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Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation

  • Xiaoyang Cai , Hongmei Deng , Wenjing Li , Hongyan Li and Min Li EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: July 19, 2023
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 18 Issue 1

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the fresh processing technology of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix using a multi-index evaluation. This study comprehensively evaluated the fresh processing technology of sliced Cut Ophiopogonis Radix by investigating the cutting methods, cutting thickness, and drying conditions, and referring to The Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition. The appearance traits, internal quality (extract, total saponins, total flavonoids, total polysaccharides), and drying efficiency were used as evaluation indexes. The physical attributes of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix were found to vary based on the processing techniques employed. The shape, surface characteristics, texture, and color were observed to differ across the different methods. Notably, the apparent quality of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix was superior in samples processed using A1B1C1, A1B2C2, and A3B1C3 techniques. Drying time and energy consumption of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix produced by the A1B2C2 and A2B1C2 processes were less than those of other treatments, making them the optimal process for fresh processing Cut Ophiopogonis Radix. The impact of the cutting method and thickness on the extract was found to be statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). However, the drying method was observed to have a significant impact on the extract (P < 0.05). The cutting method, Cut thickness, and drying method did not affect the total saponin content (P > 0.05), but they had significant effects on the total polysaccharide and flavonoid contents (P < 0.01). Total polysaccharides were most affected by the cutting method, while total flavonoids were most affected by the drying condition. Based on the characteristics and internal quality, the fresh processing technology for Cut Ophiopogonis Radix was determined: fresh Ophiopogonis Radix was sliced to a thickness of 2–4 mm and dried at 55°C or a low temperature. The feasibility of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix is improved through its fresh processing. According to the evaluation indices, it is recommended to utilize the novel processing technique involving “fresh Ophiopogonis Radix” with fresh cuts, a cut thickness ranging from 2 to 4 mm, and drying at a temperature of 55℃ or through low-temperature drying. The Cut Ophiopogonis Radix exhibited favorable appearance and internal characteristics, thereby furnishing a scientific basis and innovative insights for the production of ophiopogon decoction slices.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: Ophiopogonis Radix; fresh processing; cut system; multi-indices; processing technology

1 Introduction

Ophiopogonis Radix is the dried tuberous root of Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl. of the Liliaceae plant, which has the properties of nourishing yin and promoting fluid, moistening the lungs, and clearing the heart [1]. Ophiopogonis Radix is frequently utilized as traditional Chinese medicine. The earliest documentation of this herbal medicine can be traced back to “Shennong’s Classic of Materia Medica,” which is regarded as the highest standard and includes records of herbal medicines from various dynasties. Ophiopogonis Radix is a well-known, authentic medicinal substance that is mostly produced in the provinces of Sichuan and Zhejiang in China. It is composed of Zhejiang Ophiopogonis Radix and Sichuan Ophiopogonis Radix, respectively. Based on statistical data, it can be inferred that Ophiopogonis Radix serves as the primary ingredient in 573 Chinese patent medicine prescriptions and 959 other prescriptions. During the processing of medicinal materials into decoction pieces, various issues may arise, including challenges in the cutting process, overlapping and duplication of production procedures, loss of active ingredients, complications in separating non-medicinal components, difficulties in drying and storing, escalated processing expenses, and vulnerability to secondary pollution [2,3]. At the same time, in conjunction with the features of each medicinal material, the 2015 edition of “Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China” specifies 64 medicinal materials that can be freshly processed at the site of origin. The 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China” [1] has expanded its coverage to encompass 69 species, except for Ophiopogonis Radix. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that fresh processing is feasible and applicable for various medicinal materials, including Chuanxiong Rhizoma [4], Asparagi Radix [5], Gastrodiae Rhizoma [6], Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma [7], Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma [8], and Cinnamomi Cortex [9], among others. The “Plan for the Protection and Development of Chinese Medicinal Materials (2015–2020)” clearly recommends the implementation of “fresh processing and intensive processing” of medicinal materials. The provinces of Yunnan, Shandong, and Gansu simultaneously introduced fresh processing varieties. For instance, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Codonopsis Radix, Astragali Radix, Hedysari Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, and Isatidis Radix are among the first batch of fresh processing varieties released by Gansu Province. Documents were issued by Hubei Province and Hebei Province to authorize the procurement of freshly processed Chinese herbal medicines by manufacturers of Chinese herbal medicine. The emergence of fresh processing can be attributed to the modernization and industrialization of traditional Chinese medicine.

The processing of traditional Chinese medicine is a significant aspect of clinical medicine within the realm of traditional Chinese medicine. China has a rich historical tradition of utilizing traditional Chinese medicine, with documented instances of fresh processing and utilizing freshly picked medicinal substances. For example, in the Han Dynasty [10,11,12] (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, and Paeoniae Radix Alba), Jin Dynasty [13] (Mori Cortex and Imperatae Rhizoma), Nanqi [14] (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix, Peucedani Radix, etc.), Liang Dynasty [15] (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Ophiopogonis Radix, and Belamcandae Rhizoma), Tang Dynasty [16,17,18,19] (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Eucommiae Cortex, Phytolaccae Radix, etc.), Song Dynasty [20,21,22,23] (Rosae Laevigatae Fructus, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, etc.), Yuan Dynasty [24,25] (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Quisqualis Fructus, Mume Fructus, etc.), Ming Dynasty [26,27] (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix, etc.), Qing Dynasty [28,29,30] (Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens, Atractylodis Rhizoma, etc.) all have records of fresh processing of the origin of some medicinal materials. The fresh processing of certain varieties, such as Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Phytolaccae Radix, Eucommiae Cortex, etc., is predominately based on the fresh cut system, which is still in use today. Previous editions of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” describe “removing impurities, washing, moisturizing, rolling, and drying” as the steps involved in the processing of Ophiopogonis Radix pieces. The preparation process of Ophiopogonis Radix necessitates additional processing of the medicinal materials, resulting in increased labor and time requirements, ultimately leading to higher production costs. On the other hand, the therapeutic elements in the medicinal materials will be lost during the infiltration process. It is vital to find a practical solution for the issue of scientifically processing Ophiopogonis Radix fragments. Indicators such as total polysaccharides and total flavonoids were introduced to the quality control indicators of the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” as a result of this study. Multi-indices were utilized to assess the fresh processing technology and conventional technology of Ophiopogonis Radix origin. The present investigation aimed to examine the scientific validity, practicality, and relevance of the method used for the fresh processing of Ophiopogonis Radix. The primary objective was to reduce the processing time, conserve energy, and preserve the high quality of Ophiopogonis Radix.

2 Materials

2.1 Instruments

A580 UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (Aoyi Instruments (Shanghai) Co., Ltd); Milli-Q Advantage A10 ultrapure water meter (Merck Millipore, France); BP121S 1/100,000 electronic balance (Sartorius, Germany); KQ-500VDE Dual Frequency CNC Ultrasonic Cleaner (Kunshan Ultrasonic Instrument Co., Ltd); DUG-9070B intelligent electric heating constant temperature blast drying oven (Shanghai Langgan Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd); CHRIST ALPHA 1-4 LSC freeze-dryer (Matian hrist freeze-dryer GmbH, Germany).

2.2 Reagents

The fructose reference material was obtained from Sichuan Vikki Biotechnology Co., Ltd (batch number wkq16062201, mass fraction ≥98%). Sichuan Vikki Biotechnology Co., Ltd supplied the hesperidin reference material (batch number wkq15123105, mass fraction ≥98%). Ruscosapogenin reference substance (batch number OVTX-UC34, mass fraction ≥98%) was obtained from the China Institute of Food and Drug Inspection. Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory provided 95% ethanol, methanol, n-butanol, and ammonia test solutions of analytical grade. Perchloric acid was from Tianjin Zhengcheng Chemical Co., Ltd; Anthrone from Shanghai Kefeng Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd; concentrated sulfuric acid of analytical grade from Sichuan Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd; and distilled water was from Youpu series ultrapure water device.

Fresh Ophiopogonis Radix products were purchased from the Ophiopogonis Radix planting base in Luxi Town, Santai County, Sichuan Province. Professor Li Min of the Chinese Medicine Appraisal Department at Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine determined that it was the fresh tuberous root of Ophiopogon japonicus (L.f.) Ker-Gawl., a genus of the Liliaceae family.

3 Methods

3.1 Processing methods

After removing fibrous roots and contaminants, cleaning, and drying the surface moisture, fresh Ophiopogonis Radix was cut by hand. Using the method of cutting (A), the thickness (B), and the method of drying (C) of fresh slices as factors, three levels were established for examination, as shown in Table 1. Dealing with Cut Ophiopogonis Radix of different specifications based on factor level is given in Table 1 and L9 [34] orthogonal design table. Table 2 presents the processing techniques employed for Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

Table 1

Factor level table

Levels Factor (A) Factor (B) Factor (C)
1 Cross section 2 mm ≥ thickness > 1 mm Sun-dried
2 Oblique section 4 mm ≥ thickness > 2 mm Drying at 55℃ [31]
3 Longitudinal section 6 mm ≥ thickness > 4 mm Freeze-drying
Table 2

Experimental design of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix processing technology

Sample serial number Experimental design of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix processing technology
Processing type Cutting method Slicing thickness Drying method
A1B1C1 Fresh processing Cross section 2 mm ≥ thickness > 1 mm Sun-dried
A1B2C2 4 mm ≥ thickness > 2 mm Drying at 55℃ [31]
A1B3C3 6 mm ≥ thickness > 4 mm Freeze-drying
A2B1C2 Longitudinal section 2 mm ≥ thickness > 1 mm Sun-dried
A2B2C3 4 mm ≥ thickness > 2 mm Drying at 55℃ [31]
A2B3C1 6 mm ≥ thickness > 4 mm Freeze-drying
A3B1C3 Oblique section 2 mm ≥ thickness > 1 mm Sun-dried
A3B2C1 4 mm ≥ thickness > 2 mm Drying at 55℃ [31]
A3B3C2 6 mm ≥ thickness > 4 mm Freeze-drying

3.2 Appearance traits

Cut Ophiopogonis Radix was thoroughly evaluated for its appearance and characteristics with reference to the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” [1]; the appearance shape, surface characteristics, section characteristics, smell, and taste were used as the inspection indicators.

3.3 Quality evaluation

3.3.1 Determination method of moisture, total ash, and extract

Samples of Ophiopogonis Radix were analyzed with the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” [1] as a reference for the determination of moisture (General Rule 0832 Second Law), total ash (General Rule 2302), and extract (Cold soaking method under General Chapter 2201).

3.3.2 Determination of total saponins, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides

Total saponin content was calculated using the procedure described in the section titled “Content Determination of Ophiopogonis Radix” of Volume I of the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” [1]. Total flavonoid content was calculated using the reference technique using hesperidin as the standard [32]. The determination of total polysaccharide content was performed using the reference method, with fructose serving as the reference substance [33,34].

3.4 Processing cost

Drying time and energy consumption were used to assess processing costs. The amount of electricity needed to process one batch of one ton of fresh Ophiopogonis Radix was used to determine the amount of energy consumption. Power consumption was calculated as follows: power consumption = electrical power × power consumption time [35].

4 Results

4.1 Appearance traits of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

There were some changes in the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix generated using various processing techniques in terms of appearance, shape, surface features, section texture, and section color. Slices of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix that had been freeze-dried essentially had the same shape as those that had been cut fresh. However, the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix displayed varying degrees of inward curling following both natural drying and drying at 55°C. Similar observations on the influence of drying methods on the shape of plant fruit were reported, with freeze-drying having no effect but sun and drying at 55°C did [36]. Additionally, the cut surface color of the freeze-dried Cut Ophiopogonis Radix was whiter and lighter than the colors of the sun-dried and 55°C-dried Cut Ophiopogonis Radix, which were both almost white. To summarize, the processes A1B1C1, A1B2C2, and A3B1C3 had superior appearance and properties and can be selected as the best origin of Ophiopogonis Radix as Processing Technology. The shape, color, texture, smell, and taste of various Cut Ophiopogonis Radix after processing are depicted in Table 3 and Figures 1–3.

Table 3

Appearance traits of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Sample serial number Appearance shape Surface features Cut feature Smell Taste
A1B1C1 R, SDC Epidermis PY, SS Cut surface Wh, TP W S, SB
A1B2C2 R, SDC Epidermis PY, SS Cut surface Wh, P W S, SB
A1B3C3 R, SDC Epidermis PY, Sm Cut surface Wh, LS W S, SB
A2B1C2 O, SCC Epidermis PY, SS Cut surface Wh, TP W S, SB
A2B2C3 O, SCC Epidermis YW, S Cut surface Wh, with small white particles W S, SB
A2B3C1 Oval, PSC Epidermis YB, SS Cut surface Wh, TP W S, SB
A3B1C3 S, E, OC Epidermis YW, SIR Cut surface Wh, LF, and F W S, SB
A3B2C1 S, E, OSC Epidermis LYB, SI Cut surface Wh, TP W S, SB
A3B3C2 S, E, OSC Epidermis LYB, with fine Wr, SI Cut surface Wh, P W S, SB

R, round; SDC, small and distinct central column; O, Oval; SCC, small and conspicuous central column; PSC, prominent and small central column; S, spindle; E, elongated; OC, obvious central column; OSC, obvious and small central column; PY, pale yellow; SS, slightly shrunken; Sm, smooth; YW, yellowish white; YB, yellowish-brown; LYB, light yellowish brown; SI, slightly involute; SIR, slightly inwardly rolled; Wr, wrinkles; Wh, white; TP, translucent and powdery; P, powdery; LS, lightly soaked; LF, lightly foamed; F, foamy; W, weak; S, sweet; SB, slightly bitter.

Figure 1 Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A1B1C1, A1B2C2, A1B3C3).
Figure 1

Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A1B1C1, A1B2C2, A1B3C3).

Figure 2 Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A2B1C2, A2B2C3, A2B3C1).
Figure 2

Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A2B1C2, A2B2C3, A2B3C1).

Figure 3 Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A3B1C3, A3B2C1, A3B3C2).
Figure 3

Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (left → right：A3B1C3, A3B2C1, A3B3C2).

4.2 Quality evaluation

4.2.1 Determination of moisture and total ash

The moisture content of Ophiopogonis Radix was assessed through various drying methods. Freeze-drying for 24 h, following General Rule 0832 Second Law, resulted in a moisture content of 42.68 ± 0.67%. Sun-drying yielded a moisture content of 27.34 ± 0.57%, while the drying method at 55°C resulted in a lower moisture content of 22.34 ± 0.63%. The findings indicate that there was no significant disparity (P  >  0.05) in the levels of moisture content between the techniques of sun-drying and drying at 55°C. However, a statistically significant difference (P  <  0.05) was observed in the moisture content between the methods of freeze-drying and sun-drying/drying at 55°C.

4.3 Processing cost of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Table 4 displays the results of the processing cost calculation for Cut Ophiopogonis Radix. Based on the table, it can be concluded that A1B2C2 and A2B1C2 processing Cut Ophiopogonis Radix required less drying time and energy than other methods, making them the best option for fresh processing of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix. Similar outcomes were achieved in the chosen processing when drying at 55°C was used with a sample thickness ranging from 2 to 4 mm. Drying periods vary with sample thickness and drying temperature. When the different thicknesses were compared to one another, it was discovered that the specimen with the higher thickness, around 7 mm, displayed delayed drying behavior during the drying process because it contained a high level of moisture, as opposed to the lower thickness, about 5 mm [37,38]. Similar patterns were seen at drying temperatures over 55°C [39].

Table 4

The processing cost of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Sample serial number Drying time (h) Power consumption (kW/h)
A1B1C1 100 0
A1B2C2 16 17.60
A1B3C3 48 39.94
A2B1C2 14 15.40
A2B2C3 48 39.94
A2B3C1 90 0
A3B1C3 48 39.94
A3B2C1 100 0
A3B3C2 28 30.80

4.4 Analysis of the results of the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix mass assay

4.4.1 Analysis of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix extract assay results

Table 5 displays the orthogonal test results and visual analysis of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix, while Table 6 displays the variance analysis. The intuitive analysis determined that the order of influence of each factor on the extract was as follows: method of cutting > cutting thickness > drying method. According to the results of the variance analysis, the extract was not significantly affected by the cutting method or cutting thickness (P > 0.05); however, it was significantly affected by the drying process (P < 0.05). Freeze-drying yielded considerably more extracts from Ophiopogonis Radix medicinal materials after processing by the Cut System compared to other drying processes. As a result, using the extract as the evaluation index, the process A2B2C3 may be utilized as the optimum fresh processing strategy at the source of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

Table 5

Determination results of extract and visual analysis

Factors Cutting method Cutting thickness Drying method Extract (%)
A1B1C1 1 1 1 77.15
A1B2C2 1 2 2 78.66
A1B3C3 1 3 3 75.54
A2B1C2 2 1 2 76.64
A2B2C3 2 2 3 83.05
A2B3C1 2 3 1 81.35
A3B1C3 3 1 3 76.72
A3B2C1 3 2 1 76.19
A3B3C2 3 3 2 77.94
Mean 1 77.117 76.837 78.230
Mean 2 80.347 79.300 77.747
Mean 3 76.950 78.277 78.437
Range 3.397 2.463 0.690
Table 6

Analysis of variance of extract results

Source of variance Sum of square Degrees of freedom F value P
Cutting method 100.985 8 3.212 0.051
Cutting thickness 0.267 8 0.068 0.800
Drying method 100.718 8 3.661 0.037

4.4.2 Determination results of total saponins in Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Table 7 displays the findings of the assessment and visual analysis of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix’s total saponin content, while Table 8 presents the results of the variance analysis. According to the results of an intuitive analysis, the order of the influence of each factor on total saponin content was as follows: cutting method > drying method > cutting thickness. The findings of the analysis of variance revealed that the method of cutting, the cutting thickness, and the drying process did not have a significant effect on the total saponin content of the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix (P > 0.05).

Table 7

Determination results of total saponins and visual analysis

Factors Cutting method Cutting thickness Drying method Total saponin content (%)
A1B1C1 1 1 1 0.26
A1B2C2 1 2 2 0.23
A1B3C3 1 3 3 0.18
A2B1C2 2 1 2 0.25
A2B2C3 2 2 3 0.24
A2B3C1 2 3 1 0.26
A3B1C3 3 1 3 0.2
A3B2C1 3 2 1 0.2
A3B3C2 3 3 2 0.23
Mean 1 0.223 0.237 0.240
Mean 2 0.250 0.223 0.237
Mean 3 0.210 0.223 0.207
Range 0.040 0.014 0.033
Table 8

Analysis of variance of total saponins results

Source of variance Sum of square Degrees of freedom F Value P
Cutting method 0.012 8 1.824 0.194
Cutting thickness 0.001 8 0.795 0.396
Drying method 0.011 8 1.971 0.169

4.4.3 Determination results of total polysaccharide content in Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Table 9 shows the findings of the determination and visual examination of the total polysaccharide content of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix, and Table 10 shows the results of the variance analysis. According to the findings of the intuitive analysis, the order of the influence of each factor on the total polysaccharide content was as follows: cutting method > cutting thickness > drying method. The findings of the variance analysis demonstrated that the determination of the total polysaccharide content was significantly impacted by the cutting method, cutting thickness, and drying method (P < 0.01). After slitting the Ophiopogonis Radix to 1–2 mm (sun-dried) or 2–4 mm (drying at 55°C), the total polysaccharide content was found to be considerably higher than that of other treatments (P < 0.05). Previously, the maximum total polysaccharide content was recorded at 60°C, while increasing the drying temperature from 60 to 70°C lowered the total polysaccharide content. This could be because polysaccharides are heat sensitive, and the greater drying temperature resulted in thermal degradation of the polysaccharides [40]. Another study found that sun-drying increased carbohydrate content and that thinner slices (between 1 and 2 mm) were responsible for the decreased moisture content and improved nutrient quality [41]. Consequently, considering the total polysaccharide content as the evaluation index processes A1B1C1 and A1B2C2 can be utilized as the most optimal plan for fresh processing in the origin of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

Table 9

Determination results of total polysaccharides and visual analysis

Factors Cutting method Cutting thickness Drying method Total polysaccharide content (%)
A1B1C1 1 1 1 69.58
A1B2C2 1 2 2 64.18
A1B3C3 1 3 3 58.33
A2B1C2 2 1 2 53.11
A2B2C3 2 2 3 57.58
A2B3C1 2 3 1 52.69
A3B1C3 3 1 3 53.27
A3B2C1 3 2 1 53.22
A3B3C2 3 3 2 55.56
Mean 1 64.030 58.653 58.497
Mean 2 54.460 58.327 57.617
Mean 3 54.017 55.527 56.393
Range 10.013 3.126 2.104
Table 10

Analysis of variance of total polysaccharides results

Source of variance Sum of square Degrees of freedom F Value P
Cutting method 892.665 8 18.318 0.000
Cutting thickness 347.582 8 57.060 0.000
Drying method 545.082 8 12.783 0.001

4.4.4 Determination results of total flavonoids in Cut Ophiopogonis Radix

Table 11 displays the findings of the determination and visual analysis of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix’s total flavonoid content, while Table 12 presents the results of the variance analysis. According to the results of the intuitive analysis, the order of the influence of each factor on the total flavonoid content was as follows: drying method > cutting method > slicing thickness. The findings of the variance analysis revealed that the method of cutting, the cutting thickness, and the drying process all had an extremely significant influence on the outcomes of the determination of the total flavonoid (P less than 0.01). After cutting the Ophiopogonis Radix, the content of total flavonoids was found to be higher when dried in the sun or at a temperature of 55°C than when dried using any other method. As a result, using the total flavonoid content as the evaluation index, procedures A1B1C1 and A3B3C2 can be utilized as the best optimal plan for fresh processing in the origin of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

Table 11

Determination results of total flavonoids and visual analysis

Factors Cutting method Cutting thickness Drying method Total flavonoid content (%)
A1B1C1 1 1 1 1.16
A1B2C2 1 2 2 0.81
A1B3C3 1 3 3 0.66
A2B1C2 2 1 2 0.76
A2B2C3 2 2 3 0.78
A2B3C1 2 3 1 0.81
A3B1C3 3 1 3 0.63
A3B2C1 3 2 1 0.78
A3B3C2 3 3 2 0.87
Mean 1 0.877 0.850 0.917
Mean 2 0.783 0.790 0.813
Mean 3 0.760 0.780 0.690
Range 0.117 0.070 0.227
Table 12

Analysis of variance of total flavonoids results

Source of variance Sum of square Degrees of freedom F Value P
Cutting method 0.313 8 220.219 0.000
Cutting thickness 0.047 8 263.292 0.000
Drying method 0.266 8 214.065 0.000

5 Discussion and conclusion

Ophiopogonis Radix is currently made primarily of steroidal saponins, isoflavones, and polysaccharides. There are numerous biological activities associated with steroidal saponins, high isoflavones, and polysaccharides. Steroidal saponins are the main active site of Ophiopogonis Radix. Total saponins were also employed as indicators in the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China” to evaluate the quality indicators of Ophiopogonis Radix medicinal materials and decoction pieces. It has anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, immune-regulating, and anti-cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease properties as well as improves liver and lung pathological damage [42,43]. Isoflavones at high concentrations have a wide range of biological effects. It is another key component of Ophiopogonis Radix as a specific class of flavonoids with pharmacological activities such as anti-non-small cell lung cancer [44], scavenging oxygen free radicals [45], and cardioprotection [46]. Moreover, the roots of Ophiopogonis Radix are abundant in polysaccharides. The polysaccharides of Ophiopogonis Radix consist of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides, including fructose and numerous oligosaccharides. It has pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor, anti-myocardial ischemia, enhancing immunity, and anti-oxidation [47,48]. The investigation is therefore based on the extracts and total saponins of the quality control indicators for Ophiopogonis Radix in the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China.” Total flavonoids and total polysaccharides were incorporated as evaluation indicators to determine the optimal processing technique for Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

Drying is the most common approach for extending the shelf life of Ophiopogonis Radix by lowering the moisture content to a specific level. It can also reduce material weight and large volumes, lowering transportation and storage costs [49]. The drying temperature has a considerable impact on the drying efficiency and quality of the dried product [50]. Water removal from food products is affected by not only drying temperature [51] but also slice thickness [52]. It is well recognized that the drying conditions, as well as the sample shape, influence the quality of the dried product. After considering the effects of the slicing method, slice thickness, and drying method on the quality of the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix and using the contents of extract, total saponins, total flavonoids, and total polysaccharides as evaluation indexes, the processing technologies A1B1C1, A1B2C2, A2B2C3, and A3B3C2 were determined to be the most effective processing technologies for the Cut Ophiopogonis Radix. The procedure A1B1C1 uses solar drying for a prolonged period; however, because of the huge cut surface, this method is limited by climatic factors and is easily impacted by weather. It is also easily polluted by prolonged exposure to the air. Rainy weather increases the dried product’s susceptibility to rehydration [53,54]. A2B2C3 used a freeze-drying process in which the polysaccharide components were either not cooked at all or just a very tiny portion of the polysaccharide was coked. This resulted in the white color and a lower content of total polysaccharides and total flavonoids in Ophiopogonis Radix than with other drying techniques. The A3B3C2 procedure was utilized to process the medicinal material Ophiopogonis Radix. The material was subjected to bevel cutting, resulting in slightly inwardly rolled slices that were prone to warping. The procedure aimed to combine the material’s properties, including appearance characteristics, processing cost, and intrinsic quality, after the cutting process. Furthermore, as per the 2020 edition of the “Pharmacopoeia of The People’s Republic of China,” the most favored technique for processing Cut Ophiopogonis Radix was found to be the A1B2C2 process (which involves horizontally slicing Fresh Ophiopogonis Radix to a thickness of 4 mm or more but less than 2 mm, followed by drying at a temperature of 55℃ or lower). As previously reported, an investigation was conducted on the relationship between the moisture content of a sample and its drying time, with varying sample thicknesses at a drying temperature of 55°C. The results indicated that lower thicknesses and the aforementioned temperature yielded more favorable outcomes. Conversely, greater sample thicknesses necessitated a lengthier drying time due to the increased distance that moisture had to travel to reach the surface. Comparable patterns were likewise noted at drying temperatures of 60 and 65°C [32]. The processing procedure exhibited a low cost of processing and high efficiency of drying, resulting in the production of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix which lacked any noticeable warped flakes, possessed a smooth flake shape, and contained a high concentration of active ingredients. These findings provide additional evidence supporting the viability of fresh processing Cut Ophiopogonis Radix.

In the context of the conventional production process of decoction pieces, the majority of traditional Chinese medicines undergo processing into dry medicinal materials at their place of origin, followed by transportation to various locations where they are subjected to processes such as infiltration, cutting, and drying, ultimately resulting in the formation of Chinese medicine decoction pieces. The repeated infiltration, drying, and other secondary processing result in the destruction and loss of active ingredients, as well as an increase in production costs. The process of fresh processing in the production of Chinese medicinal materials plays a crucial role in maintaining their quality, particularly in the case of Chinese herbal decoction pieces. This process serves as the first step in ensuring the overall quality of medicines. The integration of fresh processing and processing in the origin of Chinese herbal medicines can combine the production specifications of Chinese herbal medicines with the production specifications of decoction pieces, thereby facilitating the maintenance of the quality and clinical effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine pieces.

# Shared first authorship.

  1. Funding information: This study was supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Plan Project (No. 2019YFN0038, 2019ZYZF0011, and 20DYF1881), “Xinglin Scholars” Promotion Program of Chengdu University of TCM (No. CXTD2018016), and Major projects of traditional Chinese medicine industry development (No. 510201202109711).

  2. Author contributions: X.C. and M.L. designed the experiment. X.C. and H.D. conducted the analysis. W.L. and H.L. prepared the manuscript with the contribution of all co-authors. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors applied the SDC approach for the sequence of authors.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2023-02-16
Revised: 2023-05-04
Accepted: 2023-05-22
Published Online: 2023-07-19

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2022-0638
Keywords for this article
Ophiopogonis Radix; fresh processing; cut system; multi-indices; processing technology
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  2. Systemic investigation of inetetamab in combination with small molecules to treat HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancers
  3. Immunosuppressive treatment for idiopathic membranous nephropathy: An updated network meta-analysis
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  13. High glucose and high lipid induced mitochondrial dysfunction in JEG-3 cells through oxidative stress
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  16. Age-related changes in peripheral T-cell subpopulations in elderly individuals: An observational study
  17. Single-cell transcription analysis reveals the tumor origin and heterogeneity of human bilateral renal clear cell carcinoma
  18. Identification of iron metabolism-related genes as diagnostic signatures in sepsis by blood transcriptomic analysis
  19. Long noncoding RNA ACART knockdown decreases 3T3-L1 preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation
  20. Surgery, adjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy and radiotherapy for primary malignant melanoma of the parotid gland (PGMM): A case report
  21. Dosimetry comparison with helical tomotherapy, volumetric modulated arc therapy, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy for grade II gliomas: A single‑institution case series
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  27. Primary retroperitoneal angiosarcoma: A case report
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  30. Effect of spaceflight on the phenotype and proteome of Escherichia coli
  31. Comparison of immunotherapy combined with stereotactic radiotherapy and targeted therapy for patients with brain metastases: A systemic review and meta-analysis
  32. Activation of hypermethylated P2RY1 mitigates gastric cancer by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting proliferation
  33. Association between the VEGFR-2 -604T/C polymorphism (rs2071559) and type 2 diabetic retinopathy
  34. The role of IL-31 and IL-34 in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis
  35. Triple-negative mouse breast cancer initiating cells show high expression of beta1 integrin and increased malignant features
  36. mNGS facilitates the accurate diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of suspicious critical CNS infection in real practice: A retrospective study
  37. The apatinib and pemetrexed combination has antitumor and antiangiogenic effects against NSCLC
  38. Radiotherapy for primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma
  39. Design and functional preliminary investigation of recombinant antigen EgG1Y162–EgG1Y162 against Echinococcus granulosus
  40. Effects of losartan in patients with NAFLD: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial
  41. Bibliometric analysis of METTL3: Current perspectives, highlights, and trending topics
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  43. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its related molecules participate in PROK1 silence-induced anti-tumor effects on pancreatic cancer
  44. The altered expression of cytoskeletal and synaptic remodeling proteins during epilepsy
  45. Effects of pegylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on lymphocytes and white blood cells of patients with malignant tumor
  46. Prostatitis as initial manifestation of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia diagnosed by metagenome next-generation sequencing: A case report
  47. NUDT21 relieves sevoflurane-induced neurological damage in rats by down-regulating LIMK2
  48. Association of interleukin-10 rs1800896, rs1800872, and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphisms with squamous cell carcinoma risk: A meta-analysis
  49. Exosomal HBV-DNA for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of chronic hepatitis B
  50. Shear stress leads to the dysfunction of endothelial cells through the Cav-1-mediated KLF2/eNOS/ERK signaling pathway under physiological conditions
  51. Interaction between the PI3K/AKT pathway and mitochondrial autophagy in macrophages and the leukocyte count in rats with LPS-induced pulmonary infection
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  53. Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of phosphate transporter gene HvPT6 of hulless barley
  54. Coptisine mitigates diabetic nephropathy via repressing the NRLP3 inflammasome
  55. Significant elevated CXCL14 and decreased IL-39 levels in patients with tuberculosis
  56. Whole-exome sequencing applications in prenatal diagnosis of fetal bowel dilatation
  57. Gemella morbillorum infective endocarditis: A case report and literature review
  58. An unusual ectopic thymoma clonal evolution analysis: A case report
  59. Severe cumulative skin toxicity during toripalimab combined with vemurafenib following toripalimab alone
  60. Detection of V. vulnificus septic shock with ARDS using mNGS
  61. Novel rare genetic variants of familial and sporadic pulmonary atresia identified by whole-exome sequencing
  62. The influence and mechanistic action of sperm DNA fragmentation index on the outcomes of assisted reproduction technology
  63. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in TELO2 in an infant with You-Hoover-Fong syndrome: A case report and literature review
  64. ctDNA as a prognostic biomarker in resectable CLM: Systematic review and meta-analysis
  65. Diagnosis of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis by metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report
  66. Phylogenetic analysis of promoter regions of human Dolichol kinase (DOLK) and orthologous genes using bioinformatics tools
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  68. Effects of NM23 transfection of human gastric carcinoma cells in mice
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  71. Curcumin induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by decreasing the expression of STAT3/VEGF/HIF-1α signaling
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  74. Ectopic thyroid tissue in the breast: A case report
  75. SDR16C5 promotes proliferation and migration and inhibits apoptosis in pancreatic cancer
  76. Vaginal metastasis from breast cancer: A case report
  77. Screening of the best time window for MSC transplantation to treat acute myocardial infarction with SDF-1α antibody-loaded targeted ultrasonic microbubbles: An in vivo study in miniswine
  78. Inhibition of TAZ impairs the migration ability of melanoma cells
  79. Molecular complexity analysis of the diagnosis of Gitelman syndrome in China
  80. Effects of maternal calcium and protein intake on the development and bone metabolism of offspring mice
  81. Identification of winter wheat pests and diseases based on improved convolutional neural network
  82. Ultra-multiplex PCR technique to guide treatment of Aspergillus-infected aortic valve prostheses
  83. Virtual high-throughput screening: Potential inhibitors targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and PIKfyve for SARS-CoV-2
  84. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer patients with COVID-19
  85. Utility of methylene blue mixed with autologous blood in preoperative localization of pulmonary nodules and masses
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  87. Berberine suppressed sarcopenia insulin resistance through SIRT1-mediated mitophagy
  88. DUSP2 inhibits the progression of lupus nephritis in mice by regulating the STAT3 pathway
  89. Lung abscess by Fusobacterium nucleatum and Streptococcus spp. co-infection by mNGS: A case series
  90. Genetic alterations of KRAS and TP53 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma associated with poor prognosis
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  93. Metaplastic breast carcinoma with osseous differentiation: A report of a rare case and literature review
  94. Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells
  95. Inhibition of pyroptosis and apoptosis by capsaicin protects against LPS-induced acute kidney injury through TRPV1/UCP2 axis in vitro
  96. TAK-242, a toll-like receptor 4 antagonist, against brain injury by alleviates autophagy and inflammation in rats
  97. Primary mediastinum Ewing’s sarcoma with pleural effusion: A case report and literature review
  98. Association of ADRB2 gene polymorphisms and intestinal microbiota in Chinese Han adolescents
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  107. Development of an instrument-free and low-cost ELISA dot-blot test to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
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  110. The G protein-coupled receptor-related gene signatures for predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response in bladder urothelial carcinoma
  111. α-Fetoprotein contributes to the malignant biological properties of AFP-producing gastric cancer
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  116. Research progress of AMP-activated protein kinase and cardiac aging
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  123. Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features
  124. Signalling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells
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  126. Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastric pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma
  127. Traumatic brain injury and rTMS-ERPs: Case report and literature review
  128. Extracellular fibrin promotes non-small cell lung cancer progression through integrin β1/PTEN/AKT signaling
  129. Knockdown of DLK4 inhibits non-small cell lung cancer tumor growth by downregulating CKS2
  130. The co-expression pattern of VEGFR-2 with indicators related to proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation of anagen hair follicles
  131. Inflammation-related signaling pathways in tendinopathy
  132. CD4+ T cell count in HIV/TB co-infection and co-occurrence with HL: Case report and literature review
  133. Clinical analysis of severe Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia: Case series study
  134. Bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for the pulmonary artery hypertension associated with the basement membrane
  135. Influence of MTHFR polymorphism, alone or in combination with smoking and alcohol consumption, on cancer susceptibility
  136. Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don counteracts the ampicillin resistance in multiple antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by downregulation of PBP2a synthesis
  137. Combination of a bronchogenic cyst in the thoracic spinal canal with chronic myelocytic leukemia
  138. Bacterial lipoprotein plays an important role in the macrophage autophagy and apoptosis induced by Salmonella typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus
  139. TCL1A+ B cells predict prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer through integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk transcriptomic data
  140. Ezrin promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the Hippo signaling pathway
  141. Ferroptosis: A potential target of macrophages in plaque vulnerability
  142. Predicting pediatric Crohn's disease based on six mRNA-constructed risk signature using comprehensive bioinformatic approaches
  143. Applications of genetic code expansion and photosensitive UAAs in studying membrane proteins
  144. HK2 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by enhancing the ERK1/2 signaling pathway
  145. IL-17 in osteoarthritis: A narrative review
  146. Circadian cycle and neuroinflammation
  147. Probiotic management and inflammatory factors as a novel treatment in cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
  148. Hemorrhagic meningioma with pulmonary metastasis: Case report and literature review
  149. SPOP regulates the expression profiles and alternative splicing events in human hepatocytes
  150. Knockdown of SETD5 inhibited glycolysis and tumor growth in gastric cancer cells by down-regulating Akt signaling pathway
  151. PTX3 promotes IVIG resistance-induced endothelial injury in Kawasaki disease by regulating the NF-κB pathway
  152. Pancreatic ectopic thyroid tissue: A case report and analysis of literature
  153. The prognostic impact of body mass index on female breast cancer patients in underdeveloped regions of northern China differs by menopause status and tumor molecular subtype
  154. Report on a case of liver-originating malignant melanoma of unknown primary
  155. Case report: Herbal treatment of neutropenic enterocolitis after chemotherapy for breast cancer
  156. The fibroblast growth factor–Klotho axis at molecular level
  157. Characterization of amiodarone action on currents in hERG-T618 gain-of-function mutations
  158. A case report of diagnosis and dynamic monitoring of Listeria monocytogenes meningitis with NGS
  159. Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma on new bone formation and viability of a Marburg bone graft
  160. Small breast epithelial mucin as a useful prognostic marker for breast cancer patients
  161. Continuous non-adherent culture promotes transdifferentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells into retinal lineage
  162. Nrf3 alleviates oxidative stress and promotes the survival of colon cancer cells by activating AKT/BCL-2 signal pathway
  163. Favorable response to surufatinib in a patient with necrolytic migratory erythema: A case report
  164. Case report of atypical undernutrition of hypoproteinemia type
  165. Down-regulation of COL1A1 inhibits tumor-associated fibroblast activation and mediates matrix remodeling in the tumor microenvironment of breast cancer
  166. Sarcoma protein kinase inhibition alleviates liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
  167. Research progress of serum eosinophil in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma
  168. Clinicopathological characteristics of co-existing or mixed colorectal cancer and neuroendocrine tumor: Report of five cases
  169. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis
  170. Precisional detection of lymph node metastasis using tFCM in colorectal cancer
  171. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of perimenopausal syndrome
  172. A study of forensic genetics: ITO index distribution and kinship judgment between two individuals
  173. Acute lupus pneumonitis resembling miliary tuberculosis: A case-based review
  174. Plasma levels of CD36 and glutathione as biomarkers for ruptured intracranial aneurysm
  175. Fractalkine modulates pulmonary angiogenesis and tube formation by modulating CX3CR1 and growth factors in PVECs
  176. Novel risk prediction models for deep vein thrombosis after thoracotomy and thoracoscopic lung cancer resections, involving coagulation and immune function
  177. Exploring the diagnostic markers of essential tremor: A study based on machine learning algorithms
  178. Evaluation of effects of small-incision approach treatment on proximal tibia fracture by deep learning algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging
  179. An online diagnosis method for cancer lesions based on intelligent imaging analysis
  180. Medical imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: A review on deep learning approach
  181. Predictive analytics in smart healthcare for child mortality prediction using a machine learning approach
  182. Utility of neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio and platelet–lymphocyte ratio in predicting acute-on-chronic liver failure survival
  183. A biomedical decision support system for meta-analysis of bilateral upper-limb training in stroke patients with hemiplegia
  184. TNF-α and IL-8 levels are positively correlated with hypobaric hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary vascular remodeling in rats
  185. Stochastic gradient descent optimisation for convolutional neural network for medical image segmentation
  186. Comparison of the prognostic value of four different critical illness scores in patients with sepsis-induced coagulopathy
  187. Application and teaching of computer molecular simulation embedded technology and artificial intelligence in drug research and development
  188. Hepatobiliary surgery based on intelligent image segmentation technology
  189. Value of brain injury-related indicators based on neural network in the diagnosis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy
  190. Analysis of early diagnosis methods for asymmetric dementia in brain MR images based on genetic medical technology
  191. Early diagnosis for the onset of peri-implantitis based on artificial neural network
  192. Clinical significance of the detection of serum IgG4 and IgG4/IgG ratio in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy
  193. Forecast of pain degree of lumbar disc herniation based on back propagation neural network
  194. SPA-UNet: A liver tumor segmentation network based on fused multi-scale features
  195. Systematic evaluation of clinical efficacy of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer observed by medical image
  196. Rehabilitation effect of intelligent rehabilitation training system on hemiplegic limb spasms after stroke
  197. A novel approach for minimising anti-aliasing effects in EEG data acquisition
  198. ErbB4 promotes M2 activation of macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  199. Clinical role of CYP1B1 gene polymorphism in prediction of postoperative chemotherapy efficacy in NSCLC based on individualized health model
  200. Lung nodule segmentation via semi-residual multi-resolution neural networks
  201. Evaluation of brain nerve function in ICU patients with Delirium by deep learning algorithm-based resting state MRI
  202. A data mining technique for detecting malignant mesothelioma cancer using multiple regression analysis
  203. Markov model combined with MR diffusion tensor imaging for predicting the onset of Alzheimer’s disease
  204. Effectiveness of the treatment of depression associated with cancer and neuroimaging changes in depression-related brain regions in patients treated with the mediator-deuterium acupuncture method
  205. Molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer and screening of molecular markers based on bioinformatics analysis
  206. Monitoring and evaluation of anesthesia depth status data based on neuroscience
  207. Exploring the conformational dynamics and thermodynamics of EGFR S768I and G719X + S768I mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: An in silico approaches
  208. Optimised feature selection-driven convolutional neural network using gray level co-occurrence matrix for detection of cervical cancer
  209. Incidence of different pressure patterns of spinal cerebellar ataxia and analysis of imaging and genetic diagnosis
  210. Pathogenic bacteria and treatment resistance in older cardiovascular disease patients with lung infection and risk prediction model
  211. Adoption value of support vector machine algorithm-based computed tomography imaging in the diagnosis of secondary pulmonary fungal infections in patients with malignant hematological disorders
  212. From slides to insights: Harnessing deep learning for prognostic survival prediction in human colorectal cancer histology
  213. Ecology and Environmental Science
  214. Monitoring of hourly carbon dioxide concentration under different land use types in arid ecosystem
  215. Comparing the differences of prokaryotic microbial community between pit walls and bottom from Chinese liquor revealed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing
  216. Effects of cadmium stress on fruits germination and growth of two herbage species
  217. Bamboo charcoal affects soil properties and bacterial community in tea plantations
  218. Optimization of biogas potential using kinetic models, response surface methodology, and instrumental evidence for biodegradation of tannery fleshings during anaerobic digestion
  219. Understory vegetation diversity patterns of Platycladus orientalis and Pinus elliottii communities in Central and Southern China
  220. Studies on macrofungi diversity and discovery of new species of Abortiporus from Baotianman World Biosphere Reserve
  221. Food Science
  222. Effect of berrycactus fruit (Myrtillocactus geometrizans) on glutamate, glutamine, and GABA levels in the frontal cortex of rats fed with a high-fat diet
  223. Guesstimate of thymoquinone diversity in Nigella sativa L. genotypes and elite varieties collected from Indian states using HPTLC technique
  224. Analysis of bacterial community structure of Fuzhuan tea with different processing techniques
  225. Untargeted metabolomics reveals sour jujube kernel benefiting the nutritional value and flavor of Morchella esculenta
  226. Mycobiota in Slovak wine grapes: A case study from the small Carpathians wine region
  227. Elemental analysis of Fadogia ancylantha leaves used as a nutraceutical in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe
  228. Microbiological transglutaminase: Biotechnological application in the food industry
  229. Influence of solvent-free extraction of fish oil from catfish (Clarias magur) heads using a Taguchi orthogonal array design: A qualitative and quantitative approach
  230. Chromatographic analysis of the chemical composition and anticancer activities of Curcuma longa extract cultivated in Palestine
  231. The potential for the use of leghemoglobin and plant ferritin as sources of iron
  232. Investigating the association between dietary patterns and glycemic control among children and adolescents with T1DM
  233. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  234. Biocompatibility and osteointegration capability of β-TCP manufactured by stereolithography 3D printing: In vitro study
  235. Clinical characteristics and the prognosis of diabetic foot in Tibet: A single center, retrospective study
  236. Agriculture
  237. Biofertilizer and NPSB fertilizer application effects on nodulation and productivity of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at Sodo Zuria, Southern Ethiopia
  238. On correlation between canopy vegetation and growth indexes of maize varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies
  239. Exopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas tolaasii inhibit the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus mycelia
  240. A transcriptomic evaluation of the mechanism of programmed cell death of the replaceable bud in Chinese chestnut
  241. Melatonin enhances salt tolerance in sorghum by modulating photosynthetic performance, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis
  242. Effects of plant density on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed yield in western Heilongjiang areas
  243. Identification of rice leaf diseases and deficiency disorders using a novel DeepBatch technique
  244. Artificial intelligence and internet of things oriented sustainable precision farming: Towards modern agriculture
  245. Animal Sciences
  246. Effect of ketogenic diet on exercise tolerance and transcriptome of gastrocnemius in mice
  247. Combined analysis of mRNA–miRNA from testis tissue in Tibetan sheep with different FecB genotypes
  248. Isolation, identification, and drug resistance of a partially isolated bacterium from the gill of Siniperca chuatsi
  249. Tracking behavioral changes of confined sows from the first mating to the third parity
  250. The sequencing of the key genes and end products in the TLR4 signaling pathway from the kidney of Rana dybowskii exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila
  251. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli
  252. Plant Sciences
  253. Crown and diameter structure of pure Pinus massoniana Lamb. forest in Hunan province, China
  254. Genetic evaluation and germplasm identification analysis on ITS2, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH of alfalfa varieties germplasm resources
  255. Tissue culture and rapid propagation technology for Gentiana rhodantha
  256. Effects of cadmium on the synthesis of active ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza
  257. Cloning and expression analysis of VrNAC13 gene in mung bean
  258. Chlorate-induced molecular floral transition revealed by transcriptomes
  259. Effects of warming and drought on growth and development of soybean in Hailun region
  260. Effects of different light conditions on transient expression and biomass in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
  261. Comparative analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinally active ingredients of Atractylodes lancea from different geographical origins
  262. Distinguish Dianthus species or varieties based on chloroplast genomes
  263. Comparative transcriptomes reveal molecular mechanisms of apple blossoms of different tolerance genotypes to chilling injury
  264. Study on fresh processing key technology and quality influence of Cut Ophiopogonis Radix based on multi-index evaluation
  265. An advanced approach for fig leaf disease detection and classification: Leveraging image processing and enhanced support vector machine methodology
  266. Erratum
  267. Erratum to “Protein Z modulates the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma cells”
  268. Erratum to “BRCA1 subcellular localization regulated by PI3K signaling pathway in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and hormone-sensitive T47D cells”
  269. Retraction
  270. Retraction to “Protocatechuic acid attenuates cerebral aneurysm formation and progression by inhibiting TNF-alpha/Nrf-2/NF-kB-mediated inflammatory mechanisms in experimental rats”
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