Home Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
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Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases

  • Ling Zhang , Xiaoling Wang , Yun Wang , Yan Zeng and Li Li EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 12, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Coexisting or mixed type of colorectal tumors has been rarely reported. This study was designed to investigate clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal adenocarcinoma and highly differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (NET-G1). To do that, clinicopathological characteristics of five cases of co-existing or mixed colorectal adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 admitted to our institution between 2017 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and literature review was conducted. Four patients were male and one female, aged 62–75 years old. Among them, four cases were diagnosed with rectal cancer and one case of colon cancer. Gross examination found that one patient was diagnosed with multiple colon polyps including three malignant polyps, and the remaining four cases of ulcerous masses. The tumors infiltrated into the muscle layer in two cases, and three cases with tumors infiltrating into surrounding adipose tissues. Microscopic examination revealed one patient developed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and four cases of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Four patients had adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 in colon, and one case of adenocarcinoma in colon and NET-G1 in appendix. To conclude, co-existing or mixed colorectal tumors are extremely rare in clinical settings. Clinicopathological characteristics of five cases of co-existing or mixed adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 are diverse and adenocarcinoma is more aggressive in most affected patients.

Keywords: colorectum; adenocarcinoma; neuroendocrine tumor; co-existing or mixed type

1 Introduction

Coexisting or mixed type of colorectal tumors has been rarely reported in clinical practice. The co-existing or mixed type masses can be composed of adenocarcinoma and non-neuroendocrine tumors, such as ovarian granulosa cell tumor [1], malignant lymphoma [2], malignant melanoma [3], carcinosarcoma [4], and even leukemia [5]. In particular, the incidence of coexisting or mixed type of colorectal adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors (NET) is extremely low [6].

In the present clinical trial, we reported the clinicopathological characteristics of five cases of coexisting or mixed adenocarcinoma and NET-G1. In one patient, NET-G1 accounted for 40% of the whole tumor, and less than 10% in the remaining four cases, respectively. Two patients presented with the collision of the colorectal adenocarcinoma and the NET-G1, and the colorectal adenocarcinoma was adjacent to the NET-G1 in the other three patients, aiming to supplement clinical evidence for in-depth understanding of this rare comorbid condition.

2 Case presentation

2.1 Baseline data

Clinicopathological data of five patients who were pathologically diagnosed with co-existing or mixed colorectal adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 in the Department of Pathology of Guang’anmen Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences from 2017 to 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, as shown in Table 1. The specimens were fixed with 4% neutral formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and the section was 4 μm in thickness and then subject to HE staining. Immunohistochemical staining was performed by EnVision method. Antibodies CD56, Syn, CgA, Ki-67, and kits were purchased from ZSGB-BIO (Beijing, China). Positive and negative controls were set for each antibody. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using a fully automatic Leica BOND MAX staining robot (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Clinical baseline data are illustrated in Table 1.

Table 1

Clinical baseline data of five patients

Sex Age Chief complaint Enteroscopic examination Preoperative diagnosis Preoperative pathological biopsy Treatment regimen Postoperative survival
Female 69 Intermittent hematochezia Single ulcer mass 1.6 cm in diameter Rectal cancer Moderately differerntiated adenocarcinoma Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 3) + radical surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (n = 3) 4 months
Male 63 Left lower abdomen pain with recurrent hematochezia for 6 months and worsened for 4 days Single ulcer mass 4 cm in diameter Rectal cancer Poorly differerntiated adenocarcinoma Radical surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (n = 6) 14 months
Male 72 Hematochezia and thinning stool for over 1 month Single ulcer mass 4 cm in diameter Rectal cancer Moderately differerntiated adenocarcinoma Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 1) + radical surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (n = 6) 32 months
Male 63 Intermittent hematochezia and irregular stool for 2 months Three polypoid masses, 4.5, 4, and 2 cm in diameter Colon cancer Moderately differerntiated adenocarcinoma Radical surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (n = 4) 33 months
Male 75 Increased stool frequency complicated with mild hematochezia for 6 months Single ulcer mass 6 cm in diameter Rectal cancer Moderately differerntiated adenocarcinoma Radical surgery + postoperative chemotherapy (n = 5) 53 months

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

2.2 HE staining

Of the five patients, NET-G1 was located at the lower incisional margin in two cases, located in the appendix in one case, adjacent to the adenocarcinoma in one case, and located within the adenocarcinoma in one case, respectively. The tumors of five patients were all composed of two components. One component consisted of adenocarcinoma which was arranged in glandular tubular and sieve shape, and the tumor cells were in columnar or short cubic shape, with large and abnormal nuclei and mitotic count. The other component was observed in small nest, beam, or strip shape, with round or oval nucleus in uniform size, with slight abnormity, which was pathologically diagnosed as NET-G1. These two structures were mutually independent. In one case, NET-G1 volume accounted for 40% of the whole tumor and less than 10% in the remaining four cases. No excessive migration of cells or structures was found, as demonstrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Adenocarcinoma is seen in the upper right corner and NET-G1 in the lower left corner, which are independent with no migration (a, 4 × 10); NET-G1 is observed in small nest, strip, round, or oval shape with uniform size (b, 10 × 10).
Figure 1

Adenocarcinoma is seen in the upper right corner and NET-G1 in the lower left corner, which are independent with no migration (a, 4 × 10); NET-G1 is observed in small nest, strip, round, or oval shape with uniform size (b, 10 × 10).

2.3 Immunohistochemical staining

Among five cases, NET-G1 was tested positive for Syn, CgA, and CD56 (Figure 2a–c). NET-G1 was tested positive for Ki-67 of <1% (Figure 2d). In addition, adenocarcinoma was tested negative for Syn, CgA, and CD56 (Figure 2a–c), respectively, and tested positive for Ki-67 of 40–50%. (Figure 2d).

Figure 2 Adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for Syn, and NET-G1 positive for Syn in the lower left corner (a); adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for CgA and NET-G1 positive for CgA in the lower left corner (b); adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for CD56 and NET-G1 positive for CD56 in the lower left corner (c); and adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested positive for Ki-67 of 40–50% and NET-G1 positive for Ki-67 of <1% in the lower left corner (d, 10 × 10).
Figure 2

Adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for Syn, and NET-G1 positive for Syn in the lower left corner (a); adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for CgA and NET-G1 positive for CgA in the lower left corner (b); adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested negative for CD56 and NET-G1 positive for CD56 in the lower left corner (c); and adenocarcinoma in upper right corner tested positive for Ki-67 of 40–50% and NET-G1 positive for Ki-67 of <1% in the lower left corner (d, 10 × 10).

2.4 Postoperative follow-up

The overall survival was ranged from 4, 14, 32, and 33 to 53 months, respectively. During postoperative follow-up, one patient who developed lung metastasis before radical resection of rectal cancer underwent surgical resection of lung tumor after radical surgery. Postoperative pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, whereas no postoperative metastasis was detected in the remaining four cases.

3 Discussion

Co-existing primary tumors are rarely encountered, and co-existing or mixed NET and non-NET are even rarer in clinical practice. According to the release data of the European Network for Rare Cancer Registry in 2008, the annual incidence of mixed NET is 1 out of 10 million cases, and only 96 cases can survive. Moreover, mixed NET is mostly reported as individual cases and small-scale retrospective studies. Due to the extremely rare incidence, the quality of published data is poor, and no consensus has been reached regarding the inconsistent terminology, epidemiology, prognosis, and optimal treatment regimen [6].

Mixed NET and non-NET are defined as tumors at least comprising two types of tumor cells with different morphologies, including one type of neuroendocrine and the other type of non-neuroendocrine components, mainly adenocarcinoma, occasionally squamous cell carcinoma or sarcoma, etc. [7,8] Mixed epithelial tumors and neuroendocrine components are rare, accounting for approximately 1–2% of all malignant colorectal tumors [9,10]. Cordier [11] reported the first case of mixed gastrointestinal NET and exocrine gland tumor in 1924. Nevertheless, descriptive languages and terminologies led to widespread confusion. Lewin demonstrated that carcinoid tumors contain mixed glandular-endocrine cell carcinomas and identified mixed glandular-endocrine cell carcinomas from the histopathological perspective. Therefore, he became the first to propose the definition of mixed or composite adenoneuroendocrine tumors and subdivide them into composite tumor, collision tumor, and amphicrine tumor [12]. In 2000, NET was classified into mixed exocrine and endocrine carcinomas according to the WHO classification criteria and defined that each tumor component accounted for at least 30% [13]. Mixed adenocarcinoma and NET are extremely rare in clinical practice, and the proportion of each tumor component significantly differs ranging from 1 to 99%, which can occur in almost all organs [14].

The mechanism underlying co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer remains elusive. At present, three main hypotheses have been proposed regarding its origin. First, epithelial and endocrine components originate from corresponding precursor cells in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. Second, two types of tumors are derived from the same category of pluripotent stem cells, which can differentiated in a bidirectional manner during the process of canceration. Third, two categories of tumors originate from the same pluripotent stem cells and gradually transform from non-neuroendocrine epithelial cells into neuroendocrine cells due to gene mutation or micro-environmental changes [15]. The second and third hypotheses are favored by most researchers and clinicians, supporting that gastrointestinal pluripotent stem cells are transformed into endocrine cells rather than neural crest cells as previously thought [16].

Co-existing or mixed adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 primarily comprise two structures. One component consists of adenocarcinoma arranged in glandular tubular and sieve shape, and the tumor cells are in columnar or short cubic shape, with large and abnormal nuclei and mitotic count. The other NET-G1 component is observed in small nest, beam or strip shape, with round or oval nucleus in uniform size, with slight abnormity. These two structures are mutually independent without migration.

NET is a rare tumor, accounting for 1% of digestive tract malignant tumors [17]. In 2017, NET was classified into NET (G1, G2, G3), NET (G3), and mixed NET by WHO according to the proliferation index and mitotic count [7]. Generally, NET can be manifested in nested, beam, cord, or chrysanthemum shape. In the present study, NET in five cases was observed in small-nest, cord, round, and oval shape, with the same size, mitotic count of <2/10HPF and Ki-67 increment index of <1%. Hence, the diagnosis of NET-G1 was confirmed. Among five patients, one case developed poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma in the other four cases. The cancer cells were seen in columnar or short cubic shape, with evident dysplasia, accompanied by mitotic count and mucus exudation. Adenocarcinoma and NET-G1 significantly differ in morphology. Adenocarcinoma cells and structures are significantly abnormal, and necrosis and mitosis are commonly noted, whereas NET-G1 cells exhibit mild morphological features. Syn, CgA, and CD56 are diagnostic markers for NET by using immunohistochemical staining.

In this study, all five patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma by colonoscopy biopsy. After radical surgical resection, the general morphology resembled that of intestinal cancer, including four cases of ulcer-like and one case of polypoid type. Pathological examination mainly confirmed the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. However, an experienced pathologist found NET-G1 under the microscopy, which accounted for 40% of the whole tumor in one case and less than 10% in the other four cases. Among them, one patient had lung adenocarcinoma metastasis, and no NET metastasis was detected in any patient, which is consistent with the findings of de Mestier and Cros [10] that moderate-grade mixed NET consists of non-NET and well-differentiated NET, and clinical prognosis mainly depends on the non-NET with high malignancy. According to the WHO, mixed tumor is defined as the proportion of each tumor component should exceed 30%, because the proportion of less than 30% cannot affect the biological behavior of the entire tumor. Nevertheless, it is an arbitrary threshold, which has not been supported by clinical relevance and pathogenic significance [18]. Li et al. reported 23 cases of mixed colorectal adenocarcinoma and NET. Among 23 cases, NET accounted for 15% of the whole tumor in 1 case, and both adenocarcinoma and NET metastasized to the liver. The proportion of NET was <2% in one case. The patient died from NET metastasis alone [19]. Therefore, whether the proportion of single component of mixed tumors is less than 30% should be highlighted remains to be further elucidated. In the present study, the degree of malignancy of adenocarcinoma is higher compared with that of NET-G1. Consequently, the clinical prognosis of the patients primarily depends upon adenocarcinoma. Clinicopathological features of these five cases can provide more evidence for this rare disease. Nevertheless, due to the small sample size and single-center study design, these conclusions remain to be validated by subsequent clinical trials.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-05-24
Revised: 2023-10-14
Accepted: 2023-10-27
Published Online: 2023-12-12

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0774
Keywords for this article
colorectum; adenocarcinoma; neuroendocrine tumor; co-existing or mixed type
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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