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Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review

  • Dan Yuan , Qing Ji , Jin-Hua Xia , Jin-Jing Wang EMAIL logo and Na Liang
Published/Copyright: July 17, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

Granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare systemic autoimmune vasculitis disease that is highly correlated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). It was formerly called as “Wegener’s granulomatosis.” The clinical manifestations are diverse, mainly involving the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys, and this disease can involve the brain parenchyma as an isolated solid mass. Only one case has been reported thus far. To provide further information on this rare case, we report a case of GPA involving the fourth ventricle and review the relevant literature. A 32-year-old Chinese female developed fever, cough, and shortness of breath for 20 days. An 80 mm × 80 mm skin ulcer was seen on the right lower limb. CT showed multiple large patches of increased density in both lungs. The patient’s serological ANCA was positive. Later, the patient developed dizziness and headache. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed a mass of approximately 21 mm × 24 mm in the fourth ventricle. The patient had a craniotomy for mass resection, and macroscopically, the mass was gray–red and measured 25 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm, was soft, had local hemorrhage and necrosis, and had no capsule. The main microscopic features included necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis, the patient’s immunohistochemistry was positive for CD68 and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, and the acid-fast staining and hexaamine silver staining were negative. Combined with the clinical history, serology, and imaging, the pathological diagnosis was GPA in the fourth ventricle. The patient was switched to rituximab combined with steroid therapy because she did not tolerate cyclophosphamide. After 5 months of follow-up, the patient’s lung lesions and skin ulcers had completely improved, but the brain lesions had further progressed. When a patient has multiple system diseases, abnormal clinical manifestations, and positive serological ANCAs, a diagnosis of GPA should be carefully considered, and biopsies of easy-to-access sites should be performed. If the patient’s histopathological manifestations include vasculitis, granuloma, and necrosis, a diagnosis of GPA is more likely. If a patient subsequently develops an intraventricular mass, the clinicians should consider a diagnosis of GPA, which can rarely involve the cerebral ventricle to avoid an unnecessary biopsy or surgical treatment of intracranial lesions. When a patient is intolerant to the traditional treatment drug cyclophosphamide and needs to be switched to rituximab, the treatment effect of intracerebral lesions is not ideal; therefore, the treatment of lesions involving GPA in the ventricle is worthy of further exploration.

Keywords: granulomatous polyangiitis; Wegener’s granulomatosis; fourth ventricle; necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis; treatment

1 Background

Granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as “Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG),” is an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-related vasculitis, which is a type of autoimmune systemic small and medium vasculitis that is characterized by the production of pathogenic ANCAs [1]. GPA is a disease with an incidence rate of 3/100,000 [2], and it is more prevalent in patients of European descent. Its incidence appears to increase with distance from the equator, and there is no difference between male and female incidence rates [22]. It mainly affects the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys. The clinical manifestations include systemic necrotizing small vasculitis, necrotizing granulomatous inflammation, and glomerular necrotizing nephritis. Before the advent of therapeutic drugs (prednisone and cyclophosphamide [CYC]), the rate of nervous system involvement was 25.7–54%, and after the emergence of effective therapeutic drugs, the rate of nervous system involvement has decreased to 22% [3–5]. The nervous system involvement mainly manifests as meningitis and cerebrovascular events, while isolated solid mass lesions in the brain parenchyma are rare [6,7,17]. The GPA pathology mainly includes a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis of the small and medium blood vessels. The diagnosis of GPA needs to be combined with the clinical history and serological, radiological and pathological findings, and histopathology is the gold standard for diagnosing GPA [8,9]. GPA cases involving the fourth ventricle are rare, and there is only one related report that was found in PubMed. Therefore, this article explains the clinicopathological analysis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of a case of GPA involving the fourth ventricle, and this article aims to improve the clinicians’ and pathologists’ knowledge of this disease.

2 Case characteristics

A 32-year-old Chinese female patient was admitted to the hospital with “fever, cough, and shortness of breath for 20 days.” A chest CT that was performed at the local hospital indicated tuberculosis, and the lesions increased in size after anti-tuberculosis treatment. Later, the patient went to our hospital. The patient’s physical examination showed that she had wheezing that could be heard and was scattered in both lower lungs, and 80 mm × 80 mm skin ulcers were seen on her right lower extremity. An auxiliary examination included a chest CT, which showed large patches, patchy increased densities in both lungs, and multiple bronchial stenoses in both of her lungs (Figure 1a). Her ANCA was positive, Anti-protease 3 (anti-PR3) antibody was increased; she had anemia and high white blood cell and platelet counts. She also had increased C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, anti-nuclear antibody spectrum, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptides. The level of antibody was normal. The patient’s urine protein was 2+, and urine occult blood was 3+. Multiple sputum and alveolar lavage samples were negative for tuberculosis bacteria; the patient’s clinical diagnosis was GPA. For her treatment, she was given methylprednisolone sodium succinate combined with CYC for anti-inflammatory and immune suppression. Because the patient was intolerant to CYC and experienced severe nausea and vomiting, she was treated with rituximab (RTX) combined with steroids. After 1 year, the patient developed new symptoms such as dizziness and headache. A cranial MRI showed that she had an irregular mass that was seen in the fourth ventricle, with a larger cross-section of approximately 21 mm × 24 mm, which spread along the bilateral lateral foramen of the fourth ventricle. The sinus bone and surrounding pia mater were intact, and tumorous lesions were suspected (Figure 1b and c). The clinician performed a craniotomy to excise the mass. During the operation, a gray and red mass in the fourth ventricle (25 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm in size, with an abundant blood supply and a tight adhesion with the surrounding tissues, invading the dorsal side of the brainstem) was removed and was submitted for a pathological evaluation. Macroscopy revealed a gray–red mass that measured 25 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm, was soft, and had local bleeding and necrosis but no capsule. The microscopic features included vasculitis, granuloma, and necrosis, manifested by the infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils in the walls of arterioles, venules, and capillaries. The presence of fibrinoid necrosis was not obvious (Figure 2b and c), and a large number of epithelioid cells were around the blood vessels. Surrounding the formation of granulomatous vasculitis (Figure 2d and e), the necrosis included liquefaction necrosis that formed abscesses. The epithelioid cells around the abscesses were arranged in a fence to form granulomas, and there were a large number of neutrophils, lymphocytes, tissue cells, and a small amount of plasma cell infiltration (Figure 2a). Immunohistochemistry was positive for CD68 (Figure 2f) and was negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Acid-fast staining and silver hexaamine staining were negative. After combining the patient’s clinical history, serology, imaging, pathological diagnosis, she was diagnosed with fourth ventricle GPA. After 5 months of follow-up, the patient’s lung lesions and skin ulcers had completely resolved, but her brain lesions had further progressed (clinical data is shown in Table 1).

Figure 1 (a) Chest CT showing large patches and a patchy increased density in both lungs, and multiple bronchial stenoses in both lungs. (b and c) Head MRI showing irregular masses in the fourth ventricle, with a larger cross-section of approximately 21 mm × 24 mm, spreading along the bilateral lateral foramen of the fourth ventricle, and the sinus bone and surrounding pia mater were intact.
Figure 1

(a) Chest CT showing large patches and a patchy increased density in both lungs, and multiple bronchial stenoses in both lungs. (b and c) Head MRI showing irregular masses in the fourth ventricle, with a larger cross-section of approximately 21 mm × 24 mm, spreading along the bilateral lateral foramen of the fourth ventricle, and the sinus bone and surrounding pia mater were intact.

Figure 2 Histopathology and immunohistochemistry: histopathology: (a) There was an abscess formed by liquefaction necrosis, the epithelioid cells around the abscess were arranged in a fence to form granulomas, and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the interstitium (single arrow abscess, double arrow granulomas, ×100). (b and c) Vasculitis: small blood vessels infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils into the wall, fibrinoid necrosis is not obvious (×100) (single arrow vasculitis, ×200). (d and e) A large number of epithelioid cells around the blood vessels form a granulomatous vasculitis (d: single arrow granulomatous vasculitis, ×100; e: single arrow epithelioid cells, ×200). Immunohistochemistry: (f) there was positive CD68 expression in epithelioid cells (×100).
Figure 2

Histopathology and immunohistochemistry: histopathology: (a) There was an abscess formed by liquefaction necrosis, the epithelioid cells around the abscess were arranged in a fence to form granulomas, and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated in the interstitium (single arrow abscess, double arrow granulomas, ×100). (b and c) Vasculitis: small blood vessels infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and neutrophils into the wall, fibrinoid necrosis is not obvious (×100) (single arrow vasculitis, ×200). (d and e) A large number of epithelioid cells around the blood vessels form a granulomatous vasculitis (d: single arrow granulomatous vasculitis, ×100; e: single arrow epithelioid cells, ×200). Immunohistochemistry: (f) there was positive CD68 expression in epithelioid cells (×100).

Table 1

Clinical data of two cases of ventricular GPA

Case Age (years) Gender Position Symptom Pathologic diagnosis Treatment and prognosis
1. Berlis [17] 57 Male Fourth ventricle Difficulty breathing, bloody rhinitis, and hoarseness, followed by nausea, vomiting, and headache GPA of fourth ventricle High dose steroids combined with CYC. The patient died 4 months later
2. (This report) 32 Female Fourth ventricle Fever, cough, shortness of breath, followed by dizziness and headache GPA of fourth ventricle Large amounts of steroid hormones combined with RTX monoclonal antibody treatment. Followed up for 5 months, further development of brain lesions

  1. Informed consent: Informed consent has been obtained from all individuals included in this study.

  2. Ethical approval: The research related to human use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations, institutional policies and in accordance with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration, and has been approved by the authors’ institutional review board or equivalent committee.

3 Discussion

GPA is a kind of ANCA-associated vasculitis. The other types of ANCA-related vasculitis also include microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic GPA. These diseases are all related to circulating ANCAs, and their main target antigen is protease 3 (PR3). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and GPA are mainly related to PR3-ANCA (75%) [1]. The specific pathogenesis may be the interaction of immune, infection, or genetic factors that cause PR3. The increase and release of MPO expression leads to the production and proliferation of pathogenic ANCAs. ANCAs combine with PR3 and MPO to form ANCA-PR3 and ANCA-MPO immune complexes and activate neutrophils, and the activated neutrophils pass through blood vessel walls. After a series of reactions, such as with respiratory bursts and degranulation, ANCAs lead to the damage of the vascular endothelial cells, causing vasculitis and necrosis and then the accumulation of monocytes to induce granulomatous inflammation [10,11]. The pathogenesis of GPA in the brain may be due to [12,13]: (1) inflammation, blockage, or an increased permeability of small and medium blood vessels in the brain caused by systemic vasculitis; (2) the infiltration or compression of granulomatous lesions in adjacent structures; and (3) the development of new granulomatous lesions in the central nervous system. Generally, lesions involving the dura mater or pituitary gland are mainly attributed to the infiltration of granulomas in adjacent structures, while parenchymal lesions are mediated by vasculitis and a destruction of the blood–brain barrier [14]. In this case, the GPA involved the fourth ventricle. CT showed that the sinus bone and surrounding pia mater were intact; therefore, the direct spread of adjacent granulomas was rule out. The pathogenesis may be related to vasculitis and the destruction of the blood–brain barrier. GPA can affect all systems throughout the body [14,15], most commonly the ears, nose and throat, lungs, and kidneys, and can also affect the skin, orbits and eyes, gastrointestinal tract, breasts, cardiovascular, peripheral nerves, and central nervous system. The symptoms of GPA that involve the central nervous system vary depending on the specific structures involved (dura mater, brain parenchyma, pituitary, spinal cord, and pia mater), and the symptoms can manifest as headache, intracranial hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and encephalopathy (epilepsy, changes in consciousness, and neuropsychiatry). De Luna et al. [16] studied 35 patients who had GPA involving the central nervous system. Headache was the main symptom, followed by sensory abnormalities and dyskinesias. Central nervous system involvement included 20 cases of dura meningitis, 15 cases of cerebral ischemic lesions, and hemorrhagic lesions. The pituitary gland was involved in two cases, indicating that CPA involvement of the central nervous system was mainly manifested as dura materitis or cerebrovascular events [16], while the fourth ventricle involving the brain parenchyma was rarely seen with a mass. Only one report was found in the literature. Berlis [17] reported a 57-year-old man who complained of dyspnea, bloody rhinitis, and hoarseness. ANCAs specific to PR3 were detected in that patient’s serum, a suspicious right lung tumor was found by chest radiology, and histopathological examination after right upper lobe resection confirmed the diagnosis of GPA. Steroids and CYC were given as immunosuppressive therapy. Secondary to the ineffectiveness or from the side effects of the immunosuppressive regimen, the patient complained of nausea, vomiting, and headache, as well as progressive neurological deficits, deflection, mild nystagmus, and diplopia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a clear mass in the fourth ventricle, which squeezed and infiltrated the surrounding structures. After treatment with high-dose steroids and CYC, the patient’s neurological symptoms improved. MRI showed that the fourth ventricle mass had subsided. Although the mass had subsided, the patient’s lung disease was still progressing. The patient died 4 months later [17] (clinical data is shown in Table 1). In our case, the patient complained of fever, cough, shortness of breath, bilateral lung disease, right lower limb skin ulcer, and had other multiple system involvement manifestations and a positive serum ANCA. The clinical diagnosis of GPA was based on the response to steroids and RTX as immunosuppressive therapy, and then the patient developed dizziness and headache, and irregular masses in the fourth ventricle, which were seen on the cranial MRI. These lesions were suspected to be tumorous lesions. A grayish red tumor in the fourth ventricle was seen during the operation. The tumor was removed and sent to pathology. The pathological diagnosis confirmed GPA. The diseases that need to be considered include neoplastic lesions (such as glioblastoma and ependymoma) and infectious lesions (such as tuberculosis). The epithelioid cells that are arranged around blood vessels are similar to the vascular chrysanthemum in ependymoma. Ependymoma, where the epithelioid cells are arranged in a fence around the necrosis, could indicate glioblastoma, but the necrosis is inflammatory necrosis, which is when a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrate in the interstitium, the cells are not abnormal, no mitotic figures are seen, and GFAP, glioblastoma, and ependymoma are excluded. No typical caseous necrosis was seen in the lesion, and acid-fast staining and hexaamine silver staining were negative to exclude tuberculosis and other special infections. The treatment of GPA is divided into two stages, namely, the induction of remission and the maintenance of remission. For GPA patients who have central nervous system involvement, the remission induction therapy mainly includes high-dose steroids and CYC. Patients with CYC intolerance can be switched to RTX; once a complete remission is achieved, patients should be switched to maintenance therapy. In the treatment program, a combination of low-dose steroids and oral immunosuppressive agents, including methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, or RTX, should be used for at least 24 months [13]. If there is diffuse alveolar hemorrhage or if the serum creatinine level is ≥500 μmol/L, plasma exchange should be considered [9]. According to reports, two-thirds of patients with GPA involving the pituitary gland with conventional remission induction therapy (high-dose glucocorticoid and oral or intravenous CYC) can obtain relief [18]. Cartin’s [19] studies have shown that patients with GPA treated with RTX achieve complete remission faster than those treated with CYC, and this treatment may be superior in terms of preventing recurrent disease. These findings suggest that clinicians may consider using RTX as a first-line treatment [20]. However, there is limited experience in using RTX in treating the pituitary involvement in GPA, and further research is needed [20,21]. This patient was mainly treated with a large number of steroid hormones combined with RTX (due to CYC intolerance). The patient’s lung lesions were significantly improved during the 5-month follow-up, but the patient’s brain lesions were still progressing, as reported by Berlis. The outcome of this patient after RTX was the opposite (the brain lesions improved, and the lung lesions further progressed), and this case was not completely consistent with the report of Cartin. This analysis may be compared with CYC. The rate of blood–brain barrier passage of RTX is low, and a lower brain drug concentration is related to not achieving a good therapeutic effect. Therefore, the treatment of intracerebral lesions in patients with GPA involving the fourth ventricle and who have an intolerance to CYC is worthy of further exploration. We can change the mode of RTX administration from intravenous to intrathecal injection. Intrathecal injections typically do not need to pass through the blood–brain barrier because the drug diffuses directly into the ventricle via cerebrospinal fluid; however, the administration time and concentration are unknown and require further research. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) are other potential therapeutic targets for GPA. SYK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that reduces ANCA-induced cellular responses by mediating the signaling of B cell receptors, Fc receptors, integrins, and pattern recognition. BTK mediates B cell receptor signaling, influencing growth and maturation [22]. According to research, untreated GPA patients have an average life expectancy of 5 months and a 1-year survival rate of less than 30%. Recently, over 80% of patients who receive effective treatment can still expect to live at least 8–9 years [1].

4 Conclusion

When the patient has multiple systemic diseases (especially involving the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys), abnormal clinical manifestations, and positive serological ANCAs, a diagnosis of GPA should be carefully considered, and a biopsy of the easy-to-access parts should be performed. If the histopathological findings include a necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis, the diagnosis of GPA is more likely. If the patient subsequently develops an intraventricular mass, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of the rare manifestation of GPA involving the cerebral ventricle to avoid an unnecessary biopsy or unnecessary surgical treatment of intracranial lesions. When patients are intolerant to the traditional treatment drug CYC and need to switch to RTX, the treatment effect of intracerebral lesions is not ideal, so the treatment of lesions involving GPA in the ventricle is worthy of further exploration.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded partly by the Zunyi City Science and Technology Plan Project ((2020)52).

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: Dan Yuan supervised the literature search and wrote the article. Jing-hua Xia performed immunohistochemical tests. Qing Ji and Na Liang evaluated the histopathological images and prepared the figures. Jin-jing Wang revised the manuscript as well as guidance and editing throughout the writing process. All authors have reviewed and contributed to the final manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-05-02
Revised: 2023-06-05
Accepted: 2023-06-10
Published Online: 2023-07-17

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
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  70. Case report of hepatic retiform hemangioendothelioma: A rare tumor treated with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation
  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
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  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
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  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
  86. Integrated analysis of the microbiome and transcriptome in stomach adenocarcinoma
  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
  91. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review
  92. Studying infant mortality: A demographic analysis based on data mining models
  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
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  102. HP1 induces ferroptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells through NRF2 pathway in diabetic nephropathy
  103. Intravaginal estrogen management in postmenopausal patients with vaginal squamous intraepithelial lesions along with CO2 laser ablation: A retrospective study
  104. Hepatocellular carcinoma cell differentiation trajectory predicts immunotherapy, potential therapeutic drugs, and prognosis of patients
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  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
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  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
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  114. Significance of sTREM-1 and sST2 combined diagnosis for sepsis detection and prognosis prediction
  115. Diagnostic value of serum neuroactive substances in the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with depression
  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
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  121. The effect of NK cell therapy on sepsis secondary to lung cancer: A case report
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  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
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  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
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  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
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  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
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  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
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  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
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  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
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  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
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  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
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  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
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  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0654
Keywords for this article
granulomatous polyangiitis; Wegener’s granulomatosis; fourth ventricle; necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis; treatment
Creative Commons
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  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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