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Tungsten trioxide nanocomposite for conventional soliton and noise-like pulse generation in anomalous dispersion laser cavity

  • Maisarah Mansor , Nadiah Husseini Zainol Abidin EMAIL logo , Norita Mohd Yusoff , Kuen Yao Lau , Josephine Liew Ying Chyi , Vijay Janyani , Amit Kumar Garg , Mohammed Thamer Alresheedi and Mohd Adzir Mahdi
Published/Copyright: April 7, 2023
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

This work demonstrates the employment of tungsten trioxide/polydimethylsiloxane nanocomposite saturable absorber (WO3/PDMS-SA) in realizing mode-locked conventional soliton (CS) and noise-like pulse (NLP) laser generation in net anomalous dispersion. The switching formation from CS regime of 970.0 fs pulse duration to NLP regime of 182.0 fs coherent spike with 65.3 ps pedestal was achieved by varying its pump power. The pulse laser exhibited good stability of 50.76 and 49.82 dB signal-to-noise ratio at 9.09 MHz fundamental repetition rate and trivial variation during stability test for CS and NLP regime, respectively. This work expresses the feasibility of WO3/PDMS-SA in attaining various types of mode-locked pulse phenomena using a fixed cavity configuration conceivably beneficial for compact dual-purpose laser systems.

Keywords: tungsten trioxide; mode-locked fiber laser; tapered optical fiber

1 Introduction

The advancement of ultrafast science has provided mankind with techniques to observe, analyze, and manipulate dynamic responses to further progress other scientific fields and technology [1]. Pulse duration in order of tens of attoseconds based on high harmonic generation in the extreme ultraviolet region [2] has led to the development of highly-sensitive spectroscopy used to measure the phase difference between isotopes [3]. Another technology within the ultrafast science field receiving rising interest is the ultrafast fiber laser. Ultrafast fiber laser has been widely used in numerous cutting-edge applications due to their extremely narrow pulse duration, reproducible simple structure, and the potential for high intensity pulse energy. Applications in various fields include laser precision engineering that fabricates micron to nano-sized functional structures [4,5], medical treatments [6], biomaterials [7], and nonlinear optics [8–10]. In particular, the passively mode-locked ultrafast fiber laser (MLFL) based on a saturable absorber (SA) has also emerged as one of the most powerful strategies to develop ultrashort pulses (<1 ps) because of their benefits of high beam quality, low cost, efficient structure, alignment-free compact design, and excellent compatibility [11]. They also provide an ideal platform for exploring new areas of nonlinear dynamics in an open, dissipative environment, where various physical effects can experience significant interactions [12]. These effects include dispersion effects, nonlinear Kerr effects, linear and nonlinear birefringence, dissipation effects, and gain bandwidth limitations. These physical effects lead to the formation and generation of various optical pulses by changing the structure and adjusting the parameters of the cavity.

Dissipative soliton (DS) originates from the composite balancing of several effects which includes nonlinearity, dispersion, gain, and loss [13]. DS is typically formed in net normal dispersion, but it has been proven to exist whether the average dispersion of the cavity is anomalous, normal, or zero by fulfilling the composite balance condition [14,15]. DS features stable, largely chirped pulses with steep edges, and with energy up to hundreds of nJ. In contrast, the formation of conventional soliton (CS) with distinct Kelly sidebands in net anomalous dispersion cavity is dominated by the balancing effect between group velocity dispersion (GVD) and nonlinear effect of self-phase modulation [13]. Meanwhile, the imbalance between the aforesaid effects may favor a pulse splitting into multi-soliton states; which can be in the form of bound-state soliton, harmonic soliton molecules, soliton rain, and noise-like pulse (NLP) [16–18]. The dynamic behavior of mode-locked transient regimes can be investigated in real-time via the dispersive Fourier transform technique, which stretches the optical pulse in time domain while propagating in a dispersive medium [19,20]. This technique accurately maps the spectral information onto the time domain, such that the stretched temporal intensity has the same form as the pulse spectrum.

In general, NLP is marked by its high pulse energy, broad optical spectrum, and relatively weak temporal coherence [21]. For these reasons, NLP has been widely used in a number of applications such as in micromachining [22] as a supercontinuum source [23] and in photoluminescence spectroscopy [24]. Another unique feature of NLP is the ability to exist in all dispersion regimes. The simulation in ref. [25] suggested that the difference between NLP formation in normal and anomalous dispersion regime is the pulse compressibility, where a chirp-free pulse in the anomalous regime is incompressible compared to its counterpart with an up-chirp distribution trend. In the near-zero net cavity GVD, the higher nonlinearity enhances self-phase modulation during peak power growth for potentially wider spectral broadening [26]. However, in this regime, a modulator of higher contrast is necessary to stabilize the pulse generation [27].

The challenge of further narrowing the pulse duration and pulse energy scalability which are key obstacles of CS in anomalous dispersion regime can also easily be addressed by NLP. Investigations on the pulse dynamics from CS to NLP have been experimentally established in different cavity designs such as figure-of-eight with amplifying loop mirror [28], optical loop mirror [29,30], as well as nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) [31–33]. In the accompaniment of a nonlinear material-based SA, the manipulation of cavity settings; namely state of intracavity polarization, dispersion management, and pump power [34] may also tailor the saturable absorption effect, which leads to an alternate formation of fundamental pulse to sub-pulses of varying phases and random amplitudes observed with NLP. The formation of NLP from another pulse phenomena has been linked to the growth of peak power initiating two-photon absorption (TPA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) consequently bringing forth peak power clamping into effect [35]. The complement effect of soliton collapse and positive cavity feedback (from self-phase modulation) at high gain conditions typically observed at near-zero dispersion can also switch the CS regime to NLP regime [32].

Material-based SAs is one of the straightforward routes which can yield NLP by pump power variation. Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-SA employed in a 1.9 µm laser cavity with GVD of 1.63 ps2, generated 5.1 nm bandwidth of NLP at 650 mW pump power [36]. In the same wavelength band, external amplification of NLP has been proposed to up-scale the pulse energy and avoid threshold damage to the graphene/polymer composite fiber ferrule-based SA, emitting 51.5 nJ pulse energy at 6 W pump power [37]. In another work, both DS and NLP have been demonstrated by employing a CNT/graphene composite SA, where the output was tuned by simply stretching a chirped fiber Bragg grating [38]. Up to 8.8 nJ pulse energy have been generated by integrating tellurene-SA and tungsten disulfide-SA in a laser cavity with net GVD of 0.096 [39] and −0.92 ps2 [40], respectively. Other than that, numerous soliton phenomena including single and multi-soliton as well as NLP have been observed in an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) laser by the employment of topological insulator-SA with net GVD of −3.09 ps2 [17].

In recent years, tungsten trioxide (WO3), a type of transition metal oxide (TMO) has been under the spotlight for its excellent nonlinear properties. TMOs in general are very stable at room temperature with high thermal stability [41]. The pioneer work on WO3-SA was based on a thin-film SA sandwiched between two fiber ferrules with modulation depth (MD) of 20% and low saturation intensity (I sat) of 0.04 MW/cm2 [42]. However, the length of laser cavity was over 100 m that caused the reduction of spectral bandwidth as a result of longer pulse duration. The most common issue faced by sandwich type SAs is the low damage threshold caused by perpendicular illumination over a small area of few µm2 where the laser directly interacts with the material and the small interaction area leads to poor heat dissipation. In contrast, the use of tapered optical fiber as a substrate for nonlinear optical material is able to circumvent these issues without adding complexity to the fabrication process. The core/cladding of a standard single-mode fiber (SMF) is simply fused together and reduced significantly to 10–30 µm in diameter. In the fuse zone, propagating light is no longer confined to the core and can propagate outside the fiber as evanescent field via silica/air guiding to interact with the deposited nonlinear material. The lateral interaction of light with the material allows for increased nonlinear interaction length and effective heat dissipation. The small waist diameter of the tapered fiber structure also heightens the nonlinearity of the device without compromising the nonlinear material when operated at higher pump powers [43,44]. Ultimately, the use of tapered fiber produces SAs with high optical damage threshold that supports operation in high power regimes and the generation of high energy pulses [45]. Additionally, polymer such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is one of the reputed polymers in SA integration, featuring high porosity yet with hydrophobic characteristic. It has a low thermo-optic coefficient, is non-volatile, non-toxic, and has high transparency from the ultraviolet toward the near-infrared band. PDMS has a refractive index of 1.3997 at 1,554 nm wavelength which supports efficient back-coupling of the evanescent wave compared to air.

In this work, PDMS was chosen as a polymer matrix to embed WO3 nanoparticles on tapered optical fiber. The polymer composite also serves to protect the tapered fiber from environmental perturbations and increase the mechanical strength of the tapered region. WO3/PDMS nanocomposite tapered fiber SAs have been employed in ring cavity of 1.56 µm [46] and 1.95 µm [47] and achieved 800 fs and 1.26 ps pulse duration in CS regime, respectively. It has also been reported to generate NLP in the L-band with 10 nJ wave packet energy under 3.5 W pump power [48]. Nevertheless, these reported works only demonstrated single operation state of ultrashort pulses. The aptness of switching operation states from one to another in a single fiber laser cavity would be beneficial for multiple applications or for an application that is multifunctional. Fundamentally, switching between different operation states of ultrashort pulse can be made possible by the nonlinear absorption and RSA effects. Therefore, the primary objective of this work is to extend the investigation on WO3 based SA for the generation of mode-locked pulses and as a switcher between operation states. A WO3/PDMS spin-coated tapered fiber was fabricated and had nonlinear parameters of 8.50% MD and 440.08 MW/cm2 I sat at 1,560 nm wavelength. The fabricated WO3/PDMS-SA was able to form both CS and NLP in a single cavity of net negative dispersion simply by tailoring the pump power without birefringence feedback. The CS regime began at 82.5 mW while the switch to NLP regime was attained at pump power of 213.2 mW due to the RSA and soliton collapse effect. This is an improvement to previously reported work on WO3 where the NLP was achieved with pump power greater than 300 mW. The pulse performance of both regimes presents excellent stability. This work contributes to the practicality of WO3 nanoparticles in attaining various pulse phenomena with different competitive advantages for diverse potential applications in the future.

2 Experimental section

2.1 Preparation of WO3/PDMS-SA

The fabrication of the SA can be divided into four stages, schematically illustrated in Figure 1. The experiment begins with the preparation of WO3 nanoparticles. Unlike other techniques of producing nanoparticles via various chemical reactions [49], probe-sonication of commercially available bulk WO3 was employed in this work. In the experiment, 5 mg of bulk WO3 was weighed and placed into a glass tube containing 10 mL of isopropanol (IPA). After 12 h of sonication process, a well-dispersed WO3/IPA solution was attained (Figure 1(a)). To prepare a WO3/PDMS nanocomposite (Figure 1(b)), 2 g of PDMS prepolymer was added into the WO3/IPA solution, and the mixture was continuously stirred overnight at 70°C to evaporate the IPA, which yielded WO3/PDMS nanocomposite as the product. A curing agent was introduced in 10:1 ratio of prepolymer to curing agent and stirred for another 10 min to homogenize the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was subsequently placed inside a vacuum chamber for degassing process.

Figure 1 (a)–(d) Methodology of WO3/PDMS-SA fabrication and (e) aectual image of WO3/PDMS-SA on glass slide.
Figure 1

(a)–(d) Methodology of WO3/PDMS-SA fabrication and (e) aectual image of WO3/PDMS-SA on glass slide.

Afterward, a tapered fiber was fabricated using a commercial fiber tapering machine (Vytran GPX-3400) for WO3/PDMS nanocomposite deposition (Figure 1(c)). A section of SMF was stripped of its polymer coating layer so that its cladding section was exposed. The stripped section was then heated by a 50 W filament while the ends of the fiber were simultaneously pulled at 1.0 mm/s velocity to produce the desired tapered fiber. A tapered fiber is composed of several sections as illustrated in Figure 1(c); down-tapered (A), waist (B), and up-tapered (C) regions. At the waist region, its diameter is denoted as (D) region. Based on an adiabatic tapered fiber design where the tapering angle, θ should be less than 5 mrad [50], the taper dimensions were 20, 0.5, 20 mm, and 10 µm from region A to D, respectively. An adiabatic tapered fiber minimizes optical loss while preserving the evanescent strength around the tapered region. The tapered fiber was locked on the deposition platform using scotch tape on its ends. The as-prepared WO3/PDMS nanocomposite was dropped on the tapered region and spin-coated at a speed of 4,000 rotations per minute for 5 min as depicted in Figure 1(d). Finally, the WO3/PDMS-SA was allowed to solidify at ambient environment for a week. Figure 1(e) shows the actual image of the fabricated WO3/PDMS-SA after it had been cured.

2.2 Material and SA characterizations

The effect of probe-sonication process on the morphology of WO3 was conducted using JEOL JSM-6700F field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In terms of linear optical characteristic of WO3 nanoparticles, the bandgap energy was characterized using Shimadzu UV-3600 ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. For the linear transmission characterization of the prepared WO3/PDMS-SA, an amplified spontaneous emission source was injected into the SA and the transmission spectrum was acquired using a Yokogawa AQ6370B optical spectrum analyzer, as shown in Figure 2(a). Following that, the nonlinear saturable transmittance performance of the prepared WO3/PDMS-SA was characterized with a standard balanced twin-detector measurement setup as illustrated in Figure 2(b). The setup was pumped with Laser-Femto pulse laser source (PLS) with central wavelength of 1,560 nm, pulse duration of 150 fs, and repetition rate of 60 MHz. The PLS was used as the incident pulse where its intensity was manipulated using an attenuator. The propagating light was split into two optical paths via a 3 dB optical coupler (OC), where half of the light power was delivered into the WO3/PDMS-SA while the other half served as reference power. A pair of Thorlabs PM100D optical power meters coupled with S146C thermal sensors were used to record the power-dependent nonlinear transmission of the WO3/PDMS-SA. The fitting of the experimental transmission data versus intensity curve to equation (1) follows the simplified two-level SA model and retrieved three independent parameters, which are MD, non-saturable loss (T ns), saturation intensity (I sat), and TPA coefficient (β), while T(I) denotes transmittance at a particular incident intensity as follows:

(1) T ( I ) = 1 − MD × e − I I sat − T ns − β I .

Figure 2 (a) Linear and (b) nonlinear transmission measurements of WO3/PDMS-SA.
Figure 2

(a) Linear and (b) nonlinear transmission measurements of WO3/PDMS-SA.

2.3 Configuration of mode-locked fiber laser

The configuration of the MLFL cavity with WO3/PDMS-SA is depicted in Figure 3. A 980 nm laser diode was employed to pump EDF via 1 m length of Hi-1060 SMF of the common port at wavelength division multiplexer. The length of the employed EDF was 7.8 m with a core diameter of 5 μm, 200 ppm Er3+ concentration and 3.5 dB/m absorption at 1,530 nm for a central wavelength lasing between 1,550 and 1,560 nm. The MLFL cavity was designed to have unidirectional signal propagation by incorporating a polarization insensitive isolator (ISO). A polarization controller (PC) composed of three paddles wrapped with fiber was deployed mainly to determine the polarization-dependent characteristics of the cavity before the integration of SA and to optimize the intracavity birefringence after the SA integration. An 80/20 OC was employed to guide 20% of the output for laser measurement and 80% of the propagating light coupled back into the cavity to complete the ring laser configuration. The total cavity length was 21.50 m, where the remaining length was SMF-28 from the optical components was used to build the cavity. The values of dispersion coefficient (β 2) are 23, −7, and −22 ps2/km for EDF, Hi-1060 SMF, and SMF-28, respectively. This yielded a net negative GVD of −0.1069 ps2, permitting the laser to operate in the anomalous dispersion regime.

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the WO3/PDMS-SA integrated MLFL cavity.
Figure 3

Schematic diagram of the WO3/PDMS-SA integrated MLFL cavity.

The optical domain of the MLFL was recorded using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA, Yokogawa AQ6370B) with resolution bandwidth of 0.02 nm. The output powers were measured using an optical power meter (Thorlabs, PM100D) through a thermal sensor (Thorlabs S302C). The time and frequency domain traces of the generated pulses were measured using 100 MHz digital phosphor oscilloscope (Tektronik TDS 3012C) and electrical spectrum analyzer (GW Instek GSP), respectively, via a 5 GHz InGaAs-biased detector (Thorlabs, DET08CFC) photodetector. The radio and video bandwidth resolution were set at 30 and 30 kHz, respectively. Finally, the optical pulse width was characterized using an autocorrelator (A.P.E. PulseCheck).

Before the SA integration to the ring laser cavity, a preliminary test was performed by tuning the PC at all possible polarization states from the lowest pump power up to the maximum pump power of 317.7 mW. The results of the preliminary test demonstrated that the laser operated in continuous wave (CW) mode without self-pulsing which verified that the optical components did not contribute to any mode-locking operation. This test also confirmed that mode-locking achieved after SA integration was not initiated by NPR. Subsequently, the fabricated WO3/PDMS-SA was spliced between the ISO and PC in the laser cavity to assemble all-fiber MLFL cavity.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Material and SA characterizations

The morphologies of the bulk and sonicated WO3 are shown side by side in Figure 4(a) and (b), respectively. After undergoing probe-sonication, the bulk WO3 with an average size of 37.44 ± 8.81 nm disintegrated into nano-sized particles of 104.21 ± 27.89 nm, which were carefully measured as shown in the histogram of Figure 4(c). The nanoparticles were irregular in shape with square edges, resembling polygons [51]. The purity of the sample was further examined using EDX analysis as presented in Figure 4(d) showing high percentage of tungsten (W) and oxygen (O), while carbon (C) originated from the carbon tape utilized during sample characterization. Therefore, the successful endeavor to generate nanoparticles without engaging sophisticated techniques is demonstrated by these micrograph images. Next, the plot of (αhv)1/2 versus photon energy presented in Figure 4(e) reveals a bandgap energy of 2.80 eV, estimated by extrapolating the graph at (αhv)1/2 = 0. This value matches well with previous literature in ref. [52], which is slightly higher than the bandgap of bulk WO3 (2.54 eV) [53] owing to quantum confinement effect in nano-sized particles. Despite operating at a photon energy lower than the bandgap energy (0.79 eV vs 2.80 eV), WO3/PDMS displays nonlinear saturable characteristic possibly due to edge-state effect which allows for sub-bandgap absorption [54–57]. Figure 5(a) depicts the linear transmission of bare-tapered fiber, PDMS-coated tapered fiber, and WO3/PDMS-SA which are 93.00, 54.62, and 44.03% at 1,560 nm wavelength, respectively. These transmissions correspond to insertion losses of 0.32, 2.63, and 3.56 dB, respectively. Meanwhile, the presence of WO3 in nanocomposite coating enhanced the absorption and scattering effect, which resulted in the further decrement in its linear transmittance.

Figure 4 FESEM image of (a) bulk and (b) nanoparticles WO3, (c) particle size distribution, (d) EDX spectrum, and (e) plot of (αhv)1/2 versus photon energy.
Figure 4

FESEM image of (a) bulk and (b) nanoparticles WO3, (c) particle size distribution, (d) EDX spectrum, and (e) plot of (αhv)1/2 versus photon energy.

Figure 5 (a) Linear transmission of bare-tapered fiber, PDMS-coated tapered fiber, and WO3/PDMS-SA. (b) Nonlinear transmission curve of WO3/PDMS-SA.
Figure 5

(a) Linear transmission of bare-tapered fiber, PDMS-coated tapered fiber, and WO3/PDMS-SA. (b) Nonlinear transmission curve of WO3/PDMS-SA.

Figure 5(b) presents the nonlinear transmission curve of the WO3/PDMS-SA, fitted using equation (1). As shown in the figure, the WO3/PDMS-SA exhibited 8.50% MD, 440.08 MW/cm2 I sat, and 56.50% T ns. At higher intensity, gradual depletion of the transmission was observed evident of RSA effect. The obvious reduction of transmission at high intensity is commonly addressed as optical limiting behavior experienced by nonlinear materials, which can be due to TPA and enhanced scattering losses under intense laser beam [58] where these effects are responsible for NLP generations [59]. In this work, the value of TPA coefficient (β) was estimated to be 0.0069 cm2/MW.

3.2 Pulse fiber laser performance

Figure 6(a) shows the optical spectral development of the MLFL at varying pump powers. Initially, CW emission was observed at pump power of 22.8 up until 75.2 mW, followed by self-starting mode-locked operation at 82.5 mW as presented in Figure 6(a). The mode-locked generation operated in CS regime by the simultaneous generation of Kelly sidebands on the spectral envelope, which occurred as a consequence of constructive interference between solitons and dispersive waves with a phase difference of 2π-multiples. The presence of these sidebands implies that the accumulated phase difference acquired by propagating solitons is nearly orthogonal to dispersive waves. As a result, dispersive waves are filtered by orthogonally polarized components while solitons pass through, disarraying the phase-matching condition for sideband generation [60]. The Kelly sidebands were maintained up to 181.3 mW pump power. In Figure 6(b), the mode-locked generation became unstable at pump power of 187.9 mW before a complete suppression of the stochastic spectral components accompanied with abrupt broadening effect of the spectral envelope at 213.2 mW. The enhancement of 3 dB bandwidth from 6.72 to 16.47 nm supports the narrative of a pulse transition regime from CS to NLP. The smooth optical spectrum continued to broaden steadily up to the maximum pump power of 288.6 mW, positioned at 1557.31 nm with bandwidth of 17.98 nm. Figure 6(c) shows the average output power and pulse energy of CS and NLP against pump power. It is observed that the average output power and pulse energy grow linearly with the increase of pump power. The maximum average output power in the CS regime is 3.67 mW at 181.3 mW, corresponding to a pulse energy of 0.403 nJ. CS pulse energy is typically predicted to be less than 0.1 nJ based on the soliton theorem, but it has been experimentally demonstrated in several investigations that the pulse energy of solitons in net anomalous dispersion cavity could exceed the stipulated value due to smaller net negative dispersion induced by self-phase modulation at higher pump powers [61] In the NLP regime, the maximum average output power is 5.49 mW at 288.6 mW pump power, while the pulse energy is 0.604 nJ.

Figure 6 (a) and (b) Optical spectrum and (c) power and pulse energy evolution of the MLFL based on WO3/PDMS-SA.
Figure 6

(a) and (b) Optical spectrum and (c) power and pulse energy evolution of the MLFL based on WO3/PDMS-SA.

The pulse train of the MLFL has a pulse separation of 110.0 ns which reciprocates to a fundamental repetition rate of 9.09 MHz as shown in Figure 7. The pulse trace of CS shows excellent stability at 181.3 mW pump power presented as a stable envelope state in the longer time range, as shown in the inset of Figure 7(a). During the switching regime at 187.9 mW, the pulse separation remains at 110 ns as shown in Figure 7(b) but exhibits instability from the obvious voltage fluctuation in the long-time range trace (inset). In the NLP regime taken at 288.6 mW, a stable state of pulse train was observed as shown in Figure 7(c). Despite the complex dynamics of massive sub-pulses within a wave packet in NLP regime, it propagates as a single unit in the cavity at the fundamental repetition frequency which appears invariable to the CS regime in the oscilloscope [62]. To validate the switching regime of CS to NLP, the autocorrelation traces were measured and analyzed. As illustrated in Figure 8(a), the CS regime delivers a pedestal-free pulse profile captured at 181.3 mW pump power with 970.0 fs duration width assuming a Sech2 pulse profile. The time bandwidth product (TBP) is 0.806 compared to the transform-limited value of 0.314 indicating that the pulses are chirped. Increasing the pump power beyond 187.9 mW, the autocorrelation trace exhibited pulse width narrowing as shown in Figure 8(b) alongside the increase in pulse energy (Figure 6(c)). This translates to high peak power condition possibly triggering RSA. In the succession of triggered RSA, the switching regime between CS and NLP takes place manifesting as instability and unfitted trace. The existence of RSA in WO3 nanoparticles of 100 nm average sizes has been reported in ref. [63]. Further increasing the pump power to 288.6 mW, the autocorrelation traces taken at short span of 4 ps and long span of 120 ps show distinct feature of NLP with a 182.0 fs coherent spike upon a 65.3 ps broad pedestal as depicted in Figure 8(c) confirming the operation switch. In the NLP regime, the estimated TBP is 0.450 which is approximately the transform-limited value for Gaussian pulses of 0.441. In this regime, the maximum pulse energy achieved is 0.604 nJ at 281 pump power, a 50% percent increase to CS.

Figure 7 Oscilloscope trace at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime (insets: oscilloscope trace in long time range).
Figure 7

Oscilloscope trace at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime (insets: oscilloscope trace in long time range).

Figure 8 Autocorrelation trace at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime.
Figure 8

Autocorrelation trace at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime.

The measurements of the RF spectrum, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at maximum pump power are shown in Figure 9. The SNR acquired at the fundamental repetition rate of 9.09 MHz for CS regime was 50.76 dB as depicted in Figures 9(a), and 49.82 dB at NLP regime as shown in Figure 9(c), indicating a reasonably stable laser operation. This is comparable to the previous work in ref. [37]. In the switching regime, Figure 9(b) shows uneven RF peaks between pump powers 187.9 and 207.1 mW despite matching the repetition rate of the cavity corroborating the instability observed earlier in the autocorrelation trace (Figure 8(b)). To confirm the stability of the mode-locked laser in CS and NLP regime, the optical spectrum was measured during an observation period of 60 min at2 min intervals as portrayed in Figure 10. The measurements were all performed at the maximum pump power of CS (181.3 mW) and NLP regime (288.6 mW). Based on the experimental findings, the average values for the central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth at CS regime were determined to be 1556.64 ± 0.03 and 6.67 ± 0.16 nm, respectively. For NLP regime, the central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth values were analyzed to be 1557.48 ± 0.06 and 17.89 ± 0.36 nm, respectively. Both regimes show excellent mode-locked stability.

Figure 9 The RF spectrum at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime.
Figure 9

The RF spectrum at (a) CS regime, (b) switching regime, and (c) NLP regime.

Figure 10 Stability test performance at 181.3 mW for the CS regime: (a) optical spectrum, (b) central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth, and at 288.6 mW for the NLP regime, (c) optical spectrum, and (d) central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth.
Figure 10

Stability test performance at 181.3 mW for the CS regime: (a) optical spectrum, (b) central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth, and at 288.6 mW for the NLP regime, (c) optical spectrum, and (d) central wavelength and 3 dB spectral bandwidth.

Comparison of different tapered fiber-based 2D material-SAs for multiple operation states of ultrashort pulse fiber laser.

Figure 11 summarizes the nanomaterial decorated tapered fiber as mode-locker. Wang et al. fabricated bismuthene-SA via simple drop-casting technique [64]. However, the main disadvantage of this method is poor material attachment onto the taper waist, as evidenced by its small MD of 2.4% [64]. Optical deposition, on the other hand, uses optical trapping effect induced by injected light offers a solution for earlier method with higher probability of material attachment and excellent nonlinear properties [65]. It should be noted that this technique is best used with two-dimensional or nano-sized material due to their flexibility to attach and stack onto the substrate compared to bulk sizes. For instance, the MD in refs [16,18,41,66–68] varies from 4.4 to 27.89%, depending on the deposition time, injected power, taper waist diameter, type of solvent used, and size of nanomaterials. However, the SA device might have a short shelf-life if there is neither an encapsulating agent nor packaging. Therefore, the inclusion of polymer in SA fabrication assists in securing the attached material while providing mechanical support to the fragile tapered fiber. A low refractive index polymer like PDMS has been frequently used in SA fabrication due to its hydrophobic property and high viscosity [46,47]. In this work, the indirect and weak evanescent-wave coupling of the embedded WO3/PDMS yielded highest I sat of 440.08 MW/cm2 and moderate MD of 8.5%, which is relatively higher than [16,18,64,68] and significantly lower than the work in refs [41,66,67].

Figure 11 MD against saturation intensity of tapered fiber-based SAs.
Figure 11

MD against saturation intensity of tapered fiber-based SAs.

Figure 12(a) and (b) summarizes the pulse performance of CS regime, wherein W x Nb(1−x)Se2 in ref. [68] demonstrated nearly transform-limited pulse of 131 fs with broad 3 dB spectral bandwidth of 23 nm. Despite its short cavity length, the large power extraction and high pump power successfully produced single pulse energy of 0.81 nJ [68]. The strategy of short cavity length for ultrafast pulse width was also practiced in other works: Re x Nb(1–x)S2 [67], bismuthene [64], and manganese dioxide (MnO2) [16], with pulse widths of 285, 622, and 850 fs, respectively. However, this kind of cavity design suffers from high mode-locking threshold condition due to the insufficient intracavity nonlinearity. In CS regime, a fair comparison can be made between this work and Graphdiyne in ref. [66] due to the almost similar cavity length. Although Graphdiyne reported high output power (8.4 mW) and pulse energy (0.93 nJ), the CS pulse width (2.21 ps) was far slower than this work (970 fs). As depicted in Figure 12(c), the attained CS pulse energy in this work was 0.4 nJ, while higher pulse energy could be achieved by lengthening the cavity length [41], using a higher coupling ratio at the output [68], or pumping the laser cavity with higher pump power [41,66,68] provided that the MD is sufficiently high to mitigate the pulse breaking effect.

Figure 12 Critical reviews on tapered fiber-based SAs for various pulse dynamics: (a) CS pulse width versus 3 dB spectral bandwidth, (b) CS pulse energy versus fundamental repetition rate, (c) pulse dynamics against pump powers, and (d) pulse energy at maximum pump powers.
Figure 12

Critical reviews on tapered fiber-based SAs for various pulse dynamics: (a) CS pulse width versus 3 dB spectral bandwidth, (b) CS pulse energy versus fundamental repetition rate, (c) pulse dynamics against pump powers, and (d) pulse energy at maximum pump powers.

Figure 12(c) presents various pulse dynamics with respect to pump powers, whereas their pulse energy at maximum pump powers is portrayed in Figure 12(d). The pulse splitting effect is frequently observed when the intracavity peak power exceeds a certain level. For instance, harmonic mode-locking is recognized by the multiplication of fundamental frequency with an integer, and the adjacent pulses are evenly spaced to each other, as reported by Li and associates with 251th harmonics [41]. Besides that, bound soliton in harmonic mode-locking state was also reported in several works [16,18,67], whereby it can be easily identified by observing spectral modulation in optical domain and co-existence of sub-pulses in time domain. Other multiple pulse that travels with fundamental frequency, dubbed as NLP can be easily attained due to soliton collapse effect, high pumping condition, and presence of TPA and RSA in the laser cavity. In Figure 12(d), the summary of pulse energy at maximum pump power for different pulse dynamics is plotted. The pulse energy of NLP in this work is higher than Re x Nb(1–x)S2 (0.39 nJ) [67] and bismuthene (0.48 nJ) [64], and significantly lower than graphdiyne (2.17 nJ) [66]. Even higher pulse energy (257 nJ) was reported by Li and co-workers [68] with W x Nb(1−x)Se2 via Q-switching technique. However, the main drawback of Q-switched pulse is the slow pulse width within microsecond duration, limited by the material’s recovery time.

From the results shown thus far, by increasing the pump power, the spectral bandwidth of CS becomes comparable to the gain bandwidth of erbium. TPA and roll-off effect of saturable absorption are stimulated in the fabricated WO3/PDMS-SA, giving rise to a soliton collapse effect and NLP emission that repeats at the fundamental cavity repetition rate [69,70]. As a result, the MLFL exhibited (1) an optical spectrum with Kelly’s sidebands evolved to a very broad and smooth optical spectrum, (2) a fair SNR in the RF spectrum, and (3) a Sech2 pulse profile with no pedestal that transformed to a narrow Gaussian-fitted coherent pulse overlapped with a broad pedestal containing a group of pulse with random fine structures that holds together as one pulse envelope. The soliton collapse effect triggered by TPA and RSA presented instability in the form of random densely packed components on the spectral envelope (Figure 6(b)), unfitted narrowing AC trace, and uneven RF peaks. In a previous work, it has also been experimentally proven that nano-sized WO3 particles are capable to exhibit such multi-photon absorption which was characterized using intensity dependent z-scan method [71]. Moreover, to avoid soliton collapse and to ensure that only fundamental pulses circulate inside the laser cavity at wide pump power range, a SA with higher MD and critical power of TPA is favorable.

4 Conclusion

In this work, we successfully demonstrated a MLFL operating in anomalous dispersion regime by employing WO3/PDMS deposited on a tapered fiber as SA. The MLFL features the switching of CS to NLP by pump power manipulation in a common fiber cavity without birefringence feedback, where the critical power threshold of realizing NLP was at 213.2 mW. In the CS regime, a chirped pulse of 970.0 fs duration with 0.4 nJ pulse energy and spectral 3 dB bandwidth of 6.72 nm was achieved. A drastic enhancement of 3 dB bandwidth to 16.47 nm was observed when the CS pulse collapsed into the NLP with a clear autocorrelation trace of 182.0 fs imposed on a broad 65.3 ps pedestal. At the pump power of 288.6 mW, the broadest optical spectrum of 17.98 nm positioned at 1557.91 nm central wavelength was accomplished. The MLFL showed good laser performance and stability with small standard deviations, with 50.76 dB SNR in the CS regime and 49.82 dB in the NLP regime at a constant fundamental repetition rate of 9.09 MHz. The versatility of this simple MLFL escalates potential for a compact dual-purpose laser system.

  1. Funding information: This work was supported by the Collaborative Research in Engineering, Science and Technology (CREST), Malaysia under the Open R&D Grant (P07C1-19) and King Saud University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia under the Researchers Supporting Project (RSP2023R336)

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2022-08-18
Revised: 2023-03-02
Accepted: 2023-03-14
Published Online: 2023-04-07

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0535
Keywords for this article
tungsten trioxide; mode-locked fiber laser; tapered optical fiber
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Preparation of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity
  3. Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk
  4. Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles
  5. Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys
  6. Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites processed by P/M method
  7. High mechanical performance of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/epoxy cured in a sandwich construction of 3D carbon felts foam and woven basalt fibers
  8. Applying solution of spray polyurea elastomer in asphalt binder: Feasibility analysis and DSR study based on the MSCR and LAS tests
  9. Study on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based bioabsorbable stents
  10. Influence of microalloying with B on the microstructure and properties of brazed joints with Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal
  11. Thermohydraulic performance of thermal system integrated with twisted turbulator inserts using ternary hybrid nanofluids
  12. Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites
  13. Effects of CaO addition on the CuW composite containing micro- and nano-sized tungsten particles synthesized via aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction
  14. Cu and Al2O3-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity
  15. Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects
  16. Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance
  17. Axial compression performance of CFST columns reinforced by ultra-high-performance nano-concrete under long-term loading
  18. Tungsten trioxide nanocomposite for conventional soliton and noise-like pulse generation in anomalous dispersion laser cavity
  19. Microstructure and electrical contact behavior of the nano-yttria-modified Cu-Al2O3/30Mo/3SiC composite
  20. Melting rheology in thermally stratified graphene-mineral oil reservoir (third-grade nanofluid) with slip condition
  21. Re-examination of nonlinear vibration and nonlinear bending of porous sandwich cylindrical panels reinforced by graphene platelets
  22. Parametric simulation of hybrid nanofluid flow consisting of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with second-order slip and variable viscosity over an extending surface
  23. Chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles with potent and selective intrinsic activity against the breast cancer cells
  24. Multi-core/shell SiO2@Al2O3 nanostructures deposited on Ti3AlC2 to enhance high-temperature stability and microwave absorption properties
  25. Solution-processed Bi2S3/BiVO4/TiO2 ternary heterojunction photoanode with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
  26. Electroporation effect of ZnO nanoarrays under low voltage for water disinfection
  27. NIR-II window absorbing graphene oxide-coated gold nanorods and graphene quantum dot-coupled gold nanorods for photothermal cancer therapy
  28. Nonlinear three-dimensional stability characteristics of geometrically imperfect nanoshells under axial compression and surface residual stress
  29. Investigation of different nanoparticles properties on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulation
  30. Optimized Cu2O-{100} facet for generation of different reactive oxidative species via peroxymonosulfate activation at specific pH values to efficient acetaminophen removal
  31. Brownian and thermal diffusivity impact due to the Maxwell nanofluid (graphene/engine oil) flow with motile microorganisms and Joule heating
  32. Appraising the dielectric properties and the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding of graphene reinforced silicone rubber nanocomposite
  33. Synthesis of Ag and Cu nanoparticles by plasma discharge in inorganic salt solutions
  34. Low-cost and large-scale preparation of ultrafine TiO2@C hybrids for high-performance degradation of methyl orange and formaldehyde under visible light
  35. Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials
  36. Mechanical performance of date palm fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nano-activated carbon
  37. Melting point of dried gold nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation
  38. Graphene nanofibers: A modern approach towards tailored gypsum composites
  39. Role of localized magnetic field in vortex generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow: A numerical approach
  40. Intelligent computing for the double-diffusive peristaltic rheology of magneto couple stress nanomaterials
  41. Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction
  42. 3D printing of porous Ti6Al4V bone tissue engineering scaffold and surface anodization preparation of nanotubes to enhance its biological property
  43. Bioinspired ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Potential pharmaceutical and medical applications
  44. Significance of gyrotactic microorganisms on the MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow across an elastic slender surface: Numerical analysis
  45. Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
  46. Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface
  47. Oxygen plasma assisted room temperature bonding for manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle
  48. Performance and mechanism of CO2 reduction by DBD-coupled mesoporous SiO2
  49. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field
  50. Exploration of generalized two-phase free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of dusty tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid between parallel microplates
  51. Hygrothermal bending analysis of sandwich nanoplates with FG porous core and piezomagnetic faces via nonlocal strain gradient theory
  52. Design and optimization of a TiO2/RGO-supported epoxy multilayer microwave absorber by the modified local best particle swarm optimization algorithm
  53. Mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete modified by nano-SiO2
  54. Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
  55. High-performance wearable flexible strain sensors based on an AgNWs/rGO/TPU electrospun nanofiber film for monitoring human activities
  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
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