Home Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
Article Open Access

Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

  • Jianfei Qin , Lifen Tong EMAIL logo , Liang He , Xiaobo Liu and Xiran Tang EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: December 31, 2023
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Nanotechnology Reviews
From the journal Nanotechnology Reviews Volume 12 Issue 1

Abstract

The proliferation of electronic devices and the widespread adoption of microwave-based technologies have resulted in a notable rise in electromagnetic radiation pollution. In present work, a novel flexible lightweight polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN)-based composite for efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding was prepared by introducing dual-loss hybrid material (PKMWCNT@Fe3O4) into PEN via non-solvent induce phase separation method and assembling it layer-by-layer with carbon fiber (CF) fabric. The porous morphology of the PEN layer, the electrical conductivity of the CF fabric, and the dual-loss property of the filler enable the material to reflect and absorb electromagnetic waves multiple times, resulting in superior electromagnetic shielding performance. With the addition of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 at a mass fraction of 50%, the EMI SE T and specific shielding effectiveness SSE/t can reach up to 47.08 dB and 617 dB cm2/g, respectively, indicating absorption dominated shielding mechanism. Furthermore, the material exhibits a lightweight nature with a density of 0.55 g/cm3, and excellent mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 43.98 MPa and elongation at break of 43.32%. This work presents a new approach to prepare high-performance composites that are both lightweight and resistant to secondary contamination by electromagnetic waves.

Graphical abstract

Keywords: dual-loss filler; MWCNT; carbon fiber fabric; electromagnetic properties

1 Introduction

Electromagnetic shielding functional materials play a vital role in addressing the issue of electromagnetic wave pollution in both military and civilian sectors [1–4]. As electronic devices and telecommunication systems continue to advance rapidly, electromagnetic interference (EMI) has become increasingly significant [5,6]. To mitigate the harmful effects of EMI, various shielding techniques have been developed, among which electromagnetic shielding materials offer an effective solution [7,8]. These materials are designed to attenuate or redirect electromagnetic waves, preventing them from interfering with nearby electronic devices. They have extensive applications in industries such as aerospace, telecommunications, automotive, and medical, where the reliable operation of electronic equipment is of utmost importance [9–11].

Electromagnetic shielding materials can be categorized based on their shielding mechanisms, including reflective shielding materials, absorptive shielding materials, scattering shielding materials, and multilayer composite shielding materials. Reflective shielding materials are conductive materials that achieve shielding by reflecting electromagnetic waves [12,13]. When electromagnetic waves interact with these materials, the free electrons within the material are excited by the electromagnetic field, generating opposing currents to counteract the energy of the incident waves [14,15]. Absorptive shielding materials absorb electromagnetic waves by converting their energy into other forms [16–19]. These materials typically have good electromagnetic wave absorption capabilities, such as high dielectric loss or conversion of electromagnetic waves into heat energy [20–23]. Scattering shielding materials utilize their unique structures and shapes to cause multiple reflections and scattering of electromagnetic waves on the material surface, achieving shielding through interference effects [24,25]. Multilayer composite shielding materials consist of a combination of different types of shielding materials in a layered structure [26–28]. By designing different layers of material combinations, multiple mechanisms such as reflection, absorption, and scattering can be utilized to achieve better shielding effects [29,30].

Traditional metals and their alloys have limitations in electromagnetic shielding due to factors such as high weight, high cost, and poor corrosion resistance [31,32]. Therefore, polymer-based or carbon-based electromagnetic shielding materials are receiving increasing academic attention [33–37]. Gao et al. presented a comprehensive review on graphene-based materials for electromagnetic shielding applications [24]. The authors discuss various design strategies at different scales, ranging from molecular to macroscopic levels, aiming to enhance the electromagnetic shielding performance of graphene-based materials. These design strategies encompass the incorporation of graphene at the molecular scale, the utilization of micro/nanostructures, the development of macrostructures, and the integration of design approaches for multiscale assemblies. Kong et al. conducted a study on the development of an electromagnetic shielding shape memory polyimide material [38]. In their research, they synthesized the material by incorporating 5% short carbon fibers (CFs) and 4% carbon black into a shape memory polyimide matrix. As a result, this composite material achieved an impressive average EMI shielding effect of 23.9 dB in the X-band, despite having a relatively thin thickness of 0.35 mm. Zhang et al. successfully fabricated flexible composite films comprising Ti3C2T x nanosheets embedded in an aramid nanofiber/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix [39]. This composite material exhibited an exceptional EMI shielding effectiveness of 70 dB, highlighting its remarkable capability to attenuate and block electromagnetic radiation. Zheng et al. innovatively created a lightweight polyurethane (PU) composite foam designed specifically for EMI shielding purposes [40]. Fe3O4@PVA and graphene oxide@silver were incorporated into a PU matrix, which facilitated the formation of an excellent network structure within the PU foam skeleton. This enhanced network structure significantly contributed to the overall EMI shielding effectiveness and mechanical performance of the composite foams.

Polyarylene ether nitrile (PEN) is a leading special engineering plastic that finds extensive applications in both civil and military sectors due to its favorable characteristics, including exceptional high-temperature resistance, impressive strength, elevated modulus, and remarkable corrosion resistance, etc. [41–46]. In view of the excellent properties and processability of polyarylether nitrile, researchers have developed a series of functional composites. In view of the excellent properties and processability of PEN, researchers have developed a series of functional composites. Wang et al. fabricated an anti-bacterial robust Ag@PDA/PEN electrospinning nanofibrous membrane for oil–water separation by combining PEN with polydopamine (PDA) and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) [47]. He et al. prepared high-performance thermally conductive composites by introducing boron nitride nanosheets and benzocyclobutene into PEN [48]. In the present work, PEN is used as a carrier for electromagnetic shielding fillers, and a novel electric/magnetic dual-loss nanomaterials of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)@Fe3O4 hybrid material and CF are used as functional fillers. First, the MWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid material was prepared using a co-precipitation method, which effectively suppresses the reflection of electromagnetic waves, thus enhancing the reliability and durability of the shielding system. Subsequently, the MWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid material was introduced into PEN matrix, and assembled with CF fabric layer-by-layer. Lastly, the composites of PEN/MWCNT@Fe3O4/CF fabric were prepared with non-solvent induced phase separation method. The influence of different filler contents on structural morphology and comprehensive properties was studied, and the shielding mechanism of the PEN/MWCNT@Fe3O4/CF fabric composites was investigated, which will provide reference for the suitable designs of multifunctional PEN/CF fabric composites with adjustable structure and properties and provide a theoretical basis for the realization of a more efficient shielding effectiveness for the next-generation new composites.

2 Experimental

2.1 Materials

PEN was synthesized from our labs [42]. The carboxylated carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH), dopamine hydrochloride, tris (hydroxy) aminomethane, N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc), FeCl2·4H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, NH3·H2O, KH550, glycerol, and anhydrous ethanol were purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd (Chengdu China). The CF fabric used in the study was obtained from Yixing Zhongfu Carbon Fiber Products Co.

2.2 Preparation of PEN/CF electromagnetic shielding composites

2.2.1 Synthesis of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid nanomaterials

PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid nanomaterials were synthesized as shown in Figure 1(a). First, dissolve FeCl2·4H2O (0.373 g) and FeCl3·6H2O (1.014 g) into 300 mL deionized water under the protection of N2 to form a homogeneous solution. Then, carboxylated carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH, 0.3 g) was added under mechanical stirring at 300 rpm with ultrasonic treatment. After MWCNT-COOH was completely dispersed in the solution, the water bath was warmed up to 80°C and ammonia was added drop by drop until pH = 11. After reaction for 2 h, the MWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid filler was collected with magnet, washed repeatedly with deionized water, and then freeze-dried for 48 h to obtain MWCNT@Fe3O4. Next, MWCNT@Fe3O4 (0.1 g), dopamine (DA, 40 mg), and KH550 (8 mg) were dispersed in 100 mL deionized water and adjusted the solution with Tris until pH = 8.5. The reaction was reacted at 300 rpm for 8 h under mechanical agitation and sonicated at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, these functionalized fillers were separated in a centrifuge, and were freeze-dried for 48 h after several washes and named as PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.

Figure 1 Preparation of (a) hybridized nanomaterial PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 and (b) PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites.
Figure 1

Preparation of (a) hybridized nanomaterial PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 and (b) PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites.

2.2.2 Preparation of PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites

The preparation process of PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites is shown in Figure 1(b). About 0.18 g of PEN, 0.005 g of glycerol, and 1.8 ml of DMAc were mechanically stirred at 300 rpm for 5 h until completely dissolved and a homogeneous solution was formed, and then left to stand for 5 h to completely eliminate the air bubbles, and is named as solution A. Meanwhile, PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 nanomaterials were dispersed into 10 mL DMAc to form a homogeneous solution B with mechanical stirring at 300 rpm and ultrasonic treatment, and the concentrations were 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 wt%, respectively. Solution B was then mixed with solution A for 5 h to form solution C. Pour an appropriate amount of the above solution onto a flat and clean glass plate and use a wet film preparation apparatus to push out a 600 μm liquid film, followed by placing a washed 1 cm × 1 cm square CF fabric lightly on it and pouring an appropriate amount of solution to push out the liquid film again, changing the amount of CF fabric and solution according to actual needs. The glass plate and the liquid/solid multi-phase mixture were immersed in a deionized water coagulation bath. The sample fell off from the glass plate by themselves. Then it was continued to be immersed in deionized water for 24 h to displace solvents and obtain the wet state PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF complex. The above obtained wet state complexes were dried at 60°C for 24 h to obtain PEN/MWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites. The samples were named as P mPKCFx C n , where m and n represent the number of layers of PEN and CF, respectively, PKCF represents PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 and x represents the mass percentage of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 in the PEN layer.

2.3 Characterization

The structure of filler was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared [FTIR]) using a Shimadzu 8400S infrared spectrometer with a wavelength of 4,000–400 cm−1. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; Hitachi SU8010) was employed to characterize the microscopic morphology of the dual-loss filler and PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the multilayered films was evaluated in the X-band frequency range of 8.2–12.4 GHz using a Keysight PNA Network Analyzer N5224B, which operated based on the coaxial method. By analyzing the scattering parameters (S11 and S21) obtained directly from the vector network analyzer, it was possible to calculate various EMI shielding parameters. Specifically, the power coefficients of reflectivity (R), transmissivity (T), and absorptivity (A) were calculated from the scattering parameters. Based on these values, the total EMI shielding effectiveness (SE T ), reflection (SE R ), absorption (SE A ), and multiple reflections (SE M ) were determined using the relevant equations [49]:

(1) R = | S 11 | 2 ,

(2) T = | S 21 | 2 ,

(3) A = 1 − ( T + R ) ,

(4) SE T = 10 log ( 1 / T ) ,

(5) SE R = 10 log ( 1 / 1 − R ) ,

(6) SE A = 10 log [ ( 1 − R ) / T ] ,

(7) SE T = SE R + SE A + SE M .

Typically, the contribution of SE M can be disregarded when the SE T is equal to or greater than 15 dB [50]. The conductivity of composites was measured on a four-point probe resistivity determiner (RTS-8). The magnetic properties of the samples were evaluated using a vibrating sample magnetometer from Riken Denshi (BHV-525, USA). The mechanical properties of all samples were tested by a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a TA-Q50 in a nitrogen atmosphere with a ramp rate of 20°C/min.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrids materials

The successful preparation of the hybrid CNT is verified using FTIR analysis. In Figure 2(a), all curves have a small peak at 1,565 cm−1, corresponding to the carbon skeleton of the carbon nanotubes [51]. Curve (a) shows a faint peak at 3,550 cm−1, which corresponds to the −OH of the carboxylate group on the MWCNT-COOH [52], and the small peak at 1,767 cm−1 corresponds to C═O. Curve (b) displays a distinct absorption peak at 611 cm−1, which represents the stretching vibration peak of Fe–O in Fe3O4 [53]. Curve (c) corresponds to the PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 nanomaterials, where the broad peak at 3,421 cm−1 corresponds to the stretching vibration of –OH and –NH–, and the absorption peak at 1,505 cm−1 corresponds to the bending vibration of –NH–. The characteristic peaks at 2,918 and 2,852 cm−1 correspond to the asymmetric stretching vibration and symmetric stretching vibration of methylene, respectively [54]. Based on these results, it is reasonable to infer that PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 and cross-linked core–shell structure PKMWCNT@ Fe3O4 nanohybrid materials have been successfully prepared. Figure 2(b) shows the XRD pattern of PKMWCNT@ Fe3O4. The diffraction peaks at 2θ = 18.7°, 30.3°, 35.8°, 43.4°, 53.8°, 57.2°, and 63.0° are attributed to (111), (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), and (440) (JCPDS No. 19-0629) crystal planes of spinel Fe3O4.

Figure 2 (a) FTIR curves of MWCNT-COOH, MWCNT@Fe3O4, and PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. (b) XRD pattern of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.
Figure 2

(a) FTIR curves of MWCNT-COOH, MWCNT@Fe3O4, and PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. (b) XRD pattern of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.

The SEM images demonstrate the microscopic morphology of the hybridized particles. Specifically, Figure 3(a)–(c) shows the morphologies of pristine MWCNT-COOH, MWCNT@Fe3O4, and PKMWCNT@Fe3O4, respectively, at a magnification of 160,000. From Figure 3(b), it is evident that carbon nanotubes are grown with nearly spherical particles, which is precisely Fe3O4 microspheres grown in situ on active sites of carbon tubes, and these microspheres have diameters ranging from 30 to 50 nm. Also, Figure 3(c) shows the microscopic morphology of the PKMWCNT@Fe 3 O 4 , and it can be seen that the spherical particles on these carbon nanotubes are slightly fuller and the surface is also slightly rougher compared to MWCNT@Fe3O4. This difference is attributed to the cross-linking reaction between DA and KH550 on the surface of MWCNTs, leading to the wrapping of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. Hence, the SEM results can further demonstrate the successful preparation of hybrid PKMWCNTs fillers.

Figure 3 SEM images of (a) MWCNT-COOH, (b) MWCNT@Fe3O4, and (c) PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.
Figure 3

SEM images of (a) MWCNT-COOH, (b) MWCNT@Fe3O4, and (c) PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.

Figure 4 is the hysteresis loops of hybrid materials. It can be seen that both are typical soft magnetic materials. The saturation magnetization intensity (Ms) of the MWCNT@Fe3O4 nanomaterial is higher than that of the PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. The Ms of former is 34.03 emu/g, while the latter is 24.80 emu/g. Since dopamine hydrochloride and KH550 cross-link on the surface of magnetic carbon nanotubes to form a polymer shell, the mass share of Fe3O4 in the whole PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 is reduced.

Figure 4 Hysteresis loops of MWCNT@Fe3O4 and PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.
Figure 4

Hysteresis loops of MWCNT@Fe3O4 and PKMWCNT@Fe3O4.

3.2 PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites

The chemical structure of P4PKCFx C3 composites is investigated using FTIR. As depicted in Figure 5, an absorption peak with weak intensity is identified at 2,230 cm−1 in all the samples’ structures, corresponding to the stretching vibration of –CN of PEN [42,44]. Stronger absorption peaks are present at 1,457 and 1,576 cm−1, corresponding to vibrations of the inner backbone of the PEN, while a prominent absorption peak observed at approximately 1,206 cm−1 can be attributed to the stretching vibration of the aryl ether bond (Ar–O–Ar) present in the backbone structure [44]. With the exception of P4PKCF0C3, the other three materials show a small shoulder peak at 1,626 cm−1, indicating the presence of both C═N stretching vibration and aromatic ring vibration overlap [55]. The presence of C═N is evidence of a Schiff base or Michell addition reaction between dopamine and KH550.

Figure 5 FTIR curves of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.
Figure 5

FTIR curves of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.

Due to the characteristics of high strength of CF, there are some difficulties in studying the microscopic morphology of PEN/PKMWCNT@Fe3O4/CF composites cross-section, and only the PPKCFx layer was investigated. Figure 6(a)–(d) shows SEM images of PPKCFx layers at filler ratios of 0, 12.5, 25, and 50 wt%, in turn, at a scale rule of 200 μm. It is observed that the PEN films obtained using the method of non-solventogenic phase separation have finger-like pores with a pore diameter of about 20 μm, which promotes the advantage of light-weight and low-density. With the increase of filler content, the shape and diameter of the pores does not change significantly. However, the increase in filler content leads to a decrease in the compatibility of the phases within the porous membrane, and agglomeration of the PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 is observed inside the pores, which was particularly evident at 50 wt% addition.

Figure 6 The SEM images of the PPKCFx. (a) PPKCF0; (b) PPKCF12.5; (c) PPKCF25; (d) PPKCF50; (e) PPKCF0; (f) PPKCF12.5; (g) PPKCF25; (h) PPKCF50.
Figure 6

The SEM images of the PPKCFx. (a) PPKCF0; (b) PPKCF12.5; (c) PPKCF25; (d) PPKCF50; (e) PPKCF0; (f) PPKCF12.5; (g) PPKCF25; (h) PPKCF50.

Fe3O4 is introduced into the composite material to impart magnetic properties to the material, which facilitates the absorption of electromagnetic waves, thereby improving the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the material. The magnetic properties of the P PKCFx layer and the P4PKCFx C3 composite are tested separately. From Figure 7(a), the saturation magnetization intensity of P PKCFx layer increases with the increase of magnetic filler content, and the saturation magnetization intensity of P PKCF12.5, P PKCF25, and P PKCF50 are 3.10, 5.46, and 8.15 emu/g, respectively. Also, the trend of composites is consistent with P PKCFx layer, and the M s of P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 are 0.47, 0.92, and 1.37 emu/cm3, respectively (Figure 7b). These findings suggest that incorporating PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 into the composites imparts magnetic properties to them. Additionally, the inclusion of a magnetic polymer layer can enhance magnetic loss, leading to improved electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. This contributes to the development of an absorption-based shielding mechanism, which effectively reduces secondary electromagnetic pollution.

Figure 7 (a) and (b) Hysteresis loops of PPKCFx and P4PKCFx C3, (c) electrical conductivity of P4PLCFx C3 composite, and (d) thickness and density of P4PkCFx C3 composites.
Figure 7

(a) and (b) Hysteresis loops of PPKCFx and P4PKCFx C3, (c) electrical conductivity of P4PLCFx C3 composite, and (d) thickness and density of P4PkCFx C3 composites.

The conductivity of the four composites are presented in Figure 7(c). When the PEN matrix resin is not introduced in the modified carbon nanotubes, the composite exhibits a conductivity of 1.10 S/cm. Compared with the pure PEN matrix resin, this increase in electrical conductivity is mainly attributed to the asymmetric conductive network built by the CF in the composite, which leads to a significant improvement in electrical properties. When the functionalized carbon nanotubes are introduced, the PEN layer also forms a corresponding conductive network and the electrical properties of the composites are further improved. With the increase of the conductive filler content, P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 exhibit a gradual increase of electrical conductivity. The conductivity values are 1.44, 1.67 and 1.90 S/cm, respectively. This result highlights a significant positive correlation between the electrical conductivity of the composites and the amount of conductive filler doping, which is closely linked to the excellent electrical conductivity of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. The increased presence of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 in the material leads to a higher interconnection of conductive particles within the matrix, further improving the electrical conductivity network and resulting in a gradual increase in electrical conductivity [56]. The increase in conductivity of the composite material contributes to more dielectric loss of electromagnetic waves in the interior, which is crucial for the large improvement of shielding performance.

From Figure 7(d), the thicknesses of P4PKCF0C3, P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 are all around 0.128 cm with negligible variations, which is consistent with the SEM results above: the pore size and thickness of the PEN layer are not significantly related to the filler content, which again proves that the material prepared by this method has a high macroscopic morphology. Meanwhile, the density of these samples slightly increases to 0.542, 0.544, 0.546, and 0.550 g/cm3, respectively. This indicates that a lightweight composite material was successfully prepared.

The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness is determined by the frequency of electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic properties of the shielding material. Therefore, studying the effect of filler content on the electromagnetic shielding performance of composites is crucial. Figure 8(a)–(c) shows the SE T , SE R , and SE A curves for the four materials, respectively. It is clear that except for P4PKCF0C3, the EMI SE T (Figure 8a) of the other three materials remains basically stable throughout the X-band without any significant fluctuation. The maximum SE T of P4PKCF0C3 in this X-band is 18.5 dB, which is a great improvement in shielding efficiency compared with the almost completely wave-transparent pure PEN film, which is the result of the introduction of carbon fabric into the substrate. Besides, the content of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 is an important factor in determining its electromagnetic shielding performance. With the increase in nanoparticles, the shielding effectiveness of the material also increases. The SE T values of P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 in this band are up to 34.04, 42.56, and 47.08 dB, respectively, which fully meet the requirements of commercial shielding materials. It can be attributed to the enhancement of electrical and magnetic properties caused by the addition of this double loss type of filler, resulting in more conductive losses within the material to dissipate the electromagnetic waves. Figure 8(b) shows that although the SE T of P4PKCF0 is the lowest, its SE R is not lower than the other three materials, and is even higher than the other three materials when the frequency is higher than 10.5 GHz. The changes of SE A values of the four materials (Figure 8c) are consistent with the trends of SE T values. The highest SE A value of P4PKCF50C3 is 45.54 dB, and the SE R value at the corresponding frequency is only 1.57 dB.

Figure 8 EMI SE data of P4PKCFx C3 composites: (a) SE T , (b) SE R , (c) SE A , (d) SE A /SE R , (e) A(eff), and (f) A, R coefficient percentage.
Figure 8

EMI SE data of P4PKCFx C3 composites: (a) SE T , (b) SE R , (c) SE A , (d) SE A /SE R , (e) A(eff), and (f) A, R coefficient percentage.

The SE A /SE T , A(eff), and the percentage values of A and R coefficients are calculated to further investigate the electromagnetic screening mechanism. Figure 8(d) displays that the SE A /SE T ratio of composites increased with the content of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 hybrid materials increasing, and values of P4PKCF0C3, P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 are 0.53, 0.78, 0.92, and 0.97, respectively, which represents that the introduction of magnetoelectric dual-loss nanoparticles helps to enhance the overall performance of the material and strengthen the interaction with the incident waves, thus facilitating the absorption of electromagnetic waves inside the material and improving the absorption efficiency to reduce the secondary pollution of electromagnetic waves. Meanwhile, the results of A(eff) also show that the increase in filler content increases the absorption and shielding efficiency of the materials (Figure 8e). The A(eff) of the four materials is 0.797, 0.996, 1.000, and 1.000, respectively. It means that when A(eff) is close to 1 the content of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 in the PEN layer is 25 wt%. This is a reflection of the high absorption efficiency of this type of shielding material. In addition, the large A and R percent ratios calculated results are recorded in Figure 8(f). It shows that the influence of filler content on the shielding effect is also well illustrated by the A and R ratios calculated, where the material A-factor percentage increases and the R-factor percentage decreases with the increasing content of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4. When the filler content is 50 wt%, the A/R ratio of the material is 73/27. This reveals the difference between the reflective and absorptive efficiency of the material and proves its absorption-driven shielding mechanism in P4PKCF50C3 sample.

To sum up, the above data indicate that the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness can be effectively adjusted by the content of this magnetoelectric dual-loss PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 nanoparticle. Also, the conductivity as well as magnetic properties of the material are improved due to the increase of fillers. This is mainly due to the conductive losses caused by the interaction of a large number of free electrons in the matrix with electromagnetic waves, while eddy current losses due to the magnetic properties of this type of carbon nanotubes can also enhance the shielding effectiveness of the material. Specifically, a large number of free electrons within the composites form electrical energy under the action of incident electromagnetic waves, which is then converted into thermal energy. Second, due to the in situ growth of Fe3O4 particles on the carbon nanotubes, very small interfaces are formed between them. The introduction of Fe3O4 particles into PEN layer causes the formation of more interfaces in the porous layer, which helps to enhance the interfacial polarization and thus energy dissipation.

Figure 9 shows the trend of electrical conductivity, saturation magnetization strength, and shielding effectiveness of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials. It can be seen that EMI SE increases continuously with the increase of conductivity. This change is mainly due to the presence of a large number of free electrons in the material that interact with electromagnetic waves and dissipate the electromagnetic waves. The EMI SE of the composite also increases with its saturation magnetization strength. The variation trend shows a certain correlation with the saturation magnetization intensity. The results indicate that the hybridized PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 plays an important role in enhancing both conductivity and magnetism, proving that it is a double-loss type of filler, which contributes to the improvement of electromagnetic shielding performance in the composites. In this work, the porous morphology of the PEN layer, the electrical conductivity of the CF cloth, and the dual-loss property of the filler make the material reflect and absorb the electromagnetic wave many times, so that the material has superior electromagnetic shielding performance. The introduction of magnetic fillers allows the material to have a high shielding effectiveness even at low conductivity value.

Figure 9 Trend of electrical conductivity, saturation magnetization strength, and shielding effectiveness of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.
Figure 9

Trend of electrical conductivity, saturation magnetization strength, and shielding effectiveness of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.

Based on the provided information, the mechanism of the material can be summarized as shown in Figure 10. The PEN and CF layers have distinct roles in the process. Electromagnetic waves are dissipated within the PEN magnetic layer through hysteresis loss, eddy current loss, and interface polarization [57,58]. Between the CF layers, the dissipation of electromagnetic waves mainly occurs through conductive losses and interfacial polarization. In addition, the unique structure of the material contributes to enhanced shielding effectiveness in several ways. The magnetic PEN layer’s dielectric constant near the air allows electromagnetic waves to smoothly enter the material and be effectively consumed. Additionally, the porous structure of the PEN layer generates interfacial polarization, which further aids in dissipating electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, the impedance mismatches within the alternating multilayers of PEN and CF lead to multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves [59]. As a result, the PEN layer experiences hysteresis and eddy current losses, while the CF layer incurs conductive losses. These characteristics enable the composites to effectively follow an absorption-based shielding mechanism.

Figure 10 Diagram of the electromagnetic shielding mechanism of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.
Figure 10

Diagram of the electromagnetic shielding mechanism of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.

Figure 11 shows the calculated SSE/t values for the P4PKCFx C3 composites. This value increases with filler content increasing, and the SSE/t values for P4PKCF0C3, P4PKCF12.5C3, P4PKCF25C3, and P4PKCF50C3 are 177, 446, 534, and 617 dB cm2 g−1, respectively. It is clear that these composites have lower density and better SSE/t.

Figure 11 SSE/t data of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.
Figure 11

SSE/t data of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials.

Table 1 presents key parameters of the P4PKCFx C3 composite. Results confirm that the composite has a stable thickness with the advantages of low density and high efficiency. This favorable performance can be primarily attributed to the ideal combination of the multilayer and porous structure of the PEN and the magnetoelectric double-loss type filler. Furthermore, the utilization of low-cost CF fabric as the conductive framework not only meets the standards set by the commercial industry but also offers excellent cost-effectiveness. This is in contrast to carbon/polymer composites prepared with alternative fillers like monolayer graphene, which tend to be more expensive.

Table 1

Critical data of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials

Sample Thickness (mm) Density (g/cm3) EMI-SE (dB) SSE/t (dB cm2 g−1)
P4PKCF0C3 1.283 0.542 12 177
P4PKCF12.5C3 1.282 0.544 31 446
P4PKCF25C3 1.282 0.546 37 534
P4PKCF50C3 1.282 0.550 44 617

To be practical, composite materials also need to have excellent mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of the material directly affects the life and reliability of the material. Table 2 lists the mechanical properties of P4PKCFx C3 varied as a function of filler content. Specifically, the tensile strength of P4PKCF0C3 is 42.54 MPa, which is 3,198% higher than that of the pure porous PEN film [60]. In addition, as the PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 content gradually increases from 12.5 to 50 wt%, the composites exhibit tensile strengths of 46.62, 44.57, and 43.98 MPa, respectively. This is the advantage of the good inherent properties of the CF. When the porous PEN structure is damaged during stretching, the interwoven strong CF are not affected and the composite can be further stretched until the interwoven structure of the CF is broken. Even if the original interwoven structure is destroyed, the composite still can be extended, so the material shows a large elongation at break. Take for instances, the elongation at break of P4PKCF12.5C3 is as high as 46.62%. Therefore, the inclusion of CF not only imparts high mechanical strength to the composite but also greatly improves its toughness.

Table 2

Critical mechanical data of P4PKCFx C3 composite materials

Sample Elongation at break (%) Tensile strength (MPa) Tensile modulus (GPa)
P4PKCF0C3 44.82 42.54 4.778
P4PKCF12.5C3 46.62 46.62 4.869
P4PKCF25C3 44.57 44.57 4.687
P4PKCF50C3 43.32 43.98 4.749

4 Conclusion

This work studied the effect of magnetoelectric double-loss PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 and CF on the electromagnetic shielding performance of PEN composites. The homogeneous distribution of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4 within the PEN phase, combined with the alternating multilayer structure formed by CF, effectively creates a continuous conductive network. As a result, the material exhibits high conductivity (1.90 S/cm) and good saturation magnetization strength (M s = 1.37 emu/cm3), synergistically enhancing the shielding effectiveness with a high SE T value of 47.08 dB. Furthermore, the SE A /SE T is 97%, indicating that the material predominantly follows an absorption-dominated shielding mechanism. At the same time, the use of NIPs imparts a porous structure to PEN layer in the material, significantly reducing the density of the material down to 0.54 g/cm3. Even with the addition of high content of PKMWCNT@Fe3O4, the functional PEN composites maintain high mechanical properties. Therefore, this lightweight and high-performance PEN composite material is anticipated to find extensive applications in the electromagnetic shielding field.

  1. Funding information: This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 52073039).

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

References

[1] Liu C, Wang L, Liu S, Tong L, Liu X. Fabrication strategies of polymer-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res. 2020;3(4):149–59.10.1016/j.aiepr.2020.10.002Search in Google Scholar

[2] Liu M, Chen K, Shi Y, Wang H, Wu S, Huang R, et al. High-performance flexible nanocomposites with superior fire safety and ultra-efficient electromagnetic interference shielding. J Mater Sci Technol. 2023;166:133–44.10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.017Search in Google Scholar

[3] Huang D, Chen Y, Zhang Li, Sheng X. Flexible thermoregulatory microcapsule/polyurethane-MXene composite films with multiple thermal management functionalities and excellent EMI shielding performance. J Mater Sci Technol. 2023;165:27–38.10.1016/j.jmst.2023.05.013Search in Google Scholar

[4] Maestre CVV, Santos GN. Effect of bismuth oxide nanoparticle on the electromagnetic interference shielding and thermal stability of industrial waste based-geopolymer composites. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1787.10.1038/s41598-023-27623-2Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[5] Zhao B, Hamidinejad M, Wang S, Bai P, Che R, Zhang R, et al. Advances in electromagnetic shielding properties of composite foams. J Mater Chem A. 2021;9(14):8896–949.10.1039/D1TA00417DSearch in Google Scholar

[6] Cheng J, Li C, Xiong Y, Zhang H, Raza H, Ullah S, et al. Recent advances in design strategies and multifunctionality of flexible electromagnetic interference shielding materials. Nano-Micro Lett. 2022;14(1):80.10.1007/s40820-022-00823-7Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Li J, Zhang S, Wang L, Liu X. In situ growth of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in poly(arylene ether nitrile)/graphene/carbon nanotube foams for electromagnetic interference shielding. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2023;6(9):7802–13.10.1021/acsanm.3c00925Search in Google Scholar

[8] Deng Y, Han X, Chen H, Zhao C, Chen Y, Zhou J, et al. Regulating the electrical and mechanical properties of TaS2 films via van der Waals and electrostatic interaction for high performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023;15(1):106.10.1007/s40820-023-01061-1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[9] Maruthi N, Faisal M, Raghavendra N. Conducting polymer based composites as efficient EMI shielding materials: a comprehensive review and future prospects. Synth Met. 2021;272:116664.10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116664Search in Google Scholar

[10] Yao Y, Jin S, Zou H, Li L, Ma X, Lv G, et al. Polymer-based lightweight materials for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review. J Mater Sci. 2021;56(11):6549–80.10.1007/s10853-020-05635-xSearch in Google Scholar

[11] Liang J, Bai M, Gu Y, Wang S, Li M, Zhang Z. Enhanced electromagnetic shielding property and anisotropic shielding behavior of corrugated carbon fiber felt composite and its sandwich structure. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf. 2021;149:106481.10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106481Search in Google Scholar

[12] Kruželák J, Kvasničáková A, Hložeková K, Hudec I. Progress in polymers and polymer composites used as efficient materials for EMI shielding. Nanoscale Adv. 2021;3(1):123–72.10.1039/D0NA00760ASearch in Google Scholar

[13] Wanasinghe D, Aslani F. A review on recent advancement of electromagnetic interference shielding novel metallic materials and processes. Compos Part B-Eng. 2019;176:107207.10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107207Search in Google Scholar

[14] Ayub S, Guan BH, Ahmad F, Oluwatobi YA, Nisa ZU, Javed MF, et al. Graphene and iron reinforced polymer composite electromagnetic shielding applications: a review. Polymers. 2021;13(15):2580.10.3390/polym13152580Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[15] Tiwari A, Tiwari A, Bhatia A, Chadha U, Kandregula S, Selvaraj SK, et al. Nanomaterials for electromagnetic interference shielding applications: a review. Nano. 2022;17(2):2230001.10.1142/S1793292022300018Search in Google Scholar

[16] Lee H, Ryu SH, Kwon SJ, Choi JR, Lee S, Park B. Absorption-dominant mmWave EMI shielding films with ultralow reflection using ferromagnetic resonance frequency tunable M-type ferrites. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023;15(1):76.10.1007/s40820-023-01058-wSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Xue T, Yang Y, Yu D, Wali Q, Wang Z, Cao X, et al. 3D printed integrated gradient-conductive MXene/CNT/polyimide aerogel frames for electromagnetic interference shielding with ultra-low reflection. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023;15(1):45.10.1007/s40820-023-01017-5Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Wei Z, Cai Y, Xie Z, Meng Y, Zhan Y, Hu X, et al. Green electromagnetic interference shielding films with unique and interconnected 3D magnetic/conductive interfaces. Appl Surf Sci. 2023;636:157841.10.1016/j.apsusc.2023.157841Search in Google Scholar

[19] Wang M, Tian L, Zhang Q, You X, Yang J, Dong S. Absorption-based electromagnetic interference shielding composites with sandwich structure by one-step electrodeposition method. Carbon. 2023;202:414–24.10.1016/j.carbon.2022.10.090Search in Google Scholar

[20] Zhou M, Tan S, Wang J, Wu Y, Liang L, Ji G. “Three-in-One” multi-scale structural design of carbon fiber-based composites for personal electromagnetic protection and thermal management. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023;15(1):176.10.1007/s40820-023-01144-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Qian K, Zhou J, Miao M, Wu H, Thaiboonrod S, Fang J, et al. Highly ordered thermoplastic polyurethane/aramid nanofiber conductive foams modulated by Kevlar polyanion for piezoresistive sensing and electromagnetic interference shielding. Nano-Micro Lett. 2023;15(1):88.10.1007/s40820-023-01062-0Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[22] Wang C, Li J, Guo S. High-performance electromagnetic wave absorption by designing the multilayer graphene/thermoplastic polyurethane porous composites with gradient foam ratio structure. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf. 2019;125:105522.10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105522Search in Google Scholar

[23] Kumar R, Sahoo S, Joanni E, Singh RK, Tan WK, Kar KK, et al. Recent progress on carbon-based composite materials for microwave electromagnetic interference shielding. Carbon. 2021;177:304–31.10.1016/j.carbon.2021.02.091Search in Google Scholar

[24] Xia Y, Gao W, Gao C. A review on graphene-based electromagnetic functional materials: electromagnetic wave shielding and absorption. Adv Funct Mater. 2022;32(42):2204591.10.1002/adfm.202204591Search in Google Scholar

[25] Iqbal A, Sambyal P, Koo CM. 2D MXenes for electromagnetic shielding: a review. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30(47):2000883.10.1002/adfm.202000883Search in Google Scholar

[26] Ran L, Qiu L, Sun F, Chen Z, Zhao L, Yi L, et al. Multilayer assembly of strong and tough MXene/cellulose films for excellent electromagnetic shielding. J Alloy Compd. 2023;961:171020.10.1016/j.jallcom.2023.171020Search in Google Scholar

[27] Zhang Y, Ruan K, Gu J. Flexible sandwich-structured electromagnetic interference shielding nanocomposite films with excellent thermal conductivities. Small. 2021;17(42):2101951.10.1002/smll.202101951Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[28] Wang Y, Peng HK, Li TT, Shiu BC, Ren HT, Zhang X, et al. MXene-coated conductive composite film with ultrathin, flexible, self-cleaning for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding. Chem Eng J. 2021;412:128681.10.1016/j.cej.2021.128681Search in Google Scholar

[29] Zhu H, Fu K, Yang B, Li Y. Nickel-coated nylon sandwich film for combination of lightning strike protection and electromagnetic interference shielding of CFRP composite. Compos Sci Technol. 2021;207:108675.10.1016/j.compscitech.2021.108675Search in Google Scholar

[30] Lv M, Liu H, He L, Zheng B, Tan Q, Hassan M, et al. Absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference shielding assembled composites based on modular design with infrared camouflage and response switching. Compos Sci Technol. 2023;231:116218.10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109799Search in Google Scholar

[31] Wang H, Li S, Liu M, Li J, Zhou X. Review on shielding mechanism and structural design of electromagnetic interference shielding composites. Macromol Mater Eng. 2021;306(6):2100032.10.1002/mame.202100032Search in Google Scholar

[32] Wanasinghe D, Aslani F, Ma G, Habibi D. Advancements in electromagnetic interference shielding cementitious composites. Constr Build Mater. 2020;231:117116.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117116Search in Google Scholar

[33] Srivastava SK, Manna K. Recent advancements in the electromagnetic interference shielding performance of nanostructured materials and their nanocomposites: a review. J Mater Chem A. 2022;10(14):7431–96.10.1039/D1TA09522FSearch in Google Scholar

[34] Abbasi H, Antunes M, Ignacio Velasco J. Recent advances in carbon-based polymer nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding. Prog Mater Sci. 2019;103:319–73.10.1016/j.pmatsci.2019.02.003Search in Google Scholar

[35] Jiang D, Murugadoss V, Wang Y, Lin J, Ding T, Wang Z, et al. Electromagnetic interference shielding polymers and nanocomposites – a review. Polym Rev. 2019;59(2):280–337.10.1080/15583724.2018.1546737Search in Google Scholar

[36] Liu S, Qin S, Jiang Y, Song P, Wang H. Lightweight high-performance carbon–polymer nanocomposites for electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos Part A-Appl Sci Manuf. 2021;145:106376.10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106376Search in Google Scholar

[37] Jia Z, Zhang M, Liu B, Wang F, Wei G, Su Z. Graphene foams for electromagnetic interference shielding: a review. ACS Appl Nano Mater. 2020;3(7):6140–55.10.1021/acsanm.0c00835Search in Google Scholar

[38] Kong D, Li J, Guo A, Xiao X. High temperature electromagnetic shielding shape memory polymer composite. Chem Eng J. 2021;408:127365.10.1016/j.cej.2020.127365Search in Google Scholar

[39] Zhang Y, Ma Z, Ruan K, Gu J. Flexible Ti3C2Tx/(Aramid Nanonber/PVA) composite films for superior electromagnetic interference shielding. Research. 2022;2022:9780290.10.34133/2022/9780290Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[40] Zheng X, Zhang H, Jiang R, Liu Z, Zhu S, Li W, et al. Lightweight polyurethane composite foam for electromagnetic interference shielding with high absorption characteristic. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2023;649:279–89.10.1016/j.jcis.2023.06.104Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[41] Li T, Lin G, He L, Xia Y, Xu X, Liu Y, et al. Structural design and properties of crystalline polyarylene ether nitrile copolymer. Colloids Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp. 2023;659:130788.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130788Search in Google Scholar

[42] He L, Lin G, Liu X, Tong L. Polyarylene ether nitrile composites film with self-reinforcing effect by cross-linking and crystallization synergy. Polymer. 2022;262:125457.10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125457Search in Google Scholar

[43] Chu S, Liu C, Feng X, Wu H, Liu X. Aromatic polymer dual-confined magnetic metal-organic framework microspheres enable highly efficient removal of dyes, heavy metals, and antibiotics. Chem Eng J. 2023;472:145159.10.1016/j.cej.2023.145159Search in Google Scholar

[44] He L, Tong L, Bai Z, Lin G, Xia Y, Liu X. Investigation of the controllable thermal curing reaction for ultrahigh T-g polyarylene ether nitrile compositions. Polymer. 2022;254:125064.10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125064Search in Google Scholar

[45] He L, Tong L, Xia Y, Lin G, Wang T, Zhang W, et al. Advanced composites based on end-capped polyarylene ether nitrile/bisphthalonitrile with controllable thermal curing reaction. Polymer. 2022;245:124695.10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124695Search in Google Scholar

[46] Liu S, Liu C, Bai Z, Lin G, Liu X. Metal-organic frameworks mediated interface engineering of polymer nanocomposites for enhanced dielectric constant and low dielectric loss. Surf Interfaces. 2023;36:102586.10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102586Search in Google Scholar

[47] Wang P, Wang M, Song T, Chen J, Liu X, et al. Anti-bacterial robust Ag@PDA/PEN electrospinning nanofibrous membrane for oil-water separation. J Water Process Eng. 2023;51:103358.10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.103358Search in Google Scholar

[48] He L, Zhang W, Liu X, Tong L. Substantial improvement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polymer composites by incorporation of boron nitride nanosheets and modulation of thermal curing reaction. Polym Compos. 2023. 10.1002/pc.27915.Search in Google Scholar

[49] Wu N, Hu Q, Wei R, Mai X, Naik N, Pan D, et al. Review on the electromagnetic interference shielding properties of carbon based materials and their novel composites: recent progress, challenges and prospects. Carbon. 2021;176:88–105.10.1016/j.carbon.2021.01.124Search in Google Scholar

[50] Zhang L-Q, Yang B, Teng J, Lei J, Yan DX, Zhong GJ, et al. Tunable electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness multilayer assembly of regenerated cellulose as a supporting substrate and carbon nanotubes/polymer as a functional layer. J Mater Chem C. 2017;5(12):3130–8.10.1039/C6TC05516HSearch in Google Scholar

[51] Wu Z, Xu Y, Zhang X, Shen G, Yu R. Microwave plasma treated carbon nanotubes and their electrochemical biosensing application. Talanta. 2007;72(4):1336–41.10.1016/j.talanta.2007.01.052Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[52] Parreira LS, Silva JCM, Simões FR, Cordeiro MAL, Sato RH, Leite ER, et al. PtSn electrocatalyst supported on MWCNT-COOH: investigating the ethanol oxidation reaction. Chemelectrochem. 2017;4(8):1950–8.10.1002/celc.201700326Search in Google Scholar

[53] Wan D, Wang G, Li W, Wei X. Investigation into the morphology and structure of magnetic bentonite nanocomposites with their catalytic activity. Appl Surf Sci. 2017;413:398–407.10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.03.265Search in Google Scholar

[54] Wan X, Zhan Y, Long Z, Zeng G, Ren Y, He Y. High-performance magnetic poly (arylene ether nitrile) nanocomposites: co-modification of Fe3O4 via mussel inspired poly(dopamine) and amino functionalized silane KH550. Appl Surf Sci. 2017;425:905–14.10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.136Search in Google Scholar

[55] Wan X, Zhan Y, Long Z, Zeng G, He Y. Core@double-shell structured magnetic halloysite nanotube nano-hybrid as efficient recyclable adsorbent for methylene blue removal. Chem Eng J. 2017;330:491–504.10.1016/j.cej.2017.07.178Search in Google Scholar

[56] Liu C, Feng X, Liu S, Lin G, Bai Z, Wang L, et al. Graphene reinforced nanoarchitectonics of 3D interconnected magnetic-dielectric frameworks for high-efficient and anti-corrosive microwave absorbers. J Mater Sci Technol. 2024;168:194–207.10.1016/j.jmst.2023.06.007Search in Google Scholar

[57] Liu C, Liu S, Feng X, Zhu K, Lin G, Bai Z, et al. Phthalocyanine-mediated interfacial self-assembly of magnetic graphene nanocomposites toward low-frequency electromagnetic wave absorption. Chem Eng J. 2023;452:139483.10.1016/j.cej.2022.139483Search in Google Scholar

[58] Liu C, Liu S, Zhu K, Feng X, Bai Z, Lin G, et al. Straightforward modulation of graphene nanosheets with magnetic nanoclusters for ultrathin microwave absorption materials. Appl Surf Sci. 2023;607:154998.10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.154998Search in Google Scholar

[59] Wu H, Liu C, Chu S, Feng X, Liu X. Integrated super-engineering polymeric electromagnetic interference shielding films withstanding the extreme environments. Chem Eng J. 2023;472:144853.10.1016/j.cej.2023.144853Search in Google Scholar

[60] Tang X, Lin G, Liu C, Cao T, Xia Y, Yi K, et al. Lightweight and tough multilayered composite based on poly(aryl ether nitrile)/carbon fiber cloth for electromagnetic interference shielding. Colloids Surf A-Physicochem Eng Asp. 2022;650:129578.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129578Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-09-18
Revised: 2023-11-05
Accepted: 2023-11-14
Published Online: 2023-12-31

© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Preparation of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity
  3. Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk
  4. Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles
  5. Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys
  6. Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites processed by P/M method
  7. High mechanical performance of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/epoxy cured in a sandwich construction of 3D carbon felts foam and woven basalt fibers
  8. Applying solution of spray polyurea elastomer in asphalt binder: Feasibility analysis and DSR study based on the MSCR and LAS tests
  9. Study on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based bioabsorbable stents
  10. Influence of microalloying with B on the microstructure and properties of brazed joints with Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal
  11. Thermohydraulic performance of thermal system integrated with twisted turbulator inserts using ternary hybrid nanofluids
  12. Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites
  13. Effects of CaO addition on the CuW composite containing micro- and nano-sized tungsten particles synthesized via aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction
  14. Cu and Al2O3-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity
  15. Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects
  16. Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance
  17. Axial compression performance of CFST columns reinforced by ultra-high-performance nano-concrete under long-term loading
  18. Tungsten trioxide nanocomposite for conventional soliton and noise-like pulse generation in anomalous dispersion laser cavity
  19. Microstructure and electrical contact behavior of the nano-yttria-modified Cu-Al2O3/30Mo/3SiC composite
  20. Melting rheology in thermally stratified graphene-mineral oil reservoir (third-grade nanofluid) with slip condition
  21. Re-examination of nonlinear vibration and nonlinear bending of porous sandwich cylindrical panels reinforced by graphene platelets
  22. Parametric simulation of hybrid nanofluid flow consisting of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with second-order slip and variable viscosity over an extending surface
  23. Chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles with potent and selective intrinsic activity against the breast cancer cells
  24. Multi-core/shell SiO2@Al2O3 nanostructures deposited on Ti3AlC2 to enhance high-temperature stability and microwave absorption properties
  25. Solution-processed Bi2S3/BiVO4/TiO2 ternary heterojunction photoanode with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
  26. Electroporation effect of ZnO nanoarrays under low voltage for water disinfection
  27. NIR-II window absorbing graphene oxide-coated gold nanorods and graphene quantum dot-coupled gold nanorods for photothermal cancer therapy
  28. Nonlinear three-dimensional stability characteristics of geometrically imperfect nanoshells under axial compression and surface residual stress
  29. Investigation of different nanoparticles properties on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulation
  30. Optimized Cu2O-{100} facet for generation of different reactive oxidative species via peroxymonosulfate activation at specific pH values to efficient acetaminophen removal
  31. Brownian and thermal diffusivity impact due to the Maxwell nanofluid (graphene/engine oil) flow with motile microorganisms and Joule heating
  32. Appraising the dielectric properties and the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding of graphene reinforced silicone rubber nanocomposite
  33. Synthesis of Ag and Cu nanoparticles by plasma discharge in inorganic salt solutions
  34. Low-cost and large-scale preparation of ultrafine TiO2@C hybrids for high-performance degradation of methyl orange and formaldehyde under visible light
  35. Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials
  36. Mechanical performance of date palm fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nano-activated carbon
  37. Melting point of dried gold nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation
  38. Graphene nanofibers: A modern approach towards tailored gypsum composites
  39. Role of localized magnetic field in vortex generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow: A numerical approach
  40. Intelligent computing for the double-diffusive peristaltic rheology of magneto couple stress nanomaterials
  41. Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction
  42. 3D printing of porous Ti6Al4V bone tissue engineering scaffold and surface anodization preparation of nanotubes to enhance its biological property
  43. Bioinspired ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Potential pharmaceutical and medical applications
  44. Significance of gyrotactic microorganisms on the MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow across an elastic slender surface: Numerical analysis
  45. Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
  46. Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface
  47. Oxygen plasma assisted room temperature bonding for manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle
  48. Performance and mechanism of CO2 reduction by DBD-coupled mesoporous SiO2
  49. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field
  50. Exploration of generalized two-phase free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of dusty tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid between parallel microplates
  51. Hygrothermal bending analysis of sandwich nanoplates with FG porous core and piezomagnetic faces via nonlocal strain gradient theory
  52. Design and optimization of a TiO2/RGO-supported epoxy multilayer microwave absorber by the modified local best particle swarm optimization algorithm
  53. Mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete modified by nano-SiO2
  54. Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
  55. High-performance wearable flexible strain sensors based on an AgNWs/rGO/TPU electrospun nanofiber film for monitoring human activities
  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2023-0167
Keywords for this article
dual-loss filler; MWCNT; carbon fiber fabric; electromagnetic properties
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Research Articles
  2. Preparation of CdS–Ag2S nanocomposites by ultrasound-assisted UV photolysis treatment and its visible light photocatalysis activity
  3. Significance of nanoparticle radius and inter-particle spacing toward the radiative water-based alumina nanofluid flow over a rotating disk
  4. Aptamer-based detection of serotonin based on the rapid in situ synthesis of colorimetric gold nanoparticles
  5. Investigation of the nucleation and growth behavior of Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC nano-precipitates in TiAl alloys
  6. Dynamic recrystallization behavior and nucleation mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites processed by P/M method
  7. High mechanical performance of 3-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/epoxy cured in a sandwich construction of 3D carbon felts foam and woven basalt fibers
  8. Applying solution of spray polyurea elastomer in asphalt binder: Feasibility analysis and DSR study based on the MSCR and LAS tests
  9. Study on the chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity of iron-based bioabsorbable stents
  10. Influence of microalloying with B on the microstructure and properties of brazed joints with Ag–Cu–Zn–Sn filler metal
  11. Thermohydraulic performance of thermal system integrated with twisted turbulator inserts using ternary hybrid nanofluids
  12. Study of mechanical properties of epoxy/graphene and epoxy/halloysite nanocomposites
  13. Effects of CaO addition on the CuW composite containing micro- and nano-sized tungsten particles synthesized via aluminothermic coupling with silicothermic reduction
  14. Cu and Al2O3-based hybrid nanofluid flow through a porous cavity
  15. Design of functional vancomycin-embedded bio-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels for repairing infectious bone defects
  16. Study on nanocrystalline coating prepared by electro-spraying 316L metal wire and its corrosion performance
  17. Axial compression performance of CFST columns reinforced by ultra-high-performance nano-concrete under long-term loading
  18. Tungsten trioxide nanocomposite for conventional soliton and noise-like pulse generation in anomalous dispersion laser cavity
  19. Microstructure and electrical contact behavior of the nano-yttria-modified Cu-Al2O3/30Mo/3SiC composite
  20. Melting rheology in thermally stratified graphene-mineral oil reservoir (third-grade nanofluid) with slip condition
  21. Re-examination of nonlinear vibration and nonlinear bending of porous sandwich cylindrical panels reinforced by graphene platelets
  22. Parametric simulation of hybrid nanofluid flow consisting of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles with second-order slip and variable viscosity over an extending surface
  23. Chitosan-capped silver nanoparticles with potent and selective intrinsic activity against the breast cancer cells
  24. Multi-core/shell SiO2@Al2O3 nanostructures deposited on Ti3AlC2 to enhance high-temperature stability and microwave absorption properties
  25. Solution-processed Bi2S3/BiVO4/TiO2 ternary heterojunction photoanode with enhanced photoelectrochemical performance
  26. Electroporation effect of ZnO nanoarrays under low voltage for water disinfection
  27. NIR-II window absorbing graphene oxide-coated gold nanorods and graphene quantum dot-coupled gold nanorods for photothermal cancer therapy
  28. Nonlinear three-dimensional stability characteristics of geometrically imperfect nanoshells under axial compression and surface residual stress
  29. Investigation of different nanoparticles properties on the thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids by molecular dynamics simulation
  30. Optimized Cu2O-{100} facet for generation of different reactive oxidative species via peroxymonosulfate activation at specific pH values to efficient acetaminophen removal
  31. Brownian and thermal diffusivity impact due to the Maxwell nanofluid (graphene/engine oil) flow with motile microorganisms and Joule heating
  32. Appraising the dielectric properties and the effectiveness of electromagnetic shielding of graphene reinforced silicone rubber nanocomposite
  33. Synthesis of Ag and Cu nanoparticles by plasma discharge in inorganic salt solutions
  34. Low-cost and large-scale preparation of ultrafine TiO2@C hybrids for high-performance degradation of methyl orange and formaldehyde under visible light
  35. Utilization of waste glass with natural pozzolan in the production of self-glazed glass-ceramic materials
  36. Mechanical performance of date palm fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nano-activated carbon
  37. Melting point of dried gold nanoparticles prepared with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis and lyophilisation
  38. Graphene nanofibers: A modern approach towards tailored gypsum composites
  39. Role of localized magnetic field in vortex generation in tri-hybrid nanofluid flow: A numerical approach
  40. Intelligent computing for the double-diffusive peristaltic rheology of magneto couple stress nanomaterials
  41. Bioconvection transport of upper convected Maxwell nanoliquid with gyrotactic microorganism, nonlinear thermal radiation, and chemical reaction
  42. 3D printing of porous Ti6Al4V bone tissue engineering scaffold and surface anodization preparation of nanotubes to enhance its biological property
  43. Bioinspired ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: Potential pharmaceutical and medical applications
  44. Significance of gyrotactic microorganisms on the MHD tangent hyperbolic nanofluid flow across an elastic slender surface: Numerical analysis
  45. Performance of polycarboxylate superplasticisers in seawater-blended cement: Effect from chemical structure and nano modification
  46. Entropy minimization of GO–Ag/KO cross-hybrid nanofluid over a convectively heated surface
  47. Oxygen plasma assisted room temperature bonding for manufacturing SU-8 polymer micro/nanoscale nozzle
  48. Performance and mechanism of CO2 reduction by DBD-coupled mesoporous SiO2
  49. Polyarylene ether nitrile dielectric films modified by HNTs@PDA hybrids for high-temperature resistant organic electronics field
  50. Exploration of generalized two-phase free convection magnetohydrodynamic flow of dusty tetra-hybrid Casson nanofluid between parallel microplates
  51. Hygrothermal bending analysis of sandwich nanoplates with FG porous core and piezomagnetic faces via nonlocal strain gradient theory
  52. Design and optimization of a TiO2/RGO-supported epoxy multilayer microwave absorber by the modified local best particle swarm optimization algorithm
  53. Mechanical properties and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete modified by nano-SiO2
  54. Self-template synthesis of hollow flower-like NiCo2O4 nanoparticles as an efficient bifunctional catalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution in alkaline media
  55. High-performance wearable flexible strain sensors based on an AgNWs/rGO/TPU electrospun nanofiber film for monitoring human activities
  56. High-performance lithium–selenium batteries enabled by nitrogen-doped porous carbon from peanut meal
  57. Investigating effects of Lorentz forces and convective heating on ternary hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved surface using homotopy analysis method
  58. Exploring the potential of biogenic magnesium oxide nanoparticles for cytotoxicity: In vitro and in silico studies on HCT116 and HT29 cells and DPPH radical scavenging
  59. Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes by heteroatom-doped nickel tungstate nanoparticles
  60. A facile method to synthesize nZVI-doped polypyrrole-based carbon nanotube for Ag(i) removal
  61. Improved osseointegration of dental titanium implants by TiO2 nanotube arrays with self-assembled recombinant IGF-1 in type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model
  62. Functionalized SWCNTs@Ag–TiO2 nanocomposites induce ROS-mediated apoptosis and autophagy in liver cancer cells
  63. Triboelectric nanogenerator based on a water droplet spring with a concave spherical surface for harvesting wave energy and detecting pressure
  64. A mathematical approach for modeling the blood flow containing nanoparticles by employing the Buongiorno’s model
  65. Molecular dynamics study on dynamic interlayer friction of graphene and its strain effect
  66. Induction of apoptosis and autophagy via regulation of AKT and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in breast cancer cell lines exposed to gold nanoparticles loaded with TNF-α and combined with doxorubicin
  67. Effect of PVA fibers on durability of nano-SiO2-reinforced cement-based composites subjected to wet-thermal and chloride salt-coupled environment
  68. Effect of polyvinyl alcohol fibers on mechanical properties of nano-SiO2-reinforced geopolymer composites under a complex environment
  69. In vitro studies of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified with glutathione as a potential drug delivery system
  70. Comparative investigations of Ag/H2O nanofluid and Ag-CuO/H2O hybrid nanofluid with Darcy-Forchheimer flow over a curved surface
  71. Study on deformation characteristics of multi-pass continuous drawing of micro copper wire based on crystal plasticity finite element method
  72. Properties of ultra-high-performance self-compacting fiber-reinforced concrete modified with nanomaterials
  73. Prediction of lap shear strength of GNP and TiO2/epoxy nanocomposite adhesives
  74. A novel exploration of how localized magnetic field affects vortex generation of trihybrid nanofluids
  75. Fabrication and physicochemical characterization of copper oxide–pyrrhotite nanocomposites for the cytotoxic effects on HepG2 cells and the mechanism
  76. Thermal radiative flow of cross nanofluid due to a stretched cylinder containing microorganisms
  77. In vitro study of the biphasic calcium phosphate/chitosan hybrid biomaterial scaffold fabricated via solvent casting and evaporation technique for bone regeneration
  78. Insights into the thermal characteristics and dynamics of stagnant blood conveying titanium oxide, alumina, and silver nanoparticles subject to Lorentz force and internal heating over a curved surface
  79. Effects of nano-SiO2 additives on carbon fiber-reinforced fly ash–slag geopolymer composites performance: Workability, mechanical properties, and microstructure
  80. Energy bandgap and thermal characteristics of non-Darcian MHD rotating hybridity nanofluid thin film flow: Nanotechnology application
  81. Green synthesis and characterization of ginger-extract-based oxali-palladium nanoparticles for colorectal cancer: Downregulation of REG4 and apoptosis induction
  82. Abnormal evolution of resistivity and microstructure of annealed Ag nanoparticles/Ag–Mo films
  83. Preparation of water-based dextran-coated Fe3O4 magnetic fluid for magnetic hyperthermia
  84. Statistical investigations and morphological aspects of cross-rheological material suspended in transportation of alumina, silica, titanium, and ethylene glycol via the Galerkin algorithm
  85. Effect of CNT film interleaves on the flexural properties and strength after impact of CFRP composites
  86. Self-assembled nanoscale entities: Preparative process optimization, payload release, and enhanced bioavailability of thymoquinone natural product
  87. Structure–mechanical property relationships of 3D-printed porous polydimethylsiloxane films
  88. Nonlinear thermal radiation and the slip effect on a 3D bioconvection flow of the Casson nanofluid in a rotating frame via a homotopy analysis mechanism
  89. Residual mechanical properties of concrete incorporated with nano supplementary cementitious materials exposed to elevated temperature
  90. Time-independent three-dimensional flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid past a Riga plate with slips and convective conditions: A homotopic solution
  91. Lightweight and high-strength polyarylene ether nitrile-based composites for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding
  92. Review Articles
  93. Recycling waste sources into nanocomposites of graphene materials: Overview from an energy-focused perspective
  94. Hybrid nanofiller reinforcement in thermoset and biothermoset applications: A review
  95. Current state-of-the-art review of nanotechnology-based therapeutics for viral pandemics: Special attention to COVID-19
  96. Solid lipid nanoparticles for targeted natural and synthetic drugs delivery in high-incidence cancers, and other diseases: Roles of preparation methods, lipid composition, transitional stability, and release profiles in nanocarriers’ development
  97. Critical review on experimental and theoretical studies of elastic properties of wurtzite-structured ZnO nanowires
  98. Polyurea micro-/nano-capsule applications in construction industry: A review
  99. A comprehensive review and clinical guide to molecular and serological diagnostic tests and future development: In vitro diagnostic testing for COVID-19
  100. Recent advances in electrocatalytic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: Mechanism, catalyst, coupling system
  101. Research progress and prospect of silica-based polymer nanofluids in enhanced oil recovery
  102. Review of the pharmacokinetics of nanodrugs
  103. Engineered nanoflowers, nanotrees, nanostars, nanodendrites, and nanoleaves for biomedical applications
  104. Research progress of biopolymers combined with stem cells in the repair of intrauterine adhesions
  105. Progress in FEM modeling on mechanical and electromechanical properties of carbon nanotube cement-based composites
  106. Antifouling induced by surface wettability of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and its nanocomposites
  107. TiO2 aerogel composite high-efficiency photocatalysts for environmental treatment and hydrogen energy production
  108. Structural properties of alumina surfaces and their roles in the synthesis of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs)
  109. Nanoparticles for the potential treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: A physiopathological approach
  110. Current status of synthesis and consolidation strategies for thermo-resistant nanoalloys and their general applications
  111. Recent research progress on the stimuli-responsive smart membrane: A review
  112. Dispersion of carbon nanotubes in aqueous cementitious materials: A review
  113. Applications of DNA tetrahedron nanostructure in cancer diagnosis and anticancer drugs delivery
  114. Magnetic nanoparticles in 3D-printed scaffolds for biomedical applications
  115. An overview of the synthesis of silicon carbide–boron carbide composite powders
  116. Organolead halide perovskites: Synthetic routes, structural features, and their potential in the development of photovoltaic
  117. Recent advancements in nanotechnology application on wood and bamboo materials: A review
  118. Application of aptamer-functionalized nanomaterials in molecular imaging of tumors
  119. Recent progress on corrosion mechanisms of graphene-reinforced metal matrix composites
  120. Research progress on preparation, modification, and application of phenolic aerogel
  121. Application of nanomaterials in early diagnosis of cancer
  122. Plant mediated-green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: An insight into biomedical applications
  123. Recent developments in terahertz quantum cascade lasers for practical applications
  124. Recent progress in dielectric/metal/dielectric electrodes for foldable light-emitting devices
  125. Nanocoatings for ballistic applications: A review
  126. A mini-review on MoS2 membrane for water desalination: Recent development and challenges
  127. Recent updates in nanotechnological advances for wound healing: A narrative review
  128. Recent advances in DNA nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis and treatment
  129. Electrochemical micro- and nanobiosensors for in vivo reactive oxygen/nitrogen species measurement in the brain
  130. Advances in organic–inorganic nanocomposites for cancer imaging and therapy
  131. Advancements in aluminum matrix composites reinforced with carbides and graphene: A comprehensive review
  132. Modification effects of nanosilica on asphalt binders: A review
  133. Decellularized extracellular matrix as a promising biomaterial for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration
  134. Review of the sol–gel method in preparing nano TiO2 for advanced oxidation process
  135. Micro/nano manufacturing aircraft surface with anti-icing and deicing performances: An overview
  136. Cell type-targeting nanoparticles in treating central nervous system diseases: Challenges and hopes
  137. An overview of hydrogen production from Al-based materials
  138. A review of application, modification, and prospect of melamine foam
  139. A review of the performance of fibre-reinforced composite laminates with carbon nanotubes
  140. Research on AFM tip-related nanofabrication of two-dimensional materials
  141. Advances in phase change building materials: An overview
  142. Development of graphene and graphene quantum dots toward biomedical engineering applications: A review
  143. Nanoremediation approaches for the mitigation of heavy metal contamination in vegetables: An overview
  144. Photodynamic therapy empowered by nanotechnology for oral and dental science: Progress and perspectives
  145. Biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles: Bioreduction and biomineralization
  146. Current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) and the role of nanomaterial-based theragnosis in combating the pandemic
  147. Application of two-dimensional black phosphorus material in wound healing
  148. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials and Composites for Energy Conversion and Storage - Part I
  149. Helical fluorinated carbon nanotubes/iron(iii) fluoride hybrid with multilevel transportation channels and rich active sites for lithium/fluorinated carbon primary battery
  150. The progress of cathode materials in aqueous zinc-ion batteries
  151. Special Issue on Advanced Nanomaterials for Carbon Capture, Environment and Utilization for Energy Sustainability - Part I
  152. Effect of polypropylene fiber and nano-silica on the compressive strength and frost resistance of recycled brick aggregate concrete
  153. Mechanochemical design of nanomaterials for catalytic applications with a benign-by-design focus
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ntrev-2023-0167/html
Scroll to top button