Home Life Sciences Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
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Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series

  • Mao Sun EMAIL logo , Lu Lu Wang , Shi Qiang Wang , Xin Lin and Wei Zhou
Published/Copyright: February 10, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Radiotherapy is an essential postoperative treatment for grade II gliomas. However, comparative dosimetric studies of different radiotherapy plans for grade II gliomas are still lacking. Therefore, we conducted this case series analysis to compare the dosimetric differences among helical tomotherapy (TOMO), volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for grade II gliomas. To achieve that, seven diagnosed postoperative patients with grade II gliomas were analyzed by computed tomography and then planned with TOMO, VMAT, and IMRT. The plan target volume (PTV) prescribed dose was 50 Gy (daily fraction of 2.0 Gy, 5 days/week). The expected treatment efficiency was measured by monitor units (MUs) scoring. Treatment plans of the patients were compared in the quality of target volumes dosage coverage, the efficiency of dosage delivery, and the dosage exposure of normal adjacent organs at risk (OAR). Differences in each method were measured by utilizing the Nonparametric ANOVA. The study shows that TOMO achieved a significantly higher PTV-D98% (doses received by 98% of the PTV volume) than VMAT and IMRT (50.30 ± 0.13 vs 49.21 ± 0.19, p = 0.006; 50.30 ± 0.13 vs 49.78 ± 0.18, p = 0.014), while there was no difference in PTV-D2% (doses received by 2% of the PTV volume). IMRT achieved a conformity index (CI) preferably, and TOMO generated a favorable homogeneity index (HI) (p < 0.05 for both). The MUs were fewer for VMAT than IMRT and TOMO (294 ± 19, 572 ± 24, 317 ± 97, respectively). IMRT achieved better protection for the lens and brain stems. Our case series study indicated that TOMO, VMAT, and IMRT achieved a comparatively good target dosimetric coverage, and most OARs were protected well. IMRT is not inferior to TOMO and VMAT and is still very suitable for treating most grade II glioma patients.

Keywords: dosimetry comparison; radiotherapy; gliomas; TOMO; IMRT; VMAT

1 Introduction

Gliomas are the most common primary tumor of the intracranial central nervous system. According to the current WHO classification, gliomas are divided into four histological grades [1,2,3]. Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that exhibit substantial variations in biological behavior despite a relatively uniform histology-based classification. Surgery and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy are considered the mainstream treatment methods for LGGs. Radiation therapy (RT) was reported to be related to the clinical benefits of LGGs [2,4,5]. However, there is still a debate on balancing the efficacy and side effects of RT for LGGs. The potential for late toxicity may offset the tumor local control benefit of RT in patients with glioma. Potential late toxicity is mainly related to the range of radiation and dose of normal brain tissue [6,7]. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find better radio-therapeutic techniques, including treatment plans, target volume (TV), and radiation dose in clinical practice.

Radiotherapy technology has been dramatically improved recently. IMRT is different from previous radiotherapy techniques. It produces non-uniform irradiation by adjusting the intensity of field rays in all directions to achieve high-dose three-dimensional suitable tumor distribution, thus dramatically improving the tumor’s radiation dose. IMRT can decrease the probability of radiation complications by reducing the dose of organs at risk (OAR) and surrounding normal tissues [8]. However, IMRT has a long single irradiation time and a large amount of machine output dose, resulting in a large volume of surrounding normal tissues being exposed to low-dose irradiation. Helical Tomotherapy (TOMO) is the best IMRT system to date, combines IGRT and IMRT into one, using spiral computed tomography (CT) rotation to capture images and treat tumors, and can achieve adaptive radiotherapy (ART) or dose-guided radiotherapy. The TOMO can achieve the IMRT with the best conformance and dose uniformity and uses volume intensity-modulated rotation techniques with non-uniform intensity rays, different (non-uniform) intensity levels, and sufficient field angles (150–250°) to achieve the desired design for measurement in the target area [9]. VMAT is developed based on IGRT technology. It has a new high-precision accelerator, excellent reverse optimization treatment plan software, and precision dose verification equipment to achieve accurate positioning, planning, and treatment. VMAT with gating capability has had increasing adoption in many clinics in China. In this new technique, dose rate, gantry rotation speed, and the leaf motion speed of multi leaf collimators (MLCs) are modulated dynamically during gated beam delivery to achieve highly conformal dose coverage of the target and normal tissue sparing. Finally, the optimal dose distribution of the reverse plan achieves the best quality and improves operational efficiency [4,10]. VMAT has the characteristics of being fast, accurate, and optimum. IMRT, VMAT, and helical tomotherapy are highly conformal radiation techniques widely used in head-and-neck cancers, including gliomas [3,11,12,13]. We must thoroughly understand each technology’s features, advantages, and disadvantages in many new technologies and make an excellent selection to give full play to the value of precision radiotherapy. Recently, radiotherapy techniques comparisons for treating patients with gliomas or high-grade gliomas indicate some potential disadvantages and advantages. However, dosimetric data on various radiotherapy techniques in LGGs are still lacking. This study aims to assess further treatment plans utilizing three radiotherapy techniques, TOMO, VMAT, and IMRT, to treat LGGs.

2 Methods and materials

2.1 Patient characteristics

Seven patients diagnosed with histological grade II glioma in our hospital were included between September 2020 and February 2021 in our study. All patients with surgically and oncologically treated glioma previously had a clearly defined indication for glioma treatment under recommendations by the Radiation Therapy and Oncology Group (RTOG) to administer selective radiotherapy. All patients participating in the study had a complete surgical resection. All patients did not have cerebral radiation history. The TOMO plans were designed on a tomotherapy treatment system with 6 MV photon beams and optimized using the least-squares optimization method. VMAT and IMRT plans were designed on the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system with the 6 MV photon beams generated by the Varian IX linear accelerator. The summary of patients, tumor, and treatment details are shown in Table 1. Written evidence of informed consent was obtained from the participant or the participant’s legally acceptable representative.

Table 1

Summary of patient, tumor, and treatment details

Patient Age at diagnosis Sex Location #Resections prior to RT PTV volume
1 38.4 M Left temporal lobe 1 198.6 cm3
2 39.5 M Right temporal lobe 1 214.9 cm3
3 43.7 F Left frontal lobe 2 278.5 cm3
4 45.2 M Left temporal lobe 1 310.4 cm3
5 39.2 M Right temporal lobe 1 235.3 cm3
6 38.8 F Right frontal lobe 2 244.9 cm3
7 41.9 F Left temporal lobe 1 204.1 cm3

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the Chongqing University Caner hospital’s ethical review committee (CCH2020-08-14).

2.2 CT simulation

A thermoplastic mask and expanded polystyrene were used to fix the patient in the supine position. CT images were obtained by Philips Brilliance Big Bore CT (Philips, Holland) CT with contrast using a 2 mm slice thickness from the vertex of the skull to the mouth floor. Finally, the CT images were transmitted to an Eclipse treatment planning system (Version 8.6, Varian Medical Systems, Palo Alto, CA).

2.3 Target volume delineation

The same attending physician contoured each patient’s target areas and normal tissues in the treatment planning system. The gross tumor volume (GTV) include the cyst observed on a gadolinium-enhanced T1 sequence and any non-enhancing abnormality observed on a T2 or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence in MRI images should be delineated in our LGG cases. Next GTV was added to a 1 cm margin to create the clinical tumor volume (CTV). Finally, CTV was added with a 0.5 cm margin to make the planned tumor volume (PTV). The treatment was performed using a standard fractionation regime in 25 fractions up to a total dose of 50 Gy. The following OARs should be delineated, including lenses, spinal cord, brain stem, optic chiasm, optic nerves, and hypophysis.

RTOG 0615 protocols were adopted for dose constraints in all treatment plans.

2.4 Planning process

2.4.1 Dose comparisons and dose-volume histogram

Both RapidArc and IMRT plans were generated with 6 MV photon beam in a linear accelerator equipped with Millennium 120 MLC using the Eclipse treatment planning system. Dose calculation was performed with an anisotropic analytic algorithm. RapidArc plans were devised by the use of two coplanar full arcs. Collimators were rotated from 101 to 201 to minimize the effect of tongue and groove. IMRT plans were devised by using five coplanar beams. TOMO plans were generated with 6 MV photon beam using Tomotherapy Planning Workstation (TomoHD version 1.0.0, Accuray Inc., Sunnyvale, CA). Dose calculation was performed with a superposition or convolution algorithm. The planning parameters were as follows: field width ¼ 2.5 cm, pitch ¼ 0.43, and modulation factor ¼ 3–3.5. To ensure consistency of planning techniques, all treatment plans were devised by physicists with over 3 year clinical experience in IMRT, RapidArc, and Tomotherapy planning. Planning requirements and techniques for planners were also aligned by training, standard protocol, and procedures of the department. Dose-volume histograms (DVHs) were generated and evaluated with the medical physicist until the desired plan was reached. The angles of the rays, the angles of the filters, and the weight ratio were used to optimize the coverage of the planned target volume and to minimize the dose to the OARs. After creating the DVHs and using the required parameters, the radiation Conformity index (CI) was calculated. It is defined as a ratio between the volume covered by the reference isodose, which according to ICRU, is 95% isodose, and the target volume (TV) designated as PTV (equation (1)). A better PTV conformity corresponds to lower values of the CI. The Dose homogeneity index (DHI) is defined as a ratio between the dose reached in 95% of the PTV volume (D ≥ 95%) and the dose reached in 5% (D ≥ 5%) of the PTV volume (equation (2)). A higher DHI signified poor homogeneous irradiation of the TV.

(1) Conformity index ( CI ) RTOG = V RI / TV ,

where V RI = Reference isodose volume and PTV = Plan target volume.

(2) Dose homogeneity index ( DHI ) = D ≥ 95 % ( within PTV ) / D ≥ 5 % ( within PTV ) .

[14]

The D 98% (doses received by 98% of the PTV volume) and D 2% (doses received by 2% of the PTV volume) were defined as the minimum and maximum doses. The data from the DVHs obtained from all the plans were analyzed. The dose distributions in the grade II gliomas of a typical case, by using VMAT, IMRT, and TOMO are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 The dose distributions in the grade II gliomas of a typical case, by using VMAT (a), IMRT (b), and tomotherapy (c).
Figure 1

The dose distributions in the grade II gliomas of a typical case, by using VMAT (a), IMRT (b), and tomotherapy (c).

2.4.2 Organs at risk

Assessment of the D max and D mean of OARs should be determined according to dose constraints. OARs include the optic chiasm, left eye (L-eye), right eye (R-eye), left lens (L-lens), right lens (R-lens), left optic nerve (L-optic nerve), right optic nerve (R-optic nerve), brain stem, spinal cord, and left and right parotid gland (L-Parotid and R-Parotid).

3 Statistical analysis

Nonparametric ANOVA was used to determine if there was a significant difference in any of the parameters examined. p＜0.05 was considered statistically significant. SPSS statistical software (SPSS, Chicago, IL) was adopted for analysis.

4 Results

4.1 PTV coverage

The data analysis of all plans for PTV was performed with the DVH, and the PTV coverage parameters, D 98%, D 2%, D mean, CI, and DHI were compared. The study shows that TOMO achieved significantly higher PTV-D98% than VMAT and IMRT (p < 0.05) (50.30 ± 0.13 vs 49.21 ± 0.19, p = 0.006; 50.30 ± 0.13 vs 49.78 ± 0.18, p = 0.014), while there was no difference in terms of PTV-D 2%. The CI was better with IMRT (1.136 ± 0.009) than with TOMO (1.21 ± 0.024) (p < 0.05). There was no difference in CI between TOMO (1.21 ± 0.024) and VMAT (1.164 ± 0.014) (p > 0.05). TOMO generated a much more favorable DHI than VMAT and IMRT (0.024 ± 0.002 vs 0.041 ± 0.003, p = 0.004; 0.024 ± 0.002 vs 0.032 ± 0.003, p = 0.027). The mean monitor units (MUs) of TOMO, VMAT, and IMRT were 3,170, 294, and 572. Compared with IMRT, the mean MUs of VMAT were significantly reduced by 48.60 (p = 0.000). The data from DVH analysis and MUs are listed in Table 2.

Table 2

Plan comparison for PTV and MUs (x ± S)

　 　 TOMO VMAT IMRT p
TOMO vs VMAT TOMO vs IMRT VMAT vs IMRT
PTV D98% (Gy) 50.30 ± 0.13 49.21 ± 0.19 49.78 ± 0.18 0.006 0.067 0.014
　 D2% (Gy) 51.86 ± 0.15 52.09 ± 0.09 51.62 ± 0.19 0.064 0.058 0.079
　 Dmean (Gy) 51.10 ± 0.15 50.79 ± 0.15 51.60 ± 0.27 0.184 0.186 0.009
　 CI 1.21 ± 0.18 1.164 ± 0.014 1.136 ± 0.009 0.052 0.015 0.145
　 DHI 0.024 ± 0.002 0.041 ± 0.003 0.032 ± 0.003 0.004 0.027 0.031
MUs 3,170 ± 97 294 ± 12 572 ± 24 0.000 0.000 0.000

D 98% = doses received by 98% of the PTV volume, representing the minimum dose of the PTV; D2% = doses received by 2% of the PTV volume, representing the maximum dose of the PTV; CI, conformity index = 95% isodose surface volume divided by the PTV volume; DHI, dose homogeneity index = D ≥95% (within PTV)/D ≥5% (within PTV).

4.2 OARs

In comparison with VMAT and TOMO, IMRT reduced the medium dose of L-lens (p = 0.036, p = 0.038). Similarly, compared with VMAT, the maximum dose to the R-lens with IMRT was significantly decreased by 21.02% (p = 0.026). In addition, compared with TOMO, the maximum dose of the brain stem of IMRT was reduced by 19.29 (p = 0.037). The average dose of the OARs is listed in Table 3.

Table 3

Dosimetric comparison for OARs (x ± S)

TOMO VMAT IMRT p
TOMO vs VMAT TOMO vs IMRT VMAT vs IMRT
L-lens D max 3.03 ± 0.23 3.28 ± 0.28 3.19 ± 0.37 0.465 0.685 0.677
D mean 3.51 ± 0.16 3.54 ± 0.26 2.06 ± 0.15 0.064 0.038 0.036
R-lens D max 2.76 ± 0.30 3.33 ± 0.36 2.63 ± 0.34 0.147 0.652 0.021
D mean 1.91 ± 0.20 2.55 ± 0.33 1.99 ± 0.24 0.075 0.450 0.081
L-optic nerve D max 16.68 ± 4.59 14.51 ± 5.03 13.34 ± 4.66 0.383 0.254 0.026
D mean 10.83 ± 2.77 8.09 ± 2.13 6.72 ± 2.05 0.155 0.092 0.153
R-optic nerve D max 16.79 ± 5.52 15.56 ± 5.08 16.04 ± 4.89 0.641 0.708 0.652
D mean 11.34 ± 3.91 8.63 ± 2.64 7.24 ± 2.00 0.345 0.175 0.131
Optic chiasm D max 27.64 ± 4.20 27.80 ± 5.19 25.54 ± 5.01 0.955 0.375 0.112
D mean 17.05 ± 4.58 19.44 ± 4.13 18.53 ± 4.45 0.481 0.708 0.545
Hypophysis D max 14.85 ± 4.58 19.11 ± 5.64 17.04 ± 5.90 0.275 0.617 0.351
D mean 11.92 ± 4.26 15.98 ± 4.59 14.79 ± 5.21 0.281 0.555 0.615
Brain stem D max 35.36 ± 4.45 30.48 ± 5.71 28.54 ± 5.11 0.090 0.037 0.105
D mean 16.92 ± 5.17 13.41 ± 4.02 13.11 ± 3.90 0.197 0.034 0.065

5 Discussion

In the past, there have been comparative dosimetry studies in patients with high-grade glioblastoma. Patients with glioblastoma often have a poor surgical resection, larger postoperative radiation field, higher irradiation dose, and critical organs such as the temporal lobe and brain stem often exceed the maximum tolerated dose. Moreover, patients with high-grade glioblastoma generally have a very short survival time. Long-term radiation-related toxicity is usually not observed at the time of death, so dosimetric comparisons of critical organs are generally of no clinical significance. In conclusion, the dosimetric comparative studies on high-grade glioblastoma are challenging to carry out, have little clinical importance, and are not representative of many LGG patients. Adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy is recommended as the standard treatment for LGG. It can improve the cure rate and prolong the survival time of patients. The importance of radiotherapy for LGG lies in improving the local control rate and protecting the critical organs to allow patients to obtain a higher quality of life. Currently, commonly used radiotherapy methods may have accessibility problems in different countries or regions due to limited economic, equipment, technology, and other reasons. Generally speaking, IMRT is the basis of current precision radiotherapy; VMAT and TOMO need particular technologies and equipment. In addition, the cost for patients with different radiotherapy methods will also be significantly different. The general cost of TOMO will be higher than that of IMRT, especially in China. Therefore, choosing the best benefit radiotherapy for patients with LGG is particularly important. Presently, the therapeutic dose of postoperative radiotherapy has reached a unified consensus, but the choice of the radiation method is still controversial. The pros and cons of IMRT vs other radiotherapy modalities are not clear. Dosimetric comparison of radiation for LGGs in the literature is rare. Our case series study aimed at a comprehensive comparison of dosimetric properties in multiple types of treatment plans and guiding physicians in selecting an appropriate design for the treatment of LGGs.

IMRT radiotherapy’s emergence avoids traditional radiotherapy’s shortcomings enormously in many tumors [15,16]. For example, IMRT improved dose coverage and conformity to the tumor target area for the treatment of glioma and reduced the impact on normal tissues. In addition, in comparison with VMAT, IMRT reduced the medium dose of L-lens [17]. Our study generated similar results that, in contrast with VMAT and TOMO, IMRT reduced the medium dose of L-lens.

Similarly, compared with VMAT, our study indicated that the maximum dose to the R-lens with IMRT was significantly decreased by 21.02%. Compared with TOMO, the maximum dose of the brain stem of IMRT was reduced by 19.29%. IMRT achieved the optimal sparing of nearby critical tissues in the study where the dose of OARs did not exceed the limits among the three treatment technologies.

VMAT, using variable dose rate, gantry rotation speed, and MLC shapes, can deliver good dose coverage and uniformity in the target area. A study on 20 nasopharyngeal carcinomas by Zach et al. demonstrated that VMAT provided better homogeneity, conformity, and sparing of normal tissue than IMRT and a shorter delivery time than TOMO [18]. In another study on ten patients with nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma made by Liu et al., compared with IMRT, VMAT had much smaller cold spot volumes and better doses coverage and uniformity to the targets except for fewer MUs and shorter delivery time [19]. While in our study, VMAT was associated with a significant reduction in number of Mus compared with TOMO and IMRT, and there was no significant difference among them in inhomogeneity and conformity. The shortened MUs and consequent delivery time may improve treatment accuracy due to intra‑fractional patient motion. Based on the above data, we believe that VMAT has advantages in applying radiation treatment to head and neck tumors, including glioma.

TOMO is an innovative radiotherapy technique that integrates linear accelerator and CT technology to deliver IMRT in a spiral pattern with a continuously rotating gantry. The integrated image-guidance system provides 3D tumor imaging, achieving precise irradiation, decreasing healthy tissue toxicity, and possible treatment adaption (Image Guided Radiotherapy; IGRT) [20]. In the current study, we found that TOMO achieved significantly higher PTV-D 98% than VMAT and IMRT, while there was no difference in PTV-D 2%. In addition, TOMO was related to more favorable DHI than VMAT and IMRT.

Compared with VMAT and TOMO, IMRT was first used to treat LGGs. Therefore, IMRT has relatively low requirements for technical personnel and equipment. With the progress of radiotherapy technology, more advanced methods such as VMAT and TOMO have been gradually developed based on IMRT and applied in LGG. Besides the soft hardware and technical difficulties, there is also consideration of economic benefits for radiotherapy methods such as VMAT and TOMO. After all, not every unit can afford TOMO and VMAT equipment and the related software supporting facilities, especially in developing countries like China.

Our study indicated that TOMO, VMAT, and IMRT provide sufficient target dosimetric coverage, and most OARs are sparing clinically. To protect OARs, IMRT is still a better choice for treating patients with grade II gliomas. No single treatment planning method was superior to all others, and a personalized approach is advised for planning and treating LGG patients with radiotherapy. In addition, our study does have some defects. Our single‑institution case series study only included a few LGG patients. The data obtained may not be sufficient enough to draw the above conclusions fully. The included population of our study was only limited to complete resection patients. Patients with R1 or R2 resection may have different dosimetric distributions due to different irradiation doses, so the dosimetric comparison of this population still needs further detailed and profound research to clarify.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Dr. LIU XIAN FENG, Department of radiotherapy oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, for the statistical data analysis.

  1. Funding information: Chongqing Sanitation bureau medicine science and technology research project supported the work (Grant number 20142097).

  2. Author contributions: Study conception and design: WEI ZHOU and MAO SUN; data collection: LU LU WANG and XIN LIN; analysis and interpretation of results: MAO SUN and SHI QING WANG; draft manuscript preparation: WEI ZHOU and MAO SUN. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-07-07
Revised: 2022-10-31
Accepted: 2022-12-14
Published Online: 2023-02-10

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
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  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
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  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
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  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
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  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
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  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
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  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
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  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
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  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
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  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
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  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
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  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
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  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
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  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
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  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
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  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
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  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
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  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
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  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
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  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
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  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
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  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
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  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
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  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
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  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
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  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0550
Keywords for this article
dosimetry comparison; radiotherapy; gliomas; TOMO; IMRT; VMAT
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
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  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
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  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
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  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
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  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
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  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
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  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
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  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
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  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
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  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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