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Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice

  • Na Liang , Chunming Li EMAIL logo , Neng Zhang , Qiang Xu , Shengnan Zou , Meng Zhang , Shuyao Si and Li Zeng
Published/Copyright: May 23, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Gastric carcinoma is a frequent malignant tumor worldwide. NM23 plays an important role in pathological processes, including in the occurrence and development of tumors. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC-823) on growth and metastases of BGC-823 abdominal cancer xenografts in nude mice. BGC-823 cells were transfected with an adenovirus vector for NM23 (NM23-OE), transfected with an empty vector (NC), or were not transfected (Ctrl). Eighteen female BALB/c-nu mice were randomly divided into three groups (six per group) according to the type of BGC-823 cells administered by intraperitoneal injection. After 2 weeks, necropsies of mice were performed, abdominal circumferences were measured, and abdominal cavities were searched by ultrasound. In order to observe the xenografts in nude mice, there were gross macroscopic observations and microscopic observations. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis and western blot of NM23 were also performed. Green fluorescence in the NM23-OE and NC cells indicated successful transfection. The multiplicity of infection is 80%. A comparison of the three groups of mice indicated the NM23-OE group had positive conditions (abdominal circumferences: 81.83 ± 2.40 mm), but the other groups had negative conditions and enlarged abdomens (NC: 90.83 ± 2.32 mm; Ctrl: 92.67 ± 2.07 mm). Ultrasound observations confirmed large tumors in the NC and Ctrl groups, but did not find in the NM23-OE group. There were no obvious ascites in the NM23-OE group, but the cytological examination of ascites exfoliation in NC and Ctrl groups indicated that there were large and deep-stained gastric carcinoma cells. Tumor expression of NM23 was greater in the NM23-OE group than in the NC and Ctrl groups (both p < 0.05). In conclusion, transfection of BCG-823 cells with NM23 rather than an empty vector (NC) or no vector (Ctrl) led to reduced growth and metastases of abdominal cancer xenografts in nude mice.

Keywords: gastric carcinoma; NM23; abdominal cancer xenografts; nude mice; metastases

1 Introduction

Gastric carcinoma is a global problem [1], remains the third cause of cancer-related death in worldwide [2], and ranks third in the incidence rate and mortality rate among all cancers in China [3,4]. The risk factors for gastric carcinoma include Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, overweight and obesity, advanced age, high salt intake, family history of gastric cancer, and so on [5,6,7]. The incidence of gastric carcinoma gradually increases with age [8]. The metastasis of Gastric carcinoma is a complex, multistep pathological process that involves several signaling pathways [9]. Peritoneal dissemination is a common pattern of Gastric carcinoma metastasis and is associated with poor prognosis [10]. Gastric carcinoma cells may adhere to and become implanted in peritoneal mesothelial cells, thus forming metastases that eventually death due to extensive abdominal lesions in the major organs. Extensive research of animal models of human gastric carcinoma has provided insights into the development of gastric carcinoma. The results of research studies have led to the identification and characterization of genes related to gastric carcinoma, the effects of various genetic interventions, and the pathogenic mechanism of different genes. A tremendous amount of results indicated that metastasis of gastric carcinoma is a complex and multi-step process [11].

A number of patients have local invasion and distant metastases when they were identified at first in the hospital. In consideration of the insidious onset of gastric carcinoma, these patients cannot be treated by radical surgery. Even when surgery is combined with chemoradiotherapy for patients with advanced gastric carcinoma, the prognosis remains detrimental [12]. Metastasis is one of the distinguishing features of advanced gastric carcinoma. In particular, gastric carcinoma cells may metastasize remotely through the blood and lymphatic channels or spread from the whole gastric to the abdominal cavity, resulting in rapid deterioration of the patient condition due to the formation of peritoneal implants. The average survival rate of gastric carcinoma patients with peritoneal metastasis is less than 5 months [13], but the 5-year survival rate of patients without peritoneal metastasis is 75% [14].

The nucleoside diphosphate kinase gene (NM23) is a cancer suppressor gene. Steeg was the first to discover that NM23 inhibited metastasis by examination of murine melanoma (k-1735) cells [15]. Therefore, measurement of the expression of NM23 in patients with gastric carcinoma may help to predict the risk of metastasis for scholars. In the present study, Zeng et al. constructed a recombinant adenovirus vector (pCMV-NM23-IRES-EGFP) and used it to transfect poorly differentiated human gastric carcinoma cells (BGC-823) [16].

However, the establishment of the human gastric carcinoma animal model can better explore the nature and development of gastric carcinoma and has played a great role in studying the expression of gastric carcinoma-related genes, evaluating the effects of various gene intervention methods and the mechanism of action.

Therefore, this study transplanted these cells into nude mice as a model of human gastric carcinoma and examined the effect of NM23 on the metastasis of gastric abdominal xenograft tumors. The experimental results provide a certain experimental basis for peritoneal metastasis of gastric carcinoma.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Cells, vector, and mice

The BGC-823 cells are a line of poorly differentiated human gastric carcinoma cells (HYC3108) and are stored by the laboratory in the Zunyi Medical University. The adenovirus vector (pCMV-NM23-IRES-EGFP) was previously prepared in the laboratory at Zunyi Medical University [16]. The multiplicity of infection (MOI) is 80%.

Experiments were performed on 18 healthy and female BALB/c-nu nude mice, which were 4 weeks old and weighed from 13 to 15 g. The mice were from Chongqing Tengxin Company (certificate number: SCXK [Beijing] 2014-0004) and were raised in a specific pathogen-free animal room of Zunyi Medical University.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals. All protocols involving the use of experimental animals in this study were approved by the Ethics Committee of Medicine and Science Research Institute of Guizhou Province, and were given a laboratory animals science group reference number: (2012)2-001. The approved programs included the resection, storage, and examination of tumor tissues from nude mice.

2.2 Main reagents and equipment

Fetal bovine serum was from Gibco (USA) and NM23 rabbit monoclonal antibody (ab92327) was from Abcam (United Kingdom). MaxVision staining kit for immunohistochemical (IHC) and reagents for western blot were from Solarbio (China). Experiments were performed on an ultraclean workbench (SuZhou Purification Equipment Co., Ltd., China) using an MHG-100B fluorescence microscope from Olympus (Japan) and a gel imaging analysis system from Bio-Rad (USA).

2.3 Experimental methods

A recombinant adenovirus vector (pCMV-NM23-IRES-EGFP) was used to transfect BGC-823 cells. The MOI was 80% and the optimal infection volume was 10 µL. They were divided into three groups of BGC-823 cells: the first group is an experimental group (NM23-OE), in which BGC-823 cells were transfected with adenovirus vector (pCMV-NM23-IRES-EGFP); the second group is an empty vector control group (NC), in which BGC-823 cells were transfected with an empty vector (pCMV-MCS-IRES-EGFP); and the third group is an untransfected control group (Ctrl; BGC-823 cells). After 48 h of incubation, the expression of green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in each group was observed by using fluorescence microscopy.

There were six mice in each of the three groups. Each mouse received abdominal cavity injections of 0.2 mL of a cell suspension (1 × 107 cells/mL). Tumor growth was observed, and abdominal circumference was measured every 2 days. Small animal ultrasound (Fujifilm, Japan)was used to detect tumor formation in the abdominal cavity. After 2 weeks, mice were sacrificed by severing their necks and dissected for visual inspection and microscopic observations.

IHC and western blot were used to detect the expression of NM23 in xenograft tumors. The MaxVision two-step method was used for IHC analysis. For IHC, tissue sections were prepared at a thickness of about 4 μm. After antigen retrieval, 50 μl of a goat serum solution was added for blocking (30 min). Then, the primary antibody (NM23 rabbit monoclonal antibody, 1:100) and secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody, 1:500) were added, and the samples were incubated in a refrigerator at 4°C overnight (about 16–18 h). The DAB solution was added for color development.

For the western blot, total proteins were extracted. The transplanted tumor was placed in the EP tube and immersed it in ice. Then, transplanted tumors were cut by scissors and ground fully in the homogenizer into liquid. Preparation of lysate: put the precooled 1* RIPA buffer into the EP tube, added 10 µl of PMSF (RIPA and PMSF were 100:1) with a pipette per 1 ml of RIPA, mixed well, and split the transplanted tumor in an ice bath. Then, about 500 µl of lysate was needed for every 50 mg of the transplanted tumor. In the process of lysis, the lysed transplanted tumor is transferred into the homogenizer and vibrated once every 5 min, and the transplanted tumor is fully ground to the liquid state, and the whole process was soaked in ice and ground. Then subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to a membrane. The membrane was blocked with 5% skimmed milk for 30 min. The primary antibody (NM23 rabbit monoclonal antibody, 1:1,000) and secondary antibody (goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody, 1:500) were added, and the membrane was incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Resolved Strip Grayscale Values were then measured using the Biorad GelDoc XR Imaging System (USA).

2.4 Statistical methods

SPSS version 20.0 was used to analyze and process the results. Data were expressed as means ± standard deviations. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare the three groups, and a p-value below 0.05 was considered significant.

3 Results

3.1 Transfection of cells and establishment of the mouse model

We incubated the three groups of BGC-832 cells for 48 h with a vector (NM23-OE or NC) or without a vector (Ctrl). The MOI is 80%. Analysis using full-field EGFP fluorescence indicated high expression in the NM23-OE and NC groups, but no expression in the Ctrl group (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Fluorescence microscopy (×200) of BGC-823 cells after incubation for 48 h in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the presence of fluorescence in (a) and (b), but not in (c).
Figure 1

Fluorescence microscopy (×200) of BGC-823 cells after incubation for 48 h in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the presence of fluorescence in (a) and (b), but not in (c).

In the present study, the apoptosis rate of the NM23-OE group was 12.87%, significantly higher than 1.90% in the NC group and 1.90% in the Ctrl group 1.74% (p < 0.05) [16]. Therefore, we then transplanted the different tumor cells into mice. Mice in the NC and Ctrl groups exhibited reduced dietary intake, lethargy, gradual weight gain, and development of a “frog-shaped” belly, suggestive of ascites. In contrast, mice in the NM23-OE group remained normal in appearance. None of the mice died prior to the sacrifice.

In research, the basic abdominal circumference was (63.50 ± 1.64) mm in the Ctrl group, (64.33 ± 2.58) mm in the NC group, and (63.50 ± 1.87) mm in the NM23-OE group. The abdominal circumference growth curve showed that the abdominal circumference growth rate in the NM23-OE group was significantly slower than that in Ctrl group and NC group. Two weeks after transplantation, all mice were sacrificed by severing their necks. At that time, the mean abdominal circumference was 81.83 ± 2.40 mm in the NM23-OE group, 90.83 ± 2.32 mm in the NC group, and 92.67 ± 2.07 mm in the Ctrl group. The NM23-OE group had an obviously smaller abdominal circumference than the other two groups (p < 0.05, Figure 2).

Figure 2 Measure abdominal circumference at 2 weeks after tumor cell transplantation of representative mice in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the larger abdomens in (b) and (c) than in (a).
Figure 2

Measure abdominal circumference at 2 weeks after tumor cell transplantation of representative mice in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the larger abdomens in (b) and (c) than in (a).

The ultrasound results indicated that mice in the NM23-OE group had no large or obvious abdominal tumors (Figure 3). In contrast, ultrasound of mice in the NC and Ctrl groups confirmed large lumps in the abdominal cavity and peritoneal metastases.

Figure 3 Abdominal ultrasound of representative mice in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the absence of obvious tumors in (a), but tumors metastasis to the intestinal wall in (b) and (c), and tumors metastasis to the peritoneum and hypoechoic nodule in the abdominal cavity (diameter about 0.6 cm) in (c).
Figure 3

Abdominal ultrasound of representative mice in (a) NM23-OE group, (b) NC group, and (c) Ctrl group. Note the absence of obvious tumors in (a), but tumors metastasis to the intestinal wall in (b) and (c), and tumors metastasis to the peritoneum and hypoechoic nodule in the abdominal cavity (diameter about 0.6 cm) in (c).

3.2 Tumor dissection and histology

Abdominal dissection of the mice confirmed that the NM23-OE mice had no obvious tumor formations (Figure 4). In contrast, mice in the other groups had a number of xenograft tumors at the site of transplantation. The diameters of these tumors ranged from 0.05 to 0.6 cm in the NM23-OE group. The larger tumors had clear borders, smooth surfaces, easy peeling, no obvious bleeding or necrosis on the cut surface, and these mice had no formation of ascites in the abdominal cavity. Mice in the NC and Ctrl groups also had evidence of tumors in the mesentery, intestinal wall, lower edge of the liver, and kidney capsule.

Figure 4 Full abdomen views of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (a), NC group (b), and Ctrl group (c). Note the abdomen in (a) had no obvious tumors, but there was clear evidence of tumors in (b) and (c) (arrows). Mesentery views of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (d), NC group (e), and Ctrl group (f). Note the mesentery in (d) had a diameter of 0.05–0.3 cm, but the mesentery in (e) and (f) had tumors that were round or oval with nodular protrusions, diameters of 0.3–0.7 cm, a gray color, and a hard texture. Livers of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (g), NC group (h), and Ctrl group (i). Note tumor growth in (g) was limited and located in the liver capsule, with a diameter of 0.4–0.5 cm, and no scattered tumor growth in the surrounding liver capsule. The livers in (h) and (i) were large (0.7–0.8 cm in diameter), gray in color, bleeding with necrosis in the center, and with a few scattered and small transplanted tumor growths in the peripheral liver capsule. Kidneys of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (j), NC group (k), and Ctrl group (l). The number of tumors in the kidney capsule was very small in (j), the kidney had a ruddy color, and there was no congestion or enlargement. There were numerous miliary tumors in (k) and (l), and these kidneys were slightly congested and enlarged, and dark in color. The tumors in (k) and (l) were mostly in the upper pole of the kidney and felt firm.
Figure 4

Full abdomen views of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (a), NC group (b), and Ctrl group (c). Note the abdomen in (a) had no obvious tumors, but there was clear evidence of tumors in (b) and (c) (arrows). Mesentery views of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (d), NC group (e), and Ctrl group (f). Note the mesentery in (d) had a diameter of 0.05–0.3 cm, but the mesentery in (e) and (f) had tumors that were round or oval with nodular protrusions, diameters of 0.3–0.7 cm, a gray color, and a hard texture. Livers of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (g), NC group (h), and Ctrl group (i). Note tumor growth in (g) was limited and located in the liver capsule, with a diameter of 0.4–0.5 cm, and no scattered tumor growth in the surrounding liver capsule. The livers in (h) and (i) were large (0.7–0.8 cm in diameter), gray in color, bleeding with necrosis in the center, and with a few scattered and small transplanted tumor growths in the peripheral liver capsule. Kidneys of representative mice in the NM23-OE group (j), NC group (k), and Ctrl group (l). The number of tumors in the kidney capsule was very small in (j), the kidney had a ruddy color, and there was no congestion or enlargement. There were numerous miliary tumors in (k) and (l), and these kidneys were slightly congested and enlarged, and dark in color. The tumors in (k) and (l) were mostly in the upper pole of the kidney and felt firm.

Histological analysis indicated the NM23-OE group had limited gastric carcinoma cell metastasis in the abdominal cavity, with no involvement of renal parenchyma and no evidence of necrosis (Figure 5). In contrast, the renal tissues of NC and Ctrl mice had clear pathological damage, with infiltration of gastric carcinoma cells and necrotic tissues.

Figure 5 Histological characteristics of tumors from representative mice in (a and b) NM23-OE group and (c and d) NC group (H&E staining). The renal capsule in (a) (×100) indicated that gastric carcinoma cells infiltrated as masses, no involvement of renal parenchyma, and few necrotic tissues. The renal capsule in (b) (×400) indicated a disordered arrangement of gastric carcinoma cells and pathological mitotic figures. The intestinal serosal layer in (c) (×100) indicated the gastric carcinoma cells infiltrated as a mass, without involvement of the intestinal muscle layer and mucosa, and more necrotic tissues. The intestinal serosal layer in (d) (×400) indicated the gastric carcinoma cells had large nuclei and intense staining, with an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio.
Figure 5

Histological characteristics of tumors from representative mice in (a and b) NM23-OE group and (c and d) NC group (H&E staining). The renal capsule in (a) (×100) indicated that gastric carcinoma cells infiltrated as masses, no involvement of renal parenchyma, and few necrotic tissues. The renal capsule in (b) (×400) indicated a disordered arrangement of gastric carcinoma cells and pathological mitotic figures. The intestinal serosal layer in (c) (×100) indicated the gastric carcinoma cells infiltrated as a mass, without involvement of the intestinal muscle layer and mucosa, and more necrotic tissues. The intestinal serosal layer in (d) (×400) indicated the gastric carcinoma cells had large nuclei and intense staining, with an increased nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio.

Further analysis indicated tumor thrombus in the gastric muscularis of the Ctrl group (Figure 6). Multiple serial sections indicated that gastric carcinoma cells infiltrated the gastric muscularis blood vessels. In addition, examination of the ascites of mice in the NC group and the Ctrl group indicated exfoliative cytology and the presence of tumor cells (Figure 7).

Figure 6 Intravascular tumor thrombus in the gastric muscularis of a representative mouse in the Ctrl group (H&E staining). Gastric carcinoma cells were disorderly and infiltrated the blood vessels of the gastric muscularis in clumps (a, ×200). There was a vascular tumor thrombus in the gastric muscle layer, and gastric carcinoma cells had large nuclei, intense staining, and an increased nucleoplasm ratio (b, ×400).
Figure 6

Intravascular tumor thrombus in the gastric muscularis of a representative mouse in the Ctrl group (H&E staining). Gastric carcinoma cells were disorderly and infiltrated the blood vessels of the gastric muscularis in clumps (a, ×200). There was a vascular tumor thrombus in the gastric muscle layer, and gastric carcinoma cells had large nuclei, intense staining, and an increased nucleoplasm ratio (b, ×400).

Figure 7 Exfoliated cytology smears (H&E staining, ×400) of ascites in (a) the NC group and (b) the Ctrl group. Note the large cells and large and darkly stained nuclei, mixed with erythrocytes and mesothelial cells.
Figure 7

Exfoliated cytology smears (H&E staining, ×400) of ascites in (a) the NC group and (b) the Ctrl group. Note the large cells and large and darkly stained nuclei, mixed with erythrocytes and mesothelial cells.

3.3 NM23 expression

There was abundant cytoplasmic expression with flaky or focal patterns in NM23-OE group, but scarce expression in NC and Ctrl groups. IHC analysis of the tumors indicated the NM23-OE group had a flaky or focal positive distribution of NM23, and an integrated optical density (IOD) value greater than in the NC and Ctrl groups (p < 0.05; Figure 8a and b). Western blot results showed that the average optical density of NM23 protein in the NM23-OE group was increased, indicating that the expression of NM23 protein was higher than that in Ctrl group and NC group, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05); There was no significant difference in the expression of NM23 protein between the Ctrl group and the NC group (p > 0.05; Figure 8c and d).

Figure 8 (a and b) IHC analysis and (c and d) western blot of tumor tissues. The expression of NM23 protein in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in the Ctrl group was decreased, NM23 (+). The expression of NM23 protein in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in the NC group was occasionally seen, NM23 (+). NM23-OE group showed sheet or focal positive expression, NM23 (++) (a). An IOD value greater than in the NC and Ctrl groups (p < 0.05; (b)). Western blot of tumor tissues confirmed significantly greater expression of NM23 in the NM23-OE group (p < 0.05; (c) and (d)).
Figure 8

(a and b) IHC analysis and (c and d) western blot of tumor tissues. The expression of NM23 protein in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in the Ctrl group was decreased, NM23 (+). The expression of NM23 protein in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in the NC group was occasionally seen, NM23 (+). NM23-OE group showed sheet or focal positive expression, NM23 (++) (a). An IOD value greater than in the NC and Ctrl groups (p < 0.05; (b)). Western blot of tumor tissues confirmed significantly greater expression of NM23 in the NM23-OE group (p < 0.05; (c) and (d)).

4 Discussion

Tumor progression and metastases are characterized by changes in the expression of multiple genes, and expression of NM23 is closely related to tumor invasion, metastasis, and altered cells signaling. Gong et al. showed that the cells viabilities of HGC-27 and MKN-45 cells were significantly decreased when the NME2 expression was silenced and the percentage of apoptotic cells was remarkably increased. These data indicated that the NME2 protein took an inhibitory effect on the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells [17]. Recent studies examined the occurrence and progression of gastric carcinoma at the molecular level [18], and gene-targeted therapy has become a research hotspot. There is great potential for the use of gene-targeted therapy as a treatment for patients with gastric carcinoma.

The nude mouse xenograft tumor model is an important experimental model that combines in vitro and in vivo approaches [19]. Establishing a reasonable and effective animal model is an important prerequisite for research. In this study, we first demonstrated the successful transfection of BGC-823 cells with a recombinant adenovirus vector (PCMV-NM23-IRES-EGFP), based on fluorescence microscopy. We then transplanted these cells into the abdominal cavity of mice, as previously described. After 1 week, mice in NM23-OE group were generally in good condition, had normal activities, and no obvious cachexia. However, mice in the NC and Ctrl groups had reduced food intake, tiredness, abdominal bulges, and weight gain. As the tumor spread, there was no difference in survival of the NC and Ctrl groups. After 2 weeks, the mean abdominal circumference of the NM23-OE group was significantly less than in the NC and Ctrl groups. A small animal ultrasound detector confirmed tumor growth in the abdominal cavities of mice in the NC and Ctrl groups.

Cell adhesion plays an essential role in the two different stages of tumor metastasis. Lacombe. ML showed that NME4 is a metastasis suppressor gene and localized in mitochondria, revealing a prominent role of altered NDPK-D in crucial features of cancer metastasis such as intercellular adhesion, migration, invasion, and EMT [20]; 2 weeks after tumor cells inoculation, intraperitoneal tumors of mice in the NM23-OE group were mainly in the mesentery, lower margin of the liver, and renal capsule, and there were no obvious ascites. The main reason for peritoneal metastasis is that gastric carcinoma cells are free to move within the abdominal cavity, and this can lead to extensive intraperitoneal metastasis. There are many capillaries in the mesentery, and a sufficient blood supply can allow a transplanted tumor to grow rapidly. Therefore, most transplanted tumors were in the mesentery in all three groups, and tumor adhesion was common.

Mice in the NC and Ctrl groups had more organ invasion than mice in the NM23-OE group. The NC and Ctrl mice had widely distributed metastases, whereas the NM23-OE group only had metastases in the mesentery, lower hepatic margin, and renal capsule. We speculate that the mesentery, lower hepatic margin, and surrounding kidney are the sites of early abdominal metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Our IHC and western blot demonstrated higher expression of NM23 in the NM23-OE group than in the other two groups. Thus, these results indicated high expression of NM23 in the intraperitoneal xenografts of nude mice in the NM23-OE group and confirmed that this protein inhibited the metastasis of gastric carcinoma. Ai et al. showed that NM23‐H1 negatively regulated miR‐660‐5p and influenced the proliferation, migration, and invasion. Therefore, NM23‐H1 can inhibit lung cancer bone-specific metastasis [21]. Moreover, predominant melanomas of HPN2 mice grew at a modestly higher rate than those of HP or HPN1 mice; Pamidimukkala. N suggested that the robust metastasis-suppressor activities exhibited by both NME1 and NME2 in vivo [22]. The above-mentioned experiments showed that the results were consistent with those of this experimental study. In addition, we will conduct an in-depth study of the gender of different nude mice and the expression of various substantive organs [23].

Clinical research by Zeng et al. confirmed that the expression of NM23 in gastric carcinoma had negatively correlated with histological grade, degree of differentiation, and lymph node metastasis [24]. Wang et al. showed that statistically significant association was found between NM23 expression and the tumor differentiation of patients with gastric carcinoma [25].

Kim and Lee reported that NM23 can be associated with the oxidation of cysteine residues, and affected cancer metastasis [26]. Mátyási et al. announced that NM23-H1 inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells by MAPK signaling and acted against metastatic progression [27]. Sharma et al. emphasized NM23 affected telomeres and telomere-associated functions and inhibited tumor metastasis [28]. Li et al. demonstrated that overexpression of RGS19 which served as GTPase-activating protein (GAP) could activate adenylyl cyclase (AC) and augment intracellular cAMP level, which induces NM23-H1/H2 expression through cAMP/PKA signaling. Moreover, agents such as adrenergic receptor agonists, activator of adenylyl cyclase, and cAMP analogues increase the intracellular cAMP level and the phosphorylation of CREB which significantly increase NM23-H1/H2 expression [29]. However, the identification of the mechanism by which NM23 inhibits metastasis requires further study.

Acknowledgments

This work was funded partly by the Science and Technology Fund of Guizhou Province [(2013)3001], and the reform project of teaching content and curriculum system of colleges and universities in Guizhou Province (2020102), and the Zunyi City Science and Technology Plan Project [(2020)52]. In addition, we also cordially thank Qin Wu who is working in the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province. We cordially thank Xiang Lu, Qiong-you Liu, Lian Liu, Jun Tan, and Jie-dong Wang, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zunyi Medical University.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding is involved.

  2. Author contributions: Na Liang contributed to this study, data collection, and imaging analysis. Chunming Li designed the study. Neng Zhang verified the data. Na Liang manuscripted writing. Qiang Xu, Shengnan Zou, Meng Zhang, and Shuyao Si main revised. Li Zeng did in vitro experiments in early work. All authors have reviewed and contributed to the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2022-12-24
Revised: 2023-03-22
Accepted: 2023-04-05
Published Online: 2023-05-23

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0610
Keywords for this article
gastric carcinoma; NM23; abdominal cancer xenografts; nude mice; metastases
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
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  9. Immunoregulation of synovial macrophages for the treatment of osteoarthritis
  10. Novel CPLANE1 c.8948dupT (p.P2984Tfs*7) variant in a child patient with Joubert syndrome
  11. Antiphospholipid antibodies and the risk of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms
  12. Immunological responses of septic rats to combination therapy with thymosin α1 and vitamin C
  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
  14. Pharmacological inhibition of the ubiquitin-specific protease 8 effectively suppresses glioblastoma cell growth
  15. Levocarnitine regulates the growth of angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis cells via TIMP-1
  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
  22. Soy isoflavone reduces LPS-induced acute lung injury via increasing aquaporin 1 and aquaporin 5 in rats
  23. Refractory hypokalemia with sexual dysplasia and infertility caused by 17α-hydroxylase deficiency and triple X syndrome: A case report
  24. Meta-analysis of cancer risk among end stage renal disease undergoing maintenance dialysis
  25. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase inhibition arrests growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer via AMPK activation and oxidative stress
  26. Experimental study on the optimization of ANM33 release in foam cells
  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
  28. Metabolomic analysis-identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid might be a key metabolite of severe preeclampsia
  29. Malignant pleural effusion diagnosis and therapy
  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
  42. Performance comparison of three scaling algorithms in NMR-based metabolomics analysis
  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
  52. Meta-analysis of the rs231775 locus polymorphism in the CTLA-4 gene and the susceptibility to Graves’ disease in children
  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
  67. Collagen changes in rabbit conjunctiva after conjunctival crosslinking
  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
  69. Oral nifedipine and phytosterol, intravenous nicardipine, and oral nifedipine only: Three-arm, retrospective, cohort study for management of severe preeclampsia
  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
  72. Rare presentation of double-clonal Waldenström macroglobulinemia with pulmonary embolism: A case report
  73. Giant duplication of the transverse colon in an adult: A case report and literature review
  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
  99. Tanshinone IIA alleviates chondrocyte apoptosis and extracellular matrix degeneration by inhibiting ferroptosis
  100. Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
  101. Effect of periostin on bone metabolic and autophagy factors during tooth eruption in mice
  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
  105. Effects of physical exercise on biomarkers of oxidative stress in healthy subjects: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  106. Identification of lysosome-related genes in connection with prognosis and immune cell infiltration for drug candidates in head and neck cancer
  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
  108. Research progress on gas signal molecular therapy for Parkinson’s disease
  109. Adiponectin inhibits TGF-β1-induced skin fibroblast proliferation and phenotype transformation via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway
  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
  112. CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in placenta tissues of patients with placenta previa
  113. Association between thyroid stimulating hormone levels and papillary thyroid cancer risk: A meta-analysis
  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
  117. TRIM29 knockdown prevented the colon cancer progression through decreasing the ubiquitination levels of KRT5
  118. Cross-talk between gut microbiota and liver steatosis: Complications and therapeutic target
  119. Metastasis from small cell lung cancer to ovary: A case report
  120. The early diagnosis and pathogenic mechanisms of sepsis-related acute kidney injury
  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
  122. Erianin alleviates collagen-induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting Th17 cell differentiation
  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
  125. Crosstalk between lactic acid and immune regulation and its value in the diagnosis and treatment of liver failure
  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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