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Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials

  • Samah S. Eldera EMAIL logo , Sarah Aldawsari and Esmat M. A. Hamzawy
Published/Copyright: July 10, 2023
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Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

Significant self-glazed glass-ceramic was obtained from a natural pozzolan and external glass cullet. Natural pozzolan with/without glass cullet was fused to glass melt that quenched in water to glass frits. The dried glass frits were pulverized (<0.083 mm) and then shaped in a stainless mold. The thermal behavior of the glasses shows a widening of the crystallization temperature with the incorporation of the glass cullet between ∼800 and 950°C. Sintering of the shaped glass powder at 1,050°C/2 h lead to the crystallization of augite, enstatite, cristobalite, and hematite. The microcrystalline structure shows massive texture with pores in-between; however, at high magnification regular euhedral to subhedral crystals in submicron to nearly submicron size was developed in the glassy matrix and their microanalysis indicates the dominant augite. The density of the glass-ceramic samples decreases from 2,706 to 2,539 kg/m3 with the incorporation of glass wastes. The sample surfaces show, through force electron microscopy, the fineness and smoothness of the grains with the incorporation of the glassy portion. The microhardness values were between 6.43 and 6.11 GPa. The coefficient of thermal expansion increased from 32.87 (25–300°C) to 66.89 (25–500°C) × 10−7°C−1. The chemical resistance of samples in water (0.0002–0.0016) is better than in an acidic medium (0.0011–0.0017). These glass-ceramic enjoy good density, hardness, and thermal expansion and can be used in the ceramic industry and cladding walls and floors.

Keywords: natural pozzolan; cullet; glass-ceramic; glaze; sub-micron microstructure

1 Introduction

Natural pozzolan or volcanic pozzolan is aluminosilicate material and it is spread in Saudi Arabia through the edge of the Arabian Shield, especially in the basaltic plateau [1]. Natural pozzolan is either a raw or calcined natural material that has pozzolanic properties (e.g., volcanic ash or pumice, opaline chert and shales, tuffs, and some diatomaceous of earth). Natural pozzolan were used in conjunction with building materials since 1600 BC. In the present time, natural pozzolans are used in the cement and concrete industries [2,3].

Natural pozzolan is siliceous or siliceous-aluminous materials of volcanic origin. This volcanic pozzolan is widely used in Portland cement because it helps in producing calcium silicate hydrates and also it reduces the heat of hydration [4]. In Saudi Arabia, natural pozzolan can replace about 25 mass% in Portland cement [5]. The chemical composition of Saudi natural pozzolan include about 41.14–42.09% silicon dioxide (SiO2), 16.04% aluminum oxide (Al2O3), 17.20% iron oxide (Fe2O3), and 8.95–11.15% calcium oxide [6]. In Egypt the authors used basalt instead natural pozzolan in Portland cement [7]. The use of natural pozzolan or perlite with cement showed promising results in controlling the expansion of the cementitious materials [8].

Pozzolan glass was used as a partial replacement of Portland cement in concrete [9]. From natural pozzolan, ceramic microfiltration membranes were prepared that can remove approximately 99% of turbidity from water washing jeans [10]. Zeolite Y crystals are prepared through geopolymer from Saudi natural pozzolan and recycling glass wastes for ceramic wares which may provide a lot of energy-saving potential. Some researchers use glass wastes as a glaze. Glazes are usually formulated with glassy materials, some of which are formed from a mass of fine-grained rock in which fossils, crystals, and gems are embedded. High crystalline glaze is usually applied on clay-based ceramic products to provide a glossy surface and to seal the clays. However, the present study was interested in the possibilities of glass-ceramic glaze from glass wastes and natural pozzolan. A glass-ceramic glaze from hedenbergite and cristobalite phases was prepared from iron slag and silica sand with little fluorite additives [11]. Also, trachyte rock with magnesite or limestone can form self-glaze glass-ceramic from augite, olivine, wollastonite, Ca-olivine, and cristobalite [12].

The literature about pozzolan indicates that it is usually used in cement; however, using it in glass or ceramic materials is rare. In the present research, Saudi natural pozzolan was used in the preparation of glass-ceramic. A mixture of natural pozzolan and cullet of soda–lime–silica glass is used in glass preparation to get significant ceramic materials. Thermal behavior, phase identification, and microstructure were examined for the glass and glass-ceramic samples. Some properties such as density, hardness, and thermal expansion were measured.

Corundum grinding balls were put into the corundum tank after they have been cleaned.

2 Experimental methods

The starting materials in the present work are natural pozzolan and external glass cullet (Table 1). Their chemical analysis was carried out at KACST and checked by the A.L.S. Chemical Laboratory, Vancouver Laboratories, Canada, as per ASTM methods. Four batches are prepared from mixtures of Saudi natural pozzolan powder and external glass cullet. The ratios between the powders of natural pozzolan and glass cullet were 100:0, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50, respectively (Table 2). The mixtures are subjected to good mixing forhomogenization of the batches. The batches are melted in sintered alumina crucibles in the temperature ranging between 1,450 and 1,470°C for 2 h. The glass melt after homogenization is quenched into water. The dried glass frits were pulverized in ball mill (Fritsch, Germany). Agate type jar (500 mL) and ball (ball size Ф 10 and 5 mm Ф) were used in pulverizing and the ratio between glass frites and balls were 1:1 for about 5 h. The glass powders were sieved to grain size lower than 0.083 mm.

Table 1

Chemical analysis of natural pozzolan and glass wastes

Material Chemical composition
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 BaO SrO IL
Pozzolan 47.01 15.79 11.37 7.61 9.58 3.37 1.00 0.07 1.92 0.19 0.53 0.01 0.06 0.91
Glass wastes 73.5 1.20 0.07 10.7 0.02 13.75 0.01 — 0.03 — — — — —
Table 2

Chemical constituents of the composite batches

Sample no. Constituents (wt%) Chemical composition
Natural pozzolan Cullet SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O Cr2O3 TiO2 MnO P2O5 BaO SrO
PG0 100 — 47.01 15.79 11.37 7.61 9.58 3.37 1.00 0.07 1.92 0.19 0.53 0.01 0.06
PG2 80 20 52.31 12.87 9.11 8.23 7.66 5.45 0.96 0.6 1.55 0.15 0.22 0.01 0.05
PG3 70 30 54.96 11.41 7.98 8.54 6.71 6.49 0.70 0.5 1.35 0.13 0.37 0.01 0.04
PG4 60 40 57.61 9.95 6.85 8.85 5.76 7.52 0.60 0.02 1.25 0.11 0.32 0.01 0.03
PG5 50 50 60.26 8.50 5.73 9.16 4.80 8.57 0.50 0.04 0.98 0.09 0.30 0.01 0.02

For the microstructure of the glass-ceramic samples scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDX; SEM Model Quanta 250, Holland) was used. For the SEM test fresh surface was considered after being etched (with 1% HF + 1% HNO3) for 15 s then rinsed with distilled water, dried, and coated with gold.

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is used to determine the thermal behavior of the glasses. Differential thermal analysis (DTA-50, Shimadzu Co. Tokyo, Japan) was carried out by using a 20 mg sample in a temperature range from ambient to 1100°C, and using a heating rate of 10°C/min under a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (30 mL/min). Sintered glass samples are examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis (X-ray diffractometer model BRUKER Axs, D8ADVANCE, Germany). The diffraction spectra were collected over 2θ range of 2–60° using Cu-Kα radiation (wavelength 1.54056 Å, current 40 mA, and applied voltage 40 kV) and with a scanning speed of 2° in 20 min−1. For the microstructure of the composite samples scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (SEM/EDX, SEM Model Quanta 250, Holland) was used. For the SEM test fresh surface was considered after being etched (with 1% HF + 1% HNO3) for 15 s then rinsed with distilled water, dried, and coated with gold. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to show the surface roughness (Anton Paar, Tosca 200 – atomic force microscope, USA).

Some properties such as densities, porosities, hardness, and coefficient of thermal measure were measured for sintered glass-ceramic samples. A quantachrome helium pycnometer (Upyc 1200e v5, 03; USA) was used to measure the densities and porosities. Vickers’ microhardness tester (HMV, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to measure the hardness using a load of 100 g and a time of 15 s. For the hardness testing well-polished sample was used and 10 readings were recorded for each sample. A dilatometer was used to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE; NETZSCH DIL402 PC, Germany) with a heating rate of 5 K/min. Raman Spectroscopy (i-Raman Plus 532S portable laser Raman spectrometer, USA), which gives information about chemical structure, phase and polymorph, crystallinity, and molecular interactions can help in conforming the major crystalline phase. On the surface of sintered samples, Raman spectra operate with stabilized 523 nm laser and accuracy ±3.5 cm−1. The present Raman Plus system contains one Class 3b laser light source and also complies with the Federal Regulation for laser product: 21 CFR 1040 – 10.

The chemical durability in distilled water and acidic medium (1N HCl) was done for the accurately calculated surface area (A) of the sintered glass-ceramic that was accurately weighed (W1) and hung in a polyethylene pot with cover. The hung sample was subjected to 100 mL of leaching solution in a water bath at 95°C for an hour (W2). The weight loss was calculated per surface area (g/cm2). The weight loss ratio per surface area = W1 (sample weight before immersion in solution) – W2 (sample weight after immersion in solution)/surface area (A) = g/cm2.

3 Results and discussion

Primarily, the XRD analysis of natural pozzolan shows the presence of albite and forsterite ferron ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4) as major phases in addition to maghemite and illite (montmorillonite) which developed due to weathering process (Figure 1).

Figure 1 XRD pattern of a represented sample of natural pozzolan.
Figure 1

XRD pattern of a represented sample of natural pozzolan.

3.1 Characterization of glass-ceramics

The thermal behavior of the glass samples is tracked by the DTA thermogram as shown in Figure 2. Unfortunately, the endothermic peaks were unclear; however, weak indication at 700°C barely appears in PG0 and PG2 samples (Figure 2). The exothermic peak temperatures were clear and sharp in the PG0 (at 887°C) and PG2 samples (at 927°C), whereas broad exotherms are seen in the PG3, PG4, and PG5 samples. This means, although there is limitation of crystallization temperature in PG0 (870–905°C) sample, it is broad and in a wide range in the PG2 (870–935°C), PG3 (850–938°C), PG4 (850–950°C), and PG5 (820–950°C) samples.

Figure 2 DTA curves of the glass samples.
Figure 2

DTA curves of the glass samples.

In general, although the crystallization span of the pozzolan glass PG0 is narrow, the gradual increase of both SiO2 and Na2O led to an increase widening of the crystallization span. In other words, the incorporation of glass cullet into pozzolan led to a widening of the range of crystallization (Figure 2).

Identification of the developed crystalline phases of the samples after the sintering process at 1,050°C/2 h shows the crystallization of augite (Ca(Mg0.85Al0.15)Si1.7Al0.30O6, ICDD: 78-1391), enstatite (Mg2Si2O6, ICDD: 86-042), hematite (Fe2O3, ICDD: 89-2810), and cristobalite (SiO2, ICDD: 89-3434) in addition to the small indication of the amorphous hump (Figure 3). Augite was the major phase in all the samples; however, enstatite decrease gradually and even vanished in the PG5 sample containing the highest glass cullet. Also, both hematite and cristobalite decreased gradually and even became traces in the highest glass cullet in PG5 sample (Figure 3).

Figure 3 XRD patterns of PG0, PG2, PG3, PG4, and PG5 glass samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.
Figure 3

XRD patterns of PG0, PG2, PG3, PG4, and PG5 glass samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.

Actually, the gradual incorporation of glass cullet in glass samples means an increase of SiO2, CaO, and Na2O with the decrease of Al2O3, MgO, and Fe2O3, which led to the disappearance of enstatite with very little hematite (traces) (Figure 3, PG5). An increase of glass cullet in glass batches leads to an increase of Na2O (low melting temperature, 850°C), which facilitates the mobility of CaO and the residual MgO and Fe2O3 and the crystallization of the augite phase [13] (Figure 3).

The Raman spectroscopy of the sintered (at 1,050°C/2 h) PG0, PG3, and PG5 glass-ceramic samples are shown in Figure 4. In comparison to the reference augite Raman pattern, it was clear that augite was a major phase (RRUFF ID: R110063) [14]. In both PG3 and PG5 samples the Raman shift bands of augite were intense but weak in PG0. Hematite phase which is clear in XRD in PG0 with little intensity in PG3 was approved and compared with the pattern edit by Buzgar et al. [15] (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Raman spectroscopy patterns of PG0, PG3, and PG5 glass-ceramic samples (sintered at 1,050°C/2 h) with reference to the major augite [14].
Figure 4

Raman spectroscopy patterns of PG0, PG3, and PG5 glass-ceramic samples (sintered at 1,050°C/2 h) with reference to the major augite [14].

The microcrystalline structure of the sintered samples is shown in Figure 3. Generally, the microstructure changes from angular, irregular with fine grains in-between in PG0 and PG2 samples to massive texture in other samples. The other samples show massive microstructure with rounded pores and spots that relatively increase with the incorporation of glass wastes in PG3, PG4, and PG5 samples (Figure 5). In the high magnification photos, the monoclinic augite appeared which may be modified in hexagon marking in micron size and also fine submicron particles spread in a glassy matrix (Figure 5).

Figure 5 SEM microscopy of the present PG0, PG2, PG3, PG4, and PG5 samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.
Figure 5

SEM microscopy of the present PG0, PG2, PG3, PG4, and PG5 samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.

The EDX microanalysis of PG2 and PG5 sintered samples may show the constituents of augite with various ratios (Figure 6 and Table 3). Augite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6 usually has a different replacement with different ratios than the stoichiometric formulae, therefore, many elements can substitute in its compositions.

Figure 6 EDX microanalysis in both PG2 and PG5 samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.
Figure 6

EDX microanalysis in both PG2 and PG5 samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.

Table 3

EDX microanalysis of the PG2 and PG5 samples sintered at 1,050°C/2 h

Sample EDX microanalysis (elements in wt%)
O Si Al Fe Ti Ca Mg Na K
Nominal augite composition* 40.62 22.58 4.57 4.74 2.03 15.26 9.62 0.97 —
PG2 45.25 21.86 8.95 6.16 — 6.53 5.74 5.51 —
PG5 41.68 28.07 5.17 4.32 — 8.07 4.47 7.62 0.6

*Augite composition from webmineral site (http://webmineral.com/data/Augite.shtml#).

The FAM results show the change in the surface roughness with incorporation of the glassy potion. The base glass PG0 shows the roughness in submicron scale whereas both PG3 and PG5 samples show in nanometer scale (Figure 7). Incorporation of glass portion with pozzolan leads to an increase in both calcium oxide and sodium oxide associated with the increase of the glassy phase between the major pyroxenes (augite and enstatite) phases.

Figure 7 AFM photographs of PG0, PG37, and PG55 of the glass-ceramic sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.
Figure 7

AFM photographs of PG0, PG37, and PG55 of the glass-ceramic sintered at 1,050°C/2 h.

By comparing the recent results with the current research work, self-glazed of smooth surface glass samples were also obtained by rectification of trachyte rock with limestone or magnesite glasses [12]. Actually the smoothness of the surface was due to increase in sintering temperature which consequently led to partial melting and formation of glass between the crystalline [12].

3.2 Properties of glass-ceramic

Densities, hardness, and CTE of some sintered glass-ceramic at 1,050°C/2 h are mentioned in Table 4. The pre-mentioned results show that the densities of augite-based glass-ceramic were between 2,390 [16] and 2,960 kg/m3 [17]; however, these results not only depend on the crystallization of augite but also on the general composition of the ratio of iron and the residual glass. The present results of densities were between 2,539 and 2,706 kg/m3 which follows the later results. The microhardness values of the pre-cited results of augite containing glass-ceramics were between 5.58 [18] and 9.81 GPa [16] though it was mentioned that augite was the main phase in the low value while magnetite was the main phase in the high value. In the current work, the hardness value was between 6.11 and 6.34 GPa.

Table 4

Densities, hardness, CTE, and chemical durability of the glass-ceramic sintered at 1,050°C/2 h

Property Sample no.
PG0 PG3 PG5 Natural granite
Developed phases Augite–enstatite–hematite (L)–cristobalite (L) Augite–enstatite–hematite (L)–cristobalite (L) Augite
Density (kg/m3) 2,706 2,635 2,539 2,700
Porosity (%) 2.73 3.02 6.16
V′ hardness (GPa) 6.15 6.43 6.11 4.7–8.0
CTE ( α × 10 −7 °C −1 )
25–300°C 3.3 4.5 4.7
25–500°C 5.6 5.5 6.7 7.9–8.4
Chemical durability (g/cm 2 )
 In water weight loss (%) 0.016 0.0003 0.0002
 In acidic medium (1 N HCl) 0.017 0.0015 0.0011

L: little.

Generally, the CTE of the sintered samples increase from 32.87 to 47.08 × 10−7°C−1 (30–300°C) and from 56.45 to 66.89 × 10−7°C−1 (30–500°C). It is clear that the increase of the external glass cullet in the glass batch means an increase of SiO2, CaO, and Na2O. This increase in concentrations causes binding the CaO and SiO2 with augite structure while Na2O will remain in the glassy phase after sintering, which may contribute to an increase in the CTE values. The chemical resistance of the glass-ceramic samples in water is better than in an acidic medium. In pre-literature, the CTE of diopside was 7.2–7.9 × 10−6°C−1 (room temp–800°C) [19], which is higher than the present results.

However, in comparison to natural granite marble [20], the present results show that the product has good crystalline phases, good physical properties, and surface visibility (Table 4). It is also better to use it in wall and floor cladding instead of natural granite, which can release radon over the lifetime [21].

4 Conclusion

Self-glazed glass-ceramic was prepared from Saudi pozzolan and external glass cullet. The developed crystalline phases in the sintered glass-ceramics at 1,050°C were augite, enstatite, cristobalite, and hematite. The microstructure was massive with clear crystals in micron and submicron size at high magnification. Incorporation of waste glass into pozzolan led to increase the smoothness of the sintered glass-ceramic surfaces. The sintered glass-ceramics samples have densities between 2,706 and 2,539 kg/m3, the porosity was between 2.73 and 6.16%, and hardness was between 6.34 and 6.11 GPa. The chemical resistance of the glass-ceramic samples in water is better than in an acidic medium. These glass-ceramics can be used in the ceramic industry and as building materials in cladding the wall and floors.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (IFPHI-055-247-2020) and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

  1. Funding information: The Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (IFPHI-055-247-2020) and King Abdulaziz University, DSR, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted the responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

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Received: 2023-01-31
Revised: 2023-05-20
Accepted: 2023-06-07
Published Online: 2023-07-10

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  34. Low-cost and large-scale preparation of ultrafine TiO2@C hybrids for high-performance degradation of methyl orange and formaldehyde under visible light
  35. Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials
  36. Mechanical performance of date palm fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nano-activated carbon
  37. Melting point of dried gold nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation
  38. Graphene nanofibers: A modern approach towards tailored gypsum composites
  39. Role of localized magnetic field in vortex generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow: A numerical approach
  40. Intelligent computing for the double-diffusive peristaltic rheology of magneto couple stress nanomaterials
  41. Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction
  42. 3D printing of porous Ti6Al4V bone tissue engineering scaffold and surface anodization preparation of nanotubes to enhance its biological property
  43. Bioinspired ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Potential pharmaceutical and medical applications
  44. Significance of gyrotactic microorganisms on the MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow across an elastic slender surface: Numerical analysis
  45. Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
  46. Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface
  47. Oxygen plasma assisted room temperature bonding for manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle
  48. Performance and mechanism of CO2 reduction by DBD-coupled mesoporous SiO2
  49. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field
  50. Exploration of generalized two-phase free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of dusty tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid between parallel microplates
  51. Hygrothermal bending analysis of sandwich nanoplates with FG porous core and piezomagnetic faces via nonlocal strain gradient theory
  52. Design and optimization of a TiO2/RGO-supported epoxy multilayer microwave absorber by the modified local best particle swarm optimization algorithm
  53. Mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete modified by nano-SiO2
  54. Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
  55. High-performance wearable flexible strain sensors based on an AgNWs/rGO/TPU electrospun nanofiber film for monitoring human activities
  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2022-0565
Keywords for this article
natural pozzolan; cullet; glass-ceramic; glaze; sub-micron microstructure
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  3. Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk
  4. Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles
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  15. Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects
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  33. Synthesis of Ag and Cu nanoparticles by plasma discharge in inorganic salt solutions
  34. Low-cost and large-scale preparation of ultrafine TiO2@C hybrids for high-performance degradation of methyl orange and formaldehyde under visible light
  35. Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials
  36. Mechanical performance of date palm fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nano-activated carbon
  37. Melting point of dried gold nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation
  38. Graphene nanofibers: A modern approach towards tailored gypsum composites
  39. Role of localized magnetic field in vortex generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow: A numerical approach
  40. Intelligent computing for the double-diffusive peristaltic rheology of magneto couple stress nanomaterials
  41. Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction
  42. 3D printing of porous Ti6Al4V bone tissue engineering scaffold and surface anodization preparation of nanotubes to enhance its biological property
  43. Bioinspired ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Potential pharmaceutical and medical applications
  44. Significance of gyrotactic microorganisms on the MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow across an elastic slender surface: Numerical analysis
  45. Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
  46. Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface
  47. Oxygen plasma assisted room temperature bonding for manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle
  48. Performance and mechanism of CO2 reduction by DBD-coupled mesoporous SiO2
  49. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field
  50. Exploration of generalized two-phase free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of dusty tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid between parallel microplates
  51. Hygrothermal bending analysis of sandwich nanoplates with FG porous core and piezomagnetic faces via nonlocal strain gradient theory
  52. Design and optimization of a TiO2/RGO-supported epoxy multilayer microwave absorber by the modified local best particle swarm optimization algorithm
  53. Mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete modified by nano-SiO2
  54. Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
  55. High-performance wearable flexible strain sensors based on an AgNWs/rGO/TPU electrospun nanofiber film for monitoring human activities
  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
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