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Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats

  • Ran Zhu , Quan Zou , Hanbing Wei , Jintuo Zhu and Xinjian He EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 15, 2025
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Open Life Sciences
From the journal Open Life Sciences Volume 20 Issue 1

Abstract

To investigate the effect of coal industry-related airborne particulate matter (PM) on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into the treatment group and the normal control group, with five rats in each group. A dust chamber was used to simulate the air contamination conditions associated with the coal industry. Tear secretion, tear-film breakup time (BUT), conjunctival congestion score, and relative expression levels of tear inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, were compared between the treatment group and the normal control group. After 4 weeks’ exposure, tear secretion (2.64 ± 0.57 mm vs 5.42 ± 0.28 mm), BUT (4.23 ± 0.47 s vs 6.15 ± 0.36 s), and conjunctival congestion score [2 (2, 3) vs 0 (0, 1)] were significantly different between the treatment group and the control group (all P < 0.05), and hematoxylin-eosin stain showed that the number of goblet cells decreased in the treatment group. In addition, the relative expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tears of the treatment group were significantly different from those of the normal control group (all P < 0.05). Coal industry-related airborne PM exposure can damage tear film function and increase relative expression levels of tear inflammatory factors in SD rats.

Keywords: airborne particulate matter; ocular surface; tear film; IL-6; IL-17; TNF-α

1 Introduction

Coal has been the main fossil fuel for a long time, and the proportion of coal in the structure of primary energy production and consumption exceeds 70% in China [1]. According to the “adhering to the energy strategy of taking coal as the main body, electric power as the center, oil and gas and new energy for comprehensive development,” the coal industry will remain China’s predominant energy industry for a long time to come [2]. However, different degrees of air pollution can result from the process of coal mining, drilling, blasting, trucking and transportation, rubble dumping, and/or other operations, which has become an important public health problem affecting human health [3].

Therein, particulate matter (PM) causes damage not only to the respiratory system but also to the ocular surface. Ambient PM increased the rate of ophthalmology visits due to ocular surface irritation and allergies, and this association increased in magnitude with higher ambient PM concentrations [4]. PM has been primarily observed to induce allergic reactions, inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage, and inhibit the proliferation and migration of ocular surface cells [5,6,7]. These effects ultimately result in impaired wound healing and ocular surface damage. Recent study data supported the association between exposure to PM and the development of ocular pathologies such as retinal atherosclerosis, dry eye (DED) syndrome, and glaucoma [8,9]. DED is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and accompanied by ocular symptoms [10]. Also, PM can alter tear composition that may contribute to ocular diseases such as DED, blepharitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, pterygium, and limbal stem cell deficiency [5]. Dang et al. [11] found that air pollution during the operation, such as PM pollution, changes tear film function, including eye redness index and noninvasive tear film break-up times. Nevertheless, the exact effect of air pollution related to the coal industry, especially PM exposure, on tear film function is not clear.

Since such a series of issues cannot be ignored, the potential mechanism that PM affecting ocular surface tear film injury needs to be revealed. Hence, in this study, a “dust chamber” was utilized to simulate air contamination conditions to investigate the effects of PM on ocular surface tear film and different inflammatory factors in tear in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, and provide some basic information for the understanding of the interaction between air contamination associated with coal and the health status.

2 Methods

2.1 Animals

Healthy male SD rats (weighting 250–350 g) were randomly divided into the treatment group and the normal control group according to the random number table, with five rats in each group. The rats were purchased from the Vitonglihua (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and raised in the Animal Experimental Center of Xvzhou Medical University. Before the experiment, slit-lamp microscopy was used to exclude rats with conjunctivitis, keratitis, and other ocular surface-related diseases. The SD rats were raised uniformly in a standard environment during the experiment. The handling and treatment of laboratory animals were carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the Animal Experimental Center of Xuzhou Medical University.

  1. Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has been complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies for the care and use of animals and has been approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xuzhou Medical University (No. 200403T004).

2.2 Experimental design

A dust chamber (L-RD0600B) was used to simulate the air contamination condition to treat the SD rats, which was purchased from Jiufang Electronics Co., Ltd (Guangzhou, China). The experimental anthracite powder is used to produce PMs and was ground into PMs with different grain sizes, including PM 2.5 and PM 10. The dust accumulation in the cutting disk, drill bit, and chamber has been cleaned ahead of the experiment to reduce its interference to the dust production detector. Then, we opened the fan and adjusted the air volume to form a continuous and stable clean airflow inside the chamber. According to the guidance of the Coal Mine Safety Regulations on coalface ventilation, the ventilation speed was set at 0.3 m/s. The exposure concentration maintained dynamic stability. The coal body was cut and drilled through a roller and drill bit controlled by the dust-producing unit, and the monitoring started when the PM concentration became stable, with the monitoring point arranged on the side of the roller and drill bit, and the monitoring time is 1 min (Figure 1). Based on the pre-experiment that showed the PM concentration tended to be stable after 2 min of cutting and drilling, and therefore, time for monitoring was set at 2 min after the coal body cut and drilled. In addition, the control variate method was used for parameters setting, and the experiment was repeated three times under the same combination condition to reduce the deviation, with the experiment order being completely random.

Figure 1 The schematic diagram of dust chamber used to simulate the air contamination condition.
Figure 1

The schematic diagram of dust chamber used to simulate the air contamination condition.

2.3 Tear secretion measurement

The phenol red cotton thread test was used to accurately evaluate tear secretion in SD rats, in which the filament cotton thread soaked by phenol red solution was initially yellow and turned to red after touching tear. The volume of tear secretion was quantified through measuring the length of the red part on the cotton thread. To track the change in tear secretion after dust exposure, the measurement was performed 1 day before exposure and 4 weeks after exposure.

In the experimental procedure, we first fixed the head of SD rats and lightly spread the palpebra inferior to fully reveal the conjunctival sac. Next, the phenol red cotton thread pre-bent to 2 mm was placed one-third of the palpebra inferior conjunctival sac, and it was removed after remaining for 20 s. The length of the red part on the cotton thread (in mm) was then accurately measured. Operations with slit-lamp were carried out by the same researcher person in the constant darkroom environment during the whole process to ensure the accuracy of the results. Three repeated measurements were taken for each eye, and the average value was taken as the final data.

2.4 Breakup time (BUT) determination and conjunctival congestion assessment

The 1% sodium fluorescein solution was accurately dropped into the conjunctival sac of SD rats using a pipette, and after three times artificially assisted blinking, keeping the eyelids open. The filter of slit-lamp was adjusted to cobalt-blue light mode to observe changes in the tear film of SD rats. Timekeeping started at the last blink, and the first time point of tear-film breakup was recorded, namely, the time of the first dark spots appear. Measurements were repeated three times and the mean value was used as the BUT. In addition, the conjunctival congestion was assessed according to the study conducted by Efron [12], which was divided into four grades with scores of 0 (normal) to 4 (severe). Specifically, score 0 represents white bulbar conjunctiva, a major blood vessel, clear and clear cornea, and absence of congestion; score 1 represents slight congestive conjunctival, major blood vessels, marginal corneal limbus congestion, but no significant conjunctival congestion; score 2 represents that the conjunctival congestion is red, the corneal limbus is slightly congested, the ciliary is slightly congested, and there was mild congestion in the conjunctiva and limbus; score 3 represents increased conjunctival congestion, moderate corneal limbus congestion, and moderate ciliary congestion, and the conjunctiva and limbus of cornea showed obvious congestion, but it was not severe; and score 4 represents severe conjunctival hyperemia, severe limbal hyperemia, and major blood vessels clear, and the conjunctiva is extensively congested, affecting the transparency of the cornea.

2.5 Tissue extraction and fixation

After the rats were killed, skin and musculature were scissors along the orbital margin, the eyeball and appendages were separated close to the orbital bone, and the optic nerve was cut to completely obtain eyeball and eyelid skin with appendages, with the conjunctival sac maintained intact. The tissues were washed in pre-cooling phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) buffer to scour off the blood; after trimming the excess muscle and fat tissue under a microscope, the tissues were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde solution. The fixed tissue was rinsed with running water for several hours and cut along the optic nerve by a micro scissor, and posterior scleral tissue was trimmed. After peeling the crystalline lens, the tissue was washed in PBS buffer again. The trimmed eyeball and appendages were placed in a dehydration box, and then the dehydration box was placed in an automatic dehydrator for gradient alcohol dehydration.

Before preparing the wax-impregnated tissue blocks for embedding, we first preheat the fixed splint in an oven at 65°C. A small amount of wax was poured into the mold, and the wax-impregnated tissue blocks were gently placed into the mold using tweezers, ensuring that the axis of the eyeball was parallel to the long side of the embedding frame. Then cover the preheated fixed splint and pour the remaining wax liquid, so that the fixed plate could be completely immersed in the wax liquid. After that, the whole mold was moved to a frozen table at −20°C. After the wax liquid was cooled and solidified, the wax blocks were removed from the mold for preparation of paraffin sections.

2.6 HE staining

Paraffin sections were rinsed with 1× PBS buffer for three times, 5 min each time, and put into the hematoxylin staining solution for 3 min. After staining, the floating color was washed with running water after, and the sections were differentiated by 1% hydrochloric alcohol for 2 s. Then the sections were rinsed with water for 10–20 min to return to blue, and after washing with distilled water for a few seconds, they were stained in the Eosin staining solution for 1 min. The slides were, respectively, dehydrated in 85, 95, and 100% ethanol for 2 min in turn, and sealed with neutral gum. After drying at room temperature, the slides were observed and photographed by a light microscope, where the nuclei were in blue and the cytoplasm was in red.

2.7 Expression of inflammatory factors

Tear of SD rats were absorbed by the capillary glass tube, and the supernatant solution was collected after centrifugation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was utilized to evaluate the relative expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Samples, standards, and biotin-labeled antibody horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate were added into microwell plate precoated with rat IL-trapping antibodies in sequence. After incubation and washing, the TMB substrate was used for color reaction, in which the TMB was converted to blue under the catalysis of HRP and transformed into the final yellow color under the action of acid. The depth of the color was positively correlated with the rat IL in the sample. Absorbance (with the unit of optical density value) was measured by the enzyme-labeled instrument at 450 nm wavelength, and the expression levels of inflammatory factors between the normal control group and the treatment group were calculated.

2.8 Image processing and statistical analysis

SPSS 26.0 software was used for statistical analyses. Measurement data were expressed in the form of mean ± standard deviation (SD) to ensure the accuracy and intuitiveness. The GraphPad Prism 10 software was employed for analyses and plotting. One-way analysis of variance test was used for comparison between the treatment group and the normal control group, and two-sided P < 0.05 represented the difference was statistically significant.

3 Results

3.1 Ocular surface tear film injury in SD rats

After 4 weeks of dust exposure, tear secretions of SD rats in the treatment group and the normal control group were, respectively, 2.64 ± 0.57 mm and 5.42 ± 0.28 mm. Compared with the normal control, SD rats exposed to the simulative airborne PM had significantly higher levels of tear secretion (F = 5.251, P < 0.001). The BUT of rats was also significantly shorter in the treatment group (4.23 ± 0.47 s) than that in the normal control group (6.15 ± 0.36 s), with F = 6.351 and P < 0.001. Also, the conjunctival congestion scores in the treatment group and the normal control group were 2 (2, 3) and 0 (0, 1), respectively.

3.2 Ocular surface tissue morphology and expression of inflammatory factors

Figure 2 shows that HE staining showed that the nucleus of goblet cells of ocular surface tissues in rats in the normal control group was plump, normal in shape and neatly arranged (a and b). Differently, the structure of some goblet cells was obviously destroyed, the density decreased, the number of goblet cells decreased, and the arrangement was chaotic in the treatment group (c and d). In addition, Figure 3 shows protein expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tear of rats between the treatment group and the normal control group. The results suggested that relative expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tear were all significantly higher in rats exposed to PMs than those in normal controls (all P < 0.05).

Figure 2 HE staining of ocular surface tissues in rats. (a) and (b) normal control group, and (c) and (d) treatment group.
Figure 2

HE staining of ocular surface tissues in rats. (a) and (b) normal control group, and (c) and (d) treatment group.

Figure 3 Protein expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tear of rats between the treatment group and the normal control group.
Figure 3

Protein expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tear of rats between the treatment group and the normal control group.

4 Discussion

This study used a dust chamber to simulate the air contamination condition at the mine site to treat SD rats, and the results showed that SD rats in the exposure group have significantly higher levels of tear secretion, shorter BUT, and higher conjunctival congestion scores, compared to normal controls. The structure of some goblet cells was obviously destroyed, the density decreased, the number of goblet cells decreased, and the arrangement was chaotic in the treatment group. Also, the relative expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α in tear were all significantly higher in rats exposed to PMs than those in normal controls.

Due to the strong diffusivity and volatility of PM, the mechanical damage of PM particles to human health has attracted widespread attention, but the impact on ocular surface diseases has been rarely reported. In recent years, taking China as an example, studies included the eye data of 387 patients from 11 hospitals in 5 provinces (namely, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Anhui, and Inner Mongolia) and found that increased PM exposure could cause eye discomfort and tear film instability damage [13,14]. A follow-up study was conducted on 50 healthy adults living in Chiang Mai, Thailand, and the results showed that exposure to PM 2.5 significantly raised the likelihood of ocular redness, watering, and dryness; and lymphocyte counts were also positively correlated with redness, watering, and dryness during high PM 2.5 exposure [15]. Another study in an experimental allergic eye disease mouse model demonstrated that exposure to PM significantly exacerbates ocular allergy, evidenced by increased eye-lid edema, mast cell degranulation, inflammatory cytokines, cell proliferation, and serum IgE, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and apoptosis and reduced goblet cells [6]. As mentioned earlier, animal models resulted in phenotypes reminiscent of that of DED, presenting with reduced tear volumes and ocular surface damage [9]. The prevalence of PM-induced ocular surface injury and DED is 5–50% over the world, and 21–30% in China [16]. Hao et al. [17] conducted a prospective multicenter cohort study, and 387 DED participants were recruited from five provinces in China and suggested that increased PM 2.5 and PM 10 exposures caused ocular discomfort and damage with tear film instability. Air pollution, including airborne PMs, can result from the process of coal operations, as well as PM in different concentrations and particle sizes, and multiple micro-physical and chemical parameters have different effects on the ocular surface. Therefore, the current study used anthracite particles to investigate the effect of airborne PMs with different particle sizes on ocular tear film, which may provide some information for the prevention of DED in coal miners and residents in coal industrial areas.

In recent years, due to changes in work and lifestyle, aggravation of environmental pollution, and other factors, the prevalence of DED has further increased [18,19]. Differing from other tissues or organs, the ocular surface is isolated from the pollutants in the environment by a thin layer of tear film. Long-term exposure to the polluted environment makes the ocular surface more susceptible to the pollution than other organs or tissues, and DED has also become the most common eye disease for a long time. The ocular surface microenvironment is composed of different tissues, cells, extracellular matrix, and other complex components at multiple levels, including eyelid, cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian gland, lacrimal gland, tear film, immune system, innervation system, endocrine regulation system, blood vessel and lymphatic system, and microbial community. These components are interrelated and influence each other to maintain a stable and healthy ocular surface. Therefore, the maintenance of microenvironment homeostasis of ocular surface requires the comprehensive action of many factors to achieve a balanced state. Different pathogenic factors, such as abnormal quality and quantity of tear or dynamics, may not only lead to tear film instability but also affect the larger scope of the ocular surface tissue microenvironment. When one or more tissues, cells, extracellular matrix, and other components change, it often causes a chain reaction, resulting in other microenvironment components to change; if the degree of change exceeds the compensatory ability of the body, it will eventually lead to the imbalance of the homeostasis of the ocular surface microenvironment. Tear film covering the outer layer of the ocular surface is an important part of maintaining the health of the ocular surface and optical characteristics and preventing microbial invasion. Tear film, cornea, and intraocular dioptric media are also important links affecting retinal imaging, among which tear film is the first dioptric media on the ocular surface [20]. Therefore, the stability of tear film is a crucial adjective to ensure the quality of retinal imaging.

The stability of the tear film must be guaranteed by the normal composition of the tear and the normal movement and inextricable nerves of the eyelid. Evidences have shown that eye injury can be manifested as conscious symptoms such as eye friction, pain, photophobia, tearing, and blurred vision. High concentrations and prolonged exposure to air pollution can lead to acute keratitis, peeling of large sections of corneal epithelium, and irreparable corneal epithelium within 24 h [21,22]. Also, experts agreed that chronic ocular surface diseases are the instability of tear film or the imbalance of ocular surface microenvironment caused by abnormal tear quality, quantity, and dynamics, which may be accompanied by ocular surface inflammatory response, tissue damage, and nerve abnormalities, resulting in a variety of ocular discomfort symptoms and/or visual dysfunction [23,24].

Researchers have found that the underground miners have lower tear secretion and shorter BUT than that of other workers who are not exposed to PM [25]. Therefore, PM exposure plays an important role in the occurrence and development of DED. The harm caused by PM to the human body varies due to different diameters, particle-size distribution, chemical composition, sources, and formation conditions. Among them, PM 10 and PM 2.5 have especially raised the most concern. In the present study, PM in the dust chamber was recorded according to their aerodynamic size, including (1) the total suspended PM with grain diameter ≤100 μm; (2) inhalable particle (generally known as PM 10) with grain diameter ≤10 μm, which can enter the human respiratory, circulation and other systems; (3) fine particles (generally known as PM 2.5) with grain diameter ≤2.5 μm; and (4) ultrafine PM (generally known as PM 0.1) with grain diameter ≤0.1 μm. At present, PM as the main component of haze is mainly emitted from anthropogenic combustion, which may have a negative impact on human health [26]. Long-term exposure to PM pollution is more likely to affect ocular surface than the respiratory mucosa [27,28]. In addition to the mechanical damage of PM, the cause of DED may be also associated with the toxicity of PM, and however, the specific mechanism remains to be further clarified (Figure 4). Our results suggested that after 4 weeks of exposure to the dust chamber, the expression level of IL-6 in the conjunctival tissue of rats continued to increase, inducing an inflammatory response in the ocular surface environment.

Figure 4 Potential mechanism that influencing of PM on DED.
Figure 4

Potential mechanism that influencing of PM on DED.

DED is an inflammatory disease that shares many features with autoimmune diseases. The stress response of the ocular surface to environmental factors, infection, endogenous stress, antigen, and so on is considered to be the trigger mechanism of DED. We observed that compared with the normal control group, the BUT of SD rats in the dust group was significantly decreased, and the expression levels of tear inflammatory factors (including IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α) were significantly increased. In both meibomian gland and meibomian gland dysfunction rat models of DED patients, elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a), which are immunomodulators secreted by different types of cells and play an important role in cell signaling, such as pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects, were similarly detected [29]. TNF-a is a pleiotropic cytokine with a wide range of biological activities, and as an important pro-inflammatory factor, it can activate and affect a variety of cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, triggering a series of biological responses. The powerful pro-inflammatory and co-stimulatory effects make these inflammatory factors play pivotal roles in inflammatory response and immune regulation. They also play a key role in the defense against pathogen invasion, and when the body is attacked by external pathogens, they can respond quickly and coordinate immune cells and other related cells to jointly resist the invasion of pathogens.

Inflammation is a common feature, and both a cause and a consequence of different types of DED. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases lead to the expansion of autoreactive T cells, thus infiltrating the ocular surface and lacrimal gland, causing an increase in the number of eyelid blink, invasion of a large number of lymphocytes in the lacrimal gland and ocular surface tissue, and the release of inflammatory factors leading to immune-related inflammation, which can impair nerve conduction of normal tear secretion, and thus affect the quality and quantity of tear secretion, and form a vicious cycle. Our findings indicated a possible pathway that anti-inflammation could be a possible measure to prevent PM from causing damage to ocular surface tear film from the root and cut off the cascade reaction of subsequent tear inflammatory factor expression leading to DED. Based on the results of the current study and previous studies, it was speculated that PM exposure may damage the tear film function by damaging epithelial cells, destroying conjunctival goblet cells, inducing oxidative damage of ocular surface tissues, or activating inflammatory response [30,31]. Inflammation is an important factor that leads not only to the vicious cycle of DED but also to the chronic DED, and therefore, controlling inflammation is the basis for the prevention and treatment of chronic DED. There is evidence that chronic inflammation in DED causes changes in epithelial cell morphology and function, and in the case of prolonged stimulation, the expression of other molecules (such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1) may trigger the activation of adaptive immune pathways, allowing lymphocytes to migrate to the conjunctiva, and triggering chronic immune-mediated inflammatory responses. Controlling and reducing ocular surface inflammation, which can result from epithelial damage and environmental stressors, may be a key component of all treatment options.

Furthermore, the damage of ocular tear film and its possible mechanism were detected in rats exposed to coal dust particles in a simulated dust chamber in this research, which may provide information for the prevention of ocular surface diseases such as DED under the exposure of air particles related to the coal industry to a certain extent. However, since the dust chamber that simulated the air contamination condition could only hold five rats at one time, the sample size was constant, and such a small sample size may raise concerns about statistical power. Drug intervention after the establishment of the DED eye model is planned in the next research plan, and further, there is a need to improve the clinical studies on both animals and DED patients.

5 Conclusion

PM not only causes damage to the respiratory system but also causes tear film injury on the ocular surface, changes in the expression of inflammatory factors, and may further induce DED. With the increasingly serious air pollution, anti-inflammation could be applied to prevent PM from causing damage to the ocular surface tear film and cut off the cascade of subsequent tear inflammatory factor expression, which may become a new way to prevent DED.

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  1. Funding information: This work was supported in part by the Provincial Subsidy for “Double First-class” construction of colleges and universities (0206-141822200).

  2. Author contributions: RZ designed and operated experiments; collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data; and wrote and reviewed the manuscript. QZ and HBW designed and operated experiments. JTZ: designed, guided, and supervised experiments. XJH critically reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Received: 2024-10-23
Revised: 2025-02-27
Accepted: 2025-03-11
Published Online: 2025-10-15

© 2025 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
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  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
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  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
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  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
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  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
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  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
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  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
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  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
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  174. Corrigendum
  175. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  176. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2025-1094
Keywords for this article
airborne particulate matter; ocular surface; tear film; IL-6; IL-17; TNF-α
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Biomedical Sciences
  2. Mechanism of triptolide regulating proliferation and apoptosis of hepatoma cells by inhibiting JAK/STAT pathway
  3. Maslinic acid improves mitochondrial function and inhibits oxidative stress and autophagy in human gastric smooth muscle cells
  4. Comparative analysis of inflammatory biomarkers for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: IL-6, IL-8, SAA, CRP, and PCT
  5. Post-pandemic insights on COVID-19 and premature ovarian insufficiency
  6. Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics
  7. Optimizing a modified cetyltrimethylammonium bromide protocol for fungal DNA extraction: Insights from multilocus gene amplification
  8. Preliminary analysis of the role of small hepatitis B surface proteins mutations in the pathogenesis of occult hepatitis B infection via the endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced UPR-ERAD pathway
  9. Efficacy of alginate-coated gold nanoparticles against antibiotics-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus pathogens of acne origins
  10. Battling COVID-19 leveraging nanobiotechnology: Gold and silver nanoparticle–B-escin conjugates as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors
  11. Neurodegenerative diseases and neuroinflammation-induced apoptosis
  12. Impact of fracture fixation surgery on cognitive function and the gut microbiota in mice with a history of stroke
  13. COLEC10: A potential tumor suppressor and prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma through modulation of EMT and PI3K-AKT pathways
  14. High-temperature requirement serine protease A2 inhibitor UCF-101 ameliorates damaged neurons in traumatic brain-injured rats by the AMPK/NF-κB pathway
  15. SIK1 inhibits IL-1β-stimulated cartilage apoptosis and inflammation in vitro through the CRTC2/CREB1 signaling
  16. Rutin–chitooligosaccharide complex: Comprehensive evaluation of its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vitro and in vivo
  17. Knockdown of Aurora kinase B alleviates high glucose-triggered trophoblast cells damage and inflammation during gestational diabetes
  18. Calcium-sensing receptors promoted Homer1 expression and osteogenic differentiation in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
  19. ABI3BP can inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of non-small-cell lung cancer cells
  20. Changes in blood glucose and metabolism in hyperuricemia mice
  21. Rapid detection of the GJB2 c.235delC mutation based on CRISPR-Cas13a combined with lateral flow dipstick
  22. IL-11 promotes Ang II-induced autophagy inhibition and mitochondrial dysfunction in atrial fibroblasts
  23. Short-chain fatty acid attenuates intestinal inflammation by regulation of gut microbial composition in antibiotic-associated diarrhea
  24. Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of pathogens in patients with diabetes complicated by community-acquired pneumonia
  25. NAT10 promotes radiotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by regulating KPNB1-mediated PD-L1 nuclear translocation
  26. Phytol-mixed micelles alleviate dexamethasone-induced osteoporosis in zebrafish: Activation of the MMP3–OPN–MAPK pathway-mediating bone remodeling
  27. Association between TGF-β1 and β-catenin expression in the vaginal wall of patients with pelvic organ prolapse
  28. Primary pleomorphic liposarcoma involving bilateral ovaries: Case report and literature review
  29. Effects of de novo donor-specific Class I and II antibodies on graft outcomes after liver transplantation: A pilot cohort study
  30. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question
  31. Ephedra fragilis plant extract: A groundbreaking corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acidic environments – electrochemical, EDX, DFT, and Monte Carlo studies
  32. Langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult patient with upper jaw and pulmonary involvement: A case report
  33. Inhibition of mast cell activation by Jaranol-targeted Pirin ameliorates allergic responses in mouse allergic rhinitis
  34. Aeromonas veronii-induced septic arthritis of the hip in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  35. Clusterin activates the heat shock response via the PI3K/Akt pathway to protect cardiomyocytes from high-temperature-induced apoptosis
  36. Research progress on fecal microbiota transplantation in tumor prevention and treatment
  37. Low-pressure exposure influences the development of HAPE
  38. Stigmasterol alleviates endplate chondrocyte degeneration through inducing mitophagy by enhancing PINK1 mRNA acetylation via the ESR1/NAT10 axis
  39. AKAP12, mediated by transcription factor 21, inhibits cell proliferation, metastasis, and glycolysis in lung squamous cell carcinoma
  40. Association between PAX9 or MSX1 gene polymorphism and tooth agenesis risk: A meta-analysis
  41. A case of bloodstream infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  42. Case of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis complicated with cervical lymph node and pulmonary tuberculosis
  43. p-Cymene inhibits pro-fibrotic and inflammatory mediators to prevent hepatic dysfunction
  44. GFPT2 promotes paclitaxel resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer cells via activating NF-κB signaling pathway
  45. Transfer RNA-derived fragment tRF-36 modulates varicose vein progression via human vascular smooth muscle cell Notch signaling
  46. RTA-408 attenuates the hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury in mice possibly by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway
  47. Decreased serum TIMP4 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
  48. Sirt1 protects lupus nephritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signaling pathway in human glomerular mesangial cells
  49. Sodium butyrate aids brain injury repair in neonatal rats
  50. Interaction of MTHFR polymorphism with PAX1 methylation in cervical cancer
  51. Convallatoxin inhibits proliferation and angiogenesis of glioma cells via regulating JAK/STAT3 pathway
  52. The effect of the PKR inhibitor, 2-aminopurine, on the replication of influenza A virus, and segment 8 mRNA splicing
  53. Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans
  54. Small cell lung cancer with small intestinal metastasis: Case report and literature review
  55. GRB14: A prognostic biomarker driving tumor progression in gastric cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by interacting with COBLL1
  56. 15-Lipoxygenase-2 deficiency induces foam cell formation that can be restored by salidroside through the inhibition of arachidonic acid effects
  57. FTO alleviated the diabetic nephropathy progression by regulating the N6-methyladenosine levels of DACT1
  58. Clinical relevance of inflammatory markers in the evaluation of severity of ulcerative colitis: A retrospective study
  59. Zinc valproic acid complex promotes osteoblast differentiation and exhibits anti-osteoporotic potential
  60. Primary pulmonary synovial sarcoma in the bronchial cavity: A case report
  61. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of alveolar lavage fluid improves the detection of pulmonary infection
  62. Uterine tumor resembling ovarian sex cord tumor with extensive rhabdoid differentiation: A case report
  63. Genomic analysis of a novel ST11(PR34365) Clostridioides difficile strain isolated from the human fecal of a CDI patient in Guizhou, China
  64. Effects of tiered cardiac rehabilitation on CRP, TNF-α, and physical endurance in older adults with coronary heart disease
  65. Changes in T-lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with colorectal cancer before and after acupoint catgut embedding acupuncture observation
  66. Modulating the tumor microenvironment: The role of traditional Chinese medicine in improving lung cancer treatment
  67. Alterations of metabolites related to microbiota–gut–brain axis in plasma of colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, and lung cancer patients
  68. Research on individualized drug sensitivity detection technology based on bio-3D printing technology for precision treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
  69. CEBPB promotes ulcerative colitis-associated colorectal cancer by stimulating tumor growth and activating the NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway
  70. Oncolytic bacteria: A revolutionary approach to cancer therapy
  71. A de novo meningioma with rapid growth: A possible malignancy imposter?
  72. Diagnosis of secondary tuberculosis infection in an asymptomatic elderly with cancer using next-generation sequencing: Case report
  73. Hesperidin and its zinc(ii) complex enhance osteoblast differentiation and bone formation: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
  74. Research progress on the regulation of autophagy in cardiovascular diseases by chemokines
  75. Anti-arthritic, immunomodulatory, and inflammatory regulation by the benzimidazole derivative BMZ-AD: Insights from an FCA-induced rat model
  76. Immunoassay for pyruvate kinase M1/2 as an Alzheimer’s biomarker in CSF
  77. The role of HDAC11 in age-related hearing loss: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications
  78. Evaluation and application analysis of animal models of PIPNP based on data mining
  79. Therapeutic approaches for liver fibrosis/cirrhosis by targeting pyroptosis
  80. Fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ruellia tuberosa leaf extract induces apoptosis through P53 and STAT3 signalling pathways in prostate cancer cells
  81. Haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and immunoradiotherapy for severe aplastic anemia complicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A case report
  82. Modulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 pathway by Erianin: A novel approach to reduce psoriasiform inflammation and inflammatory signaling
  83. The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and its relationship with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and clinical pathological features in breast cancer patients
  84. Innovations in MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry: Bridging modern diagnostics and historical insights
  85. BAP1 complexes with YY1 and RBBP7 and its downstream targets in ccRCC cells
  86. Hypereosinophilic syndrome with elevated IgG4 and T-cell clonality: A report of two cases
  87. Electroacupuncture alleviates sciatic nerve injury in sciatica rats by regulating BDNF and NGF levels, myelin sheath degradation, and autophagy
  88. Polydatin prevents cholesterol gallstone formation by regulating cholesterol metabolism via PPAR-γ signaling
  89. RNF144A and RNF144B: Important molecules for health
  90. Analysis of the detection rate and related factors of thyroid nodules in the healthy population
  91. Artesunate inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion through OGA-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of ZEB1
  92. Endovascular management of post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage caused by a hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm: Case report and review of the literature
  93. Efficacy and safety of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 antibodies in patients with relapsed refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A meta-analysis
  94. SATB2 promotes humeral fracture healing in rats by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway
  95. Overexpression of the ferroptosis-related gene, NFS1, corresponds to gastric cancer growth and tumor immune infiltration
  96. Understanding risk factors and prognosis in diabetic foot ulcers
  97. Atractylenolide I alleviates the experimental allergic response in mice by suppressing TLR4/NF-kB/NLRP3 signalling
  98. FBXO31 inhibits the stemness characteristics of CD147 (+) melanoma stem cells
  99. Immune molecule diagnostics in colorectal cancer: CCL2 and CXCL11
  100. Inhibiting CXCR6 promotes senescence of activated hepatic stellate cells with limited proinflammatory SASP to attenuate hepatic fibrosis
  101. Cadmium toxicity, health risk and its remediation using low-cost biochar adsorbents
  102. Pulmonary cryptococcosis with headache as the first presentation: A case report
  103. Solitary pulmonary metastasis with cystic airspaces in colon cancer: A rare case report
  104. RUNX1 promotes denervation-induced muscle atrophy by activating the JUNB/NF-κB pathway and driving M1 macrophage polarization
  105. Morphometric analysis and immunobiological investigation of Indigofera oblongifolia on the infected lung with Plasmodium chabaudi
  106. The NuA4/TIP60 histone-modifying complex and Hr78 modulate the Lobe2 mutant eye phenotype
  107. Experimental study on salmon demineralized bone matrix loaded with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2: In vitro and in vivo study
  108. A case of IgA nephropathy treated with a combination of telitacicept and half-dose glucocorticoids
  109. Analgesic and toxicological evaluation of cannabidiol-rich Moroccan Cannabis sativa L. (Khardala variety) extract: Evidence from an in vivo and in silico study
  110. Wound healing and signaling pathways
  111. Combination of immunotherapy and whole-brain radiotherapy on prognosis of patients with multiple brain metastases: A retrospective cohort study
  112. To explore the relationship between endometrial hyperemia and polycystic ovary syndrome
  113. Research progress on the impact of curcumin on immune responses in breast cancer
  114. Biogenic Cu/Ni nanotherapeutics from Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl seeds for the treatment of lung cancer
  115. Dapagliflozin attenuates atrial fibrosis via the HMGB1/RAGE pathway in atrial fibrillation rats
  116. Glycitein alleviates inflammation and apoptosis in keratinocytes via ROS-associated PI3K–Akt signalling pathway
  117. ADH5 inhibits proliferation but promotes EMT in non-small cell lung cancer cell through activating Smad2/Smad3
  118. Apoptotic efficacies of AgNPs formulated by Syzygium aromaticum leaf extract on 32D-FLT3-ITD human leukemia cell line with PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway
  119. Novel cuproptosis-related genes C1QBP and PFKP identified as prognostic and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma
  120. Bee venom promotes exosome secretion and alters miRNA cargo in T cells
  121. Treatment of pure red cell aplasia in a chronic kidney disease patient with roxadustat: A case report
  122. Comparative bioinformatics analysis of the Wnt pathway in breast cancer: Selection of novel biomarker panels associated with ER status
  123. Kynurenine facilitates renal cell carcinoma progression by suppressing M2 macrophage pyroptosis through inhibition of CASP1 cleavage
  124. RFX5 promotes the growth, motility, and inhibits apoptosis of gastric adenocarcinoma cells through the SIRT1/AMPK axis
  125. ALKBH5 exacerbates early cardiac damage after radiotherapy for breast cancer via m6A demethylation of TLR4
  126. Phytochemicals of Roman chamomile: Antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening activities of distillation residues
  127. Circadian gene Cry1 inhibits the tumorigenicity of hepatocellular carcinoma by the BAX/BCL2-mediated apoptosis pathway
  128. The TNFR-RIPK1/RIPK3 signalling pathway mediates the effect of lanthanum on necroptosis of nerve cells
  129. Ecology and Environmental Science
  130. Optimization and comparative study of Bacillus consortia for cellulolytic potential and cellulase enzyme activity
  131. The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Haemaphysalis hystricis Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) and its phylogenetic implications
  132. Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors analysis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among tuberculosis population in Huzhou City, Eastern China
  133. Indices of human impacts on landscapes: How do they reflect the proportions of natural habitats?
  134. Genetic analysis of the Siberian flying squirrel population in the northern Changbai Mountains, Northeast China: Insights into population status and conservation
  135. Diversity and environmental drivers of Suillus communities in Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forests of Inner Mongolia
  136. Global assessment of the fate of nitrogen deposition in forest ecosystems: Insights from 15N tracer studies
  137. Fungal and bacterial pathogenic co-infections mainly lead to the assembly of microbial community in tobacco stems
  138. Influencing of coal industry related airborne particulate matter on ocular surface tear film injury and inflammatory factor expression in Sprague-Dawley rats
  139. Agriculture
  140. Integrated analysis of transcriptome, sRNAome, and degradome involved in the drought-response of maize Zhengdan958
  141. Variation in flower frost tolerance among seven apple cultivars and transcriptome response patterns in two contrastingly frost-tolerant selected cultivars
  142. Heritability of durable resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
  143. Animal Science
  144. Effect of sex ratio on the life history traits of an important invasive species, Spodoptera frugiperda
  145. Plant Sciences
  146. Hairpin in a haystack: In silico identification and characterization of plant-conserved microRNA in Rafflesiaceae
  147. Widely targeted metabolomics of different tissues in Rubus corchorifolius
  148. The complete chloroplast genome of Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass., 1820 (Carduoideae, Asteraceae) and its phylogenetic analysis
  149. Field trial to correlate mineral solubilization activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and biochemical content of groundnut plants
  150. Correlation analysis between semen routine parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation index in patients with semen non-liquefaction: A retrospective study
  151. Plasticity of the anatomical traits of Rhododendron L. (Ericaceae) leaves and its implications in adaptation to the plateau environment
  152. Effects of Piriformospora indica and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on growth and physiology of Moringa oleifera under low-temperature stress
  153. Effects of different sources of potassium fertiliser on yield, fruit quality and nutrient absorption in “Harward” kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
  154. Comparative efficiency and residue levels of spraying programs against powdery mildew in grape varieties
  155. The DREB7 transcription factor enhances salt tolerance in soybean plants under salt stress
  156. Food Science
  157. Phytochemical analysis of Stachys iva: Discovering the optimal extract conditions and its bioactive compounds
  158. Review on role of honey in disease prevention and treatment through modulation of biological activities
  159. Computational analysis of polymorphic residues in maltose and maltotriose transporters of a wild Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain
  160. Optimization of phenolic compound extraction from Tunisian squash by-products: A sustainable approach for antioxidant and antibacterial applications
  161. Liupao tea aqueous extract alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis in rats by modulating the gut microbiota
  162. Toxicological qualities and detoxification trends of fruit by-products for valorization: A review
  163. Polyphenolic spectrum of cornelian cherry fruits and their health-promoting effect
  164. Optimizing the encapsulation of the refined extract of squash peels for functional food applications: A sustainable approach to reduce food waste
  165. Advancements in curcuminoid formulations: An update on bioavailability enhancement strategies curcuminoid bioavailability and formulations
  166. Impact of saline sprouting on antioxidant properties and bioactive compounds in chia seeds
  167. The dilemma of food genetics and improvement
  168. Bioengineering and Biotechnology
  169. Impact of hyaluronic acid-modified hafnium metalorganic frameworks containing rhynchophylline on Alzheimer’s disease
  170. Emerging patterns in nanoparticle-based therapeutic approaches for rheumatoid arthritis: A comprehensive bibliometric and visual analysis spanning two decades
  171. Application of CRISPR/Cas gene editing for infectious disease control in poultry
  172. Preparation of hafnium nitride-coated titanium implants by magnetron sputtering technology and evaluation of their antibacterial properties and biocompatibility
  173. Preparation and characterization of lemongrass oil nanoemulsion: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and anticancer activities
  174. Corrigendum
  175. Corrigendum to “Utilization of convolutional neural networks to analyze microscopic images for high-throughput screening of mesenchymal stem cells”
  176. Corrigendum to “Effects of Ire1 gene on virulence and pathogenicity of Candida albicans”
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