summary of classification of the reads (b).

3.2 Cluster and error correction of the long-reads

Full-length non-chimeric reads were clustered into a consistent sequence, and consensus isoforms were found in all clusters. The quiver program was used in conjunction with the non-full-length sequences to correct the consensus sequences for each cluster, resulting in high-quality transcripts with an accuracy rate of >99%. Finally, 142,128 transcript isoforms of high quality were obtained. At the same time, 161,684,714 clean reads were used to correct the low-quality consensus isoforms (Table 2). After removing the unnecessary transcripts, 116,812 transcriptional sequences were obtained, which could all be used in subsequent structural and functional analyses.

Table 2

Summary of the clustering information of full-length non-chimeric reads in R. dybowskii

Cluster type Total isoforms Total base (bp) Mean quality Mean isoform length (bp) Mean full length coverage Mean non-full length coverage
High quality 142,128 235,744,818 0.9987 1,659 1.39 18.94
Low quiver 96,298 161,684,714 0.4721 1,679 1.06 8.54

3.3 Predictions of CDSs

Figure 2 represents length and quantity distributions of CDS region-encoded protein, where 49,801 ORFs were estimated with a total length of 40,476,447.

Figure 2 Number and length distribution of proteins encoded by the coding sequence regions in R. dybowskii.
Figure 2

Number and length distribution of proteins encoded by the coding sequence regions in R. dybowskii.

3.4 Functional annotation of the transcripts

To annotate the transcript functions, eight databases (NR, NT, SwissProt, KEGG, KOG, InterPro, GO, and Intersection) were used. Of the 116,812 transcripts, 81,744 (69.98%) were matched with at least one of the above databases, while 54,524 (46.68%), 71,766 (61.44%), 43,584 (37.31%), 46,522 (39.83%), 38,110 (32.63%), 33,183 (28.41%), 24,105 (20.64%), and 15,667 (13.41%) transcripts were not. However, we did not match the remaining ones, which could be R. dybowskii’s new transcripts. The Venn diagram depicts the total number of annotations in five public databases (Figure 3a), with 26,680 genes (22.84%) annotated in all databases.

Figure 3 Numbers of annotated unigenes in five public databases (a) and the species most tightly associated with R. dybowskii obtained from the NR database (b).
Figure 3

Numbers of annotated unigenes in five public databases (a) and the species most tightly associated with R. dybowskii obtained from the NR database (b).

Later, we compared the transcripts from R. dybowskii to those from other species found in the NR database. We discovered that the function of R. dybowskii genes can be annotated by Nanorana parkeri, Xenopus tropicalis, Xenopus laevis, and Oncorhynchus mykiss. The genes annotated through N. parkeri accounted for the highest proportion, 52.65%, of the genes labeled at least once. The annotated scale was 26.45% with the other species, and X. tropicalis (9.10%) and X. laevis (8.77%) belonged to the same genus (Figure 3b).

Using the KOG database, we annotated 38,110 transcripts with complete functional data and classified them into 25 categories (Figure 4a). We assigned many transcript isoforms to only general functional estimation (26.94%), while others were assigned to signal transduction mechanism (19.45%).

Figure 4 Functional classifications of annotated transcripts from R. dybowskii: (a) KOG function classification, (b) KEGG function classification, and (c) GO function classification.
Figure 4

Functional classifications of annotated transcripts from R. dybowskii: (a) KOG function classification, (b) KEGG function classification, and (c) GO function classification.

We also used the KEGG database to annotate 101,400 transcripts in R. dybowskii into 126 metabolism-related pathways (Figure 4b), and discovered that the most significantly annotated pathways involved human diseases (28,964; 28.56%), metabolism (17,893; 17.65%), and organismal systems (22,771; 22.46%). Furthermore, the functional annotation revealed 7,799 signal transduction and 7,472 global and overview maps (Figure 6), with the KEGG database revealing 5,484 immune systems.

The GO terms were classified into three biological groups: biological process (BP, 28,419; 19.58%), cellular component (CC, 55,653; 38.34%), and molecular function (MF, 61,094; 43.09%) (Figure 4c). Cellular process (40.65%) was the most dominant biological process category, followed by metabolic process (31.05%), biological regulation (22.15%), and biological process regulation (22.15%) (19.79%). Transcript isoforms had a stronger relationship to cell (20.41%), cell part (20.26%), organelle (14.60%), and membrane in the CC category (14.57%). The majority of transcript isoforms in the MF category were annotated to binding (20.88%) and catalytic activity (15.46%).

3.5 Gene identification in the TLR4 pathway and inflammatory cytokines and receptors of other species

To better understand the mechanisms underlying the A. hydrophila-exposed R. dybowskii, 124 genes from other species were classified as having changed transcriptome expression after AH infection. There are 59 isoform gene fragments that belong to TNF and the same superfamily, 22 isoform gene fragments that belong to IFN, 2 isoform gene fragments that belong to IFN, 7 isoform gene fragments that belong to IFNγ, 3 isoform gene fragments that belong to IL6R, 4 isoform gene fragments that belong to TLR4, 12 isoform gene fragments that belong to MyD88, and 6 isoform gene fragments that belong to same type. At the same time, we discovered that three gene fragments could not be fully classified. Two gene fragments may exist in the IFN, ifn-b, and TNF superfamilies, and one gene fragment may exist in the TNF and IFN superfamilies. We classified the aforementioned genes and obtained the following results: 4 TLR4 genes, 12 Myd88 genes, 6 TRIF genes, 3 IL6R genes, 62 TNF genes, and 34 IFN genes (22 IFN, 4 IFNβ, and 8 IFNγ) were identified from homologs of known genes in TLR4 pathways and inflammatory cytokines and receptors of other species (Figure 5). Isoform 91521 was identified as both TNF and IFNγ, among these genes, while Isoform 71039 and Isoform 91481 were identified as both TNF and IFNβ.

Figure 5 Gene identification in the TLR4 pathway andinflammatory cytokines and receptors of other species.
Figure 5

Gene identification in the TLR4 pathway andinflammatory cytokines and receptors of other species.

3.6 Transcriptome expression of inflammatory cytokines and receptors in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila

TLR could recognize different pathogen-related molecular patterns and its products could activate other immune-related pathways in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila. The three end products, IL, TNF, and IFN, were detected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h after stimulation (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Relative expression levels of IL (a), TNF (b), and IFN (c) at different stimulation times of 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h.
Figure 6

Relative expression levels of IL (a), TNF (b), and IFN (c) at different stimulation times of 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h.

3.6.1 Expression of IL

The response values for IL expression increased after stimulation. After 12 h, the values peaked and then began to fall. After adding inhibitors, the response value of IL expression decreased significantly. After the addition of TLR4 inhibitors, the response value of IL expression decreased over time, reaching a significantly lower value than the negative control after 8 h. Similarly, after adding a MyD88 inhibitor, the response value of IL expression decreased over time, reaching a significantly lower value than the negative control after 12 h. However, after the TRIF inhibitor was added, the response value for IL expression increased and peaked after 12 h, before declining. After 24 h, the response values were significantly lower than the negative control.

3.6.2 Expression of TNF

After stimulation, the response value of TNF expression increased, peaked after 8 h, and then declined. After the addition of inhibitors, the response value of TNF expression was significantly reduced. After MyD88 and TLR4 inhibitors were added, the response value of TNF expression increased, peaked after 8 h, and then declined, showing a significantly higher value than the negative control at 8 h. However, after the addition of the TRIF inhibitor, the response value of TNF expression decreased over time, reaching a significantly lower value than the negative control after 12 h.

3.6.3 Expression of IFN

The IFN expression response value increased with time after stimulation, reaching a significantly higher value than the negative control after 8 h. After the TLR4 inhibitor was added, the response value for IFN expression increased and peaked at 24 h, then declined, showing a significantly higher value than the negative control at 24 h. After the MyD88 inhibitor was added, the response value for IFN expression increased over time, reaching a significantly higher value than the negative control after 24 h. However, after the addition of the TRIF inhibitor, the response value for IFN expression increased and peaked at 24 h before declining. At 24 h, the response values were significantly higher than the negative control.

4 Discussion

Transcriptome sequencing is a powerful tool for determining the relative importance of expressed genes in specific materials at different times or under different conditions. It can be used to learn more about cell processes like growth, development, metabolism, and immune disorders [26]. To investigate the genes involved in A. hydrophila-exposed R. dybowskii, we used NGS and SMRT sequencing to perform full-length, high-quality transcript isoform sequencing. As a result, we were able to gain a better understanding of the mechanism underlying the actions of bacterial-infected R. dybowskii. We obtained 628,774 ROIs in total, including 300,053 non-chimeric full-length reads. Meanwhile, we discovered 142,128 consensus isoforms, including 116,812 high-quality transcript isoforms, after performing inference of CRISPR edits analyses on non-chimeric full-length reads. Following that, we used the Illumina platform to sequence the reads, corrected the errors, and used CD-HIT software to remove the unnecessary transcripts, yielding 116,812 necessary transcript isoforms. The high-quality SMRT data were also validated using integrative sequencing analysis. To begin, the overall mean length was determined to be 1,787 bp, indicating that ROIs of sufficient length represented full-length transcripts [27]. Second, low-quality SMRT reads were corrected using Illumina data to reduce SMRT sequencing errors [28]. Therefore, the resulting integrative R. dybowskii transcriptome database could shed more light on R. dybowskii gene composition and functional activities.

According to the NR analyses, R. dybowskii is highly homogeneous to N. parkeri and can be used as a reference for research on a variety of topics. Fortunately, extensive research on frogs and their immune response mechanisms have been conducted. The resulting unigene sequences were found in a variety of databases, including KOG (26.94% of the transcript isoforms were assigned to only general function prediction, while 19.45% were assigned to signal transduction mechanism), KEGG (28.56% were found in human diseases, 17.65% in metabolism, and 22.46% in organismal systems), and GO (19.58% were found in biological process, 38.34% in the cellular component, and 43.09% in molecular function). Specifically, 5,484 immune systems were discovered using the KEGG database. Such immune pathways, particularly the TLR4 pathway, were suggested to play critical roles in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila.

We identified 4 TLR4 genes, 12 Myd88 genes, 6 TRIF genes, 3 IL6R genes, 62 TNF genes, and 34 IFN genes (22 IFN, 4 IFNβ, and 8 IFNγ) in the kidney transcriptome of R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila from homologs of known genes in the TLR4 pathway and inflammatory cytokines and receptors of other species. Common proinflammatory cytokines such as IL, TNF, and IFN are increased in R. dybowskii after exposure to A. hydrophila. TLR4 can induce the expression of IL, TNF, and IFN to amplify inflammatory signals, thereby initiating the inflammatory cascade. TLR4 inhibitors, on the other hand, can reduce IL, TNF, and IFN expression. After adding the TLR4 inhibitor, the response value for IL expression decreases over time, whereas the response value for TNF and IFN expression increases and peaks at 8 and 24 h, respectively, before declining. Furthermore, after 8 h, the expressions of IL and TNF were significantly lower than the negative control, while IFN expression was higher than the negative control at 24 h. As a result, we hypothesized that this species had both MyD88-dependent and independent pathways. The MyD88-dependent pathway was activated relatively early, which may have aided in the activation of the independent pathway.

We simulated the structure of the protein and discovered its functional site by constructing MyD88 and TRIF gene sequences and analyzing protein structure. Simultaneously, we discovered inhibitors of corresponding proteins in mammals and fish. Previous research indicates that these inhibitors can be used normally in frog animal models. We determine the dependency between the end products and the signal pathway by suppressing some key nodes in the signal pathway.

5 Conclusions

We used mature technologies in mammals to explore the immune system of amphibians that have not yet been studied, deepening people’s overall understanding of the immune system of vertebrates. Using a combination of SMRT sequencing and NGS technology, high-quality full-length non-chimeric transcripts, ORFs, SSRs, and lncRNAs were detected in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila. R. dybowskii is found to be very similar to N. parkeri. Based on the sequencing results, we spliced and constructed the structure and signal transduction sequence of each molecule in the amphibian TLR4 signaling pathway, and obtained the important conclusion that the immune system in vertebrates is relatively conservative. To shed more light on the mechanisms underlying the immunity of A. hydrophila-exposed R. dybowskii, we identified 124 genes from transcriptome sequences in known gene homologs within the TLR4 pathway as well as inflammatory cytokines and receptors from other species. In R. dybowskii, both MyD88-dependent and independent pathways were discovered. At the same time, we obtained the relationship between the end products of different dependent pathways in the frog TLR4 signaling pathway by using inhibitors. We recognized through the results of inhibitor experiments that the MyD88 dependent pathway is activated in the early stages of bacterial invasion, and found that the My88 dependent pathway promotes the activation of the MyD88 independent pathway. Our findings also contribute to a better understanding of the gene structure and functional activities in R. dybowskii exposed to A. hydrophila. Furthermore, it confirms the involvement of both the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways in R. dybowskii.

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  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant number 31672309.

  2. Author contributions: B.J.W.: experimental design, experimental completion, data analysis, and writing – original draft preparation; J.S.: data curation and writing – original draft preparation. L.Q.: visualization and investigation; Q.X.: supervision, software, and validation; D.Z.: writing – reviewing and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-05-23
Revised: 2023-07-06
Accepted: 2023-07-30
Published Online: 2023-09-16

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0704
Keywords for this article
kidney; long non-coding RNA; Rana dybowskii; single-molecule real-time sequencing; toll-like receptors
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
  4. Identifying two pathogenic variants in a patient with pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy
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  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
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  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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