Startseite Technik Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
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Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber

  • Sarah Safaaldeen Musa , Noorance Al-Mukaram EMAIL logo und Ihsan Habib Dakhil
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 27. Januar 2024
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Abstract

In the last few decades, tyre rubber waste has been considered a risky issue to the ecosystem. A huge amount of used and deformed tyres is disposed of in landfill or recycled into other products. The main goal is to modify 60/70 bitumen grade to achieve 40/50 bitumen results. In this work, tyre rubber waste was added at different weights from 5 to 20% after cutting into small particles to use in the modification process of 60/70 asphalt binder. The modified asphalt was tested to meet the Iraqi standard specifications of roads and bridges. In the experimental work, Central Composite Design was applied to attain mathematical models that describes binder consistency by relating three operating parameters: tyre rubber ratio, mixing temperature and time. The predicted models relate to the penetration and softening point of the modified binder achieved R 2 of 97 and 99%, respectively. The obtained results indicated that the penetration and softening point improved after adding 20% recycled tyre rubber at 170°C and 20 min of mixing time.

Keywords: tyre waste; crumb rubber; modified bitumen; design of experiments

1 Introduction

Over few decades, poor road pavement performance has become a widespread issue due to a dramatic increase in the traffic volume and poor maintenance services. In addition, increasing temperatures and axle loadings result in many road surfacedistresses particularly fatigue, rutting and bleeding problems. Therefore, appropriate solutions have been suggested to reduce the structural damages. Different modifiers are added by weight to the bitumen binder before mixing with aggregates. For example, adding styrenebutadiene rubber and styrene butadiene styrene as powders may improve asphalt thermal and mechanical properties. However, adding aforementioned polymers are not always the best choice due to their expensive cost. Therefore, providing other alternatives encouraged researchers as well as industrial companies to find out environmental aspects toward sustainability such as using recycled tyre rubber (RTR).

Annually, over 1 billion scrap tyres are generated worldwide in addition to 4 billion tyres that are accumulated in landfills as well as stockpiles based on a report by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development [1]. To reduce the impact of tyre waste disposal environmentally, crumb rubber (CR) is used as a modifier to produce a homogenous asphalt binder through the common method called “wet process” established by Charles McDonald in 1960s [2]. In this method, CR is added into the bitumen binder before mixing with aggregate composition. Under controlled temperature and mixing time (i.e., 170°C for 45–60 min), the CR melts and the characteristics of asphalt will get improved significantly [3].

A number of investigations and efforts have been conducted on the utilization of the CR in asphalt mixes to examine its effect on asphalt engineering performance. Chemical interaction of the CR and asphalt is affected by their properties in terms of CR size, concentration, source and asphalt characteristics such as penetration, viscosity, source, etc. A high rate of interaction is a result of high CR-specific surface area. In addition, the fast-swelling rate of CR particles is obtained when mixed with low viscous asphalt because there is a significant increase in the asphaltene amount of the residual binder [4]. High compatibility between CR and asphalt was achieved by using CR from scrap truck tyre because of the higher natural content of rubber [5].

Other important factors were taken into consideration when adding CR, such as mixing temperature and speed. The results of previous studies showed that the physical characteristics of modified asphalt enhance at lower interaction circumstances (i.e., 160°C and 10 Hz) which is commonly known as swelling extent. However, the asphalt properties declined after increasing the mixing temperature and time to higher levels [6–8]. This is mostly true due to the fact that polymer swelling is caused by diffusing small molecules of solvent through its structure. As a result, a cleavage of polymeric chains may occur which indicated a reduction in the asphalt molecular weight.

A number of conventional and microscopic tests including dynamic shear, penetration, softening point, tensile strength, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy have been carried out to simulate asphalt resistance to permanent deformation and cracking following the modification process. Previous studies revealed that penetration decreases as the CR content increases up to 20% at 190°C mixing temperature, while the softening point increases to 72°C at the same percentage and mixing condition [9]. Accordingly, the modified asphalt showed good performance in cracking within its service life. Thereby, modifying asphalt with CR shows an advantageous impact in term of water resistance by developing the elasticity of asphalt mixtures as well as decreasing maintenance costs and road noise [10–13].

The current work aims to investigate adding RTR as a modifier to enhance 40/50 bitumen properties since the last is widely used in airports and road constructions. Penetration and softening point tests are usually measures of binder consistency under different temperatures. The key of this research is to find the optimal temperature and mixing time after adding a certain amount of RTR to 60/70 bitumen that achieve 40/50 bitumen penetration and softening point. By applying different contents of RTR (5–20% with an increment of 5%) of asphalt weight and different ranges of mixing time (20–60 min) and temperatures (130–180°C), binder consistency was modelled mathematically using Central Composite Design (CCD). Details of the experimental work and methodology are described in the next section.

2 Methodology

2.1 Materials

Two materials were prepared for achieving the goals of this experimental work. They are locally produced in Iraq as follows.

2.1.1 Asphalt binder

A bitumen of 60/70 penetration grade was used in the current work. This type of bitumen is produced in the Samawah oil refinery in Iraq for use in paving roads and building construction. As mentioned previously, the objective of this study is to modify 60/70 bitumen to reach 40/50 penetration grade. The obtained data of physical properties of these bitumens are presented in Table 1 after conducting the required tests in the Samawah oil refinery [14].

Table 1

Physical properties of 60/70 versus 40/50 asphalt binders [14]

Tests Units Asphalt grade (60/70) Asphalt grade (40/50) ASTM
Penetration 100 g at 25°C and 5 s 1/10 mm 64 43 D5
Absolute viscosity at 60°C Poise 3,380 3,268 D88
Kinematic viscosity at 135°C C st 406 403 D88
Ductility at 25°C and 5 cm/min cm 153 130 D113
Softening point (ring & ball) °C 57.6 53.7 D36
Specific gravity at 25°C g/cm3 1.02 1.04 D70
Flash point (Cleveland Open Cup) °C 227 235 D92

2.1.2 RTR

It is also known as CR and is obtained by cutting scrap tyres into shreds and then ground into small particle sizes (about 10 mm) after removing reinforcing cords as illustrated in Figure 1. These particles were collected from Diwaniya rubber factory. For this study, the RTR was prepared as 5, 10, 15 and 20% of asphalt binder weight.

Figure 1 RTR particles produced by Diwaniya rubber factory.
Figure 1

RTR particles produced by Diwaniya rubber factory.

2.2 Laboratory tests

Samples of the modified binder were prepared in the laboratory using a mechanical mixer for mixing the RTR particles with 60/70 bitumen. First, about 600 g of binder was heated and then placed on a sand bath above a hot plate. A high-shear radial flow impeller attached to the mixer was placed in the binder for stirring at a speed of 700 rpm. Then, a certain amount of RTR particles (i.e., 5–20% in weight) was added gradually to the binder. The continued mixing time was also varied (i.e., 20–60 min) at each specific quantity of RTR. The temperature of the binder was controlled for a specific range (i.e., 130–180°C). After mixing, each can of modified binder was allowed to cool at room temperature for 24 h before being reheated for testing. The total number of prepared modified asphaltic samples was 15 in the current work. Table 2 shows the range of the operating parameters.

Table 2

Operating parameters range

Parameter Symbol Minimum value Maximum value
Tyre rubber ratio (wt%) X 1 5 20
Temperature (°C) X 2 130 180
Mixing time (min) X 3 20 60

Next, empirical tests of penetration and softening point are used to determine the asphalt consistency in terms of temperature susceptibility after adding the RTR modifier in different contents. Based on ASTM D5, the penetration test of bitumen took place at 25°C. A 100 g prescribed needle is placed on the surface of the asphalt cement for 5 s to measure the penetration depth. The softening point was also tested according to ASTM D36. The test is executed by confining asphalt samples in brass rings and loading the samples with steel balls. The samples are placed in a water bath at a certain height above a metal plate for heating at a specific rate. Following that, the heated steel ball will pull the sample down toward the metal plate. Then, the water temperature is measured and designated as the softening point of the modified asphalt.

2.3 Design of experiments

CCD according to response surface methodology through the Box-Wilson method [15] was used to achieve a mathematical model describing binder consistency by relating three operating parameters. The effect of adding RTR ratio (wt%), temperature (°C) and mixing time (min) on the penetration and softening point of the binder was evaluated in the current study. The number of experiments (N) required to predict these models depends on the number of operating factors (f = 3) tested according to the following equation:

(1) N = 2 f + 2 f + 1 .

Thus, the required number of experiments for three factors is 15 experiments and the operating parameters in the mathematical model will be represented by a quadratic polynomial second-order equation which has an independent variable of each factor as (X). As shown in Table 2, the symbols X 1, X 2, X 3 denote the amount of tyre rubber ratio, temperature and mixing time, respectively. The predicted responses as a dependent variable of Y which is used to represent the penetration and softening point of the binder are as shown in the following equation:

(2) Y = A 0 + A 1 X 1 + A 2 X 2 + A 3 X 3 + A 4 X 1 2 + A 5 X 2 2 + A 6 X 3 2 + A 7 X 1 X 2 + A 8 X 1 X 3 + A 9 X 2 X 3 ,

where A 0 to A 9 represent the constants of the mathematical model that can be estimated by regression analysis. To optimize the operating parameters for getting the best operating values on bitumen consistency, the statistical software program (Minitab version-19) will be used.

Table 3 shows the ranges of three investigated variables by coding based on the experimental design concept.

Table 3

Coding and range of investigated parameters

Parameter Symbol Level and range
−1 0 1
Tyre rubber ratio (wt%) X 1 5 12.5 20
Temperature (°C) X 2 130 155 180
Mixing time (min) X 3 20 40 60

3 Results and discussion

As shown in Table 4, the experimental design of the full factorial design with three levels of coded parameters (X 1, X 2 and X 3) was used to predict approximate values of penetration and softening point of the binder.

Table 4

Design experiments of coded and real operating variables

Run Coded parameters Real variables Response 1/Penetration Response 2/Softening point
X 1 X 2 X 3 RTR% Temperature Mixing time
1 −1 −1 −1 5 130 20 52.333 47.0
2 1 −1 −1 20 130 20 49.667 47.0
3 −1 1 −1 5 180 20 52.333 48.0
4 1 1 −1 20 180 20 49.667 49.0
5 -1 −1 1 5 130 60 54.333 48.9
6 1 −1 1 20 130 60 59.000 49.0
7 −1 1 1 5 180 60 58.333 49.0
8 1 1 1 20 180 60 48.667 50.0
9 −1 0 0 5 155 40 57.000 50.1
10 1 0 0 20 155 40 53.333 51.0
11 0 −1 0 12.5 130 40 57.000 50.0
12 0 1 0 12.5 180 40 56.482 51.04
13 0 0 −1 12.5 155 20 57.220 51.8
14 0 0 1 12.5 155 60 61.326 53.3
15 0 0 0 12.5 155 40 59.275 52.6

The experimental results were analysed statistically to conduct the mathematical models that describe the penetration and softening point of the binder with obtained correlation coefficient R 2 and variance explained S as demonstrated in the following equations:

(3) 1 . Penetration = − 57 + 2.69 X 1 + 1.21 X 2 + 0.344 X 3 − 0.0563 X 1 2 − 0.0034 X 2 2 − 0.00956 X 1 X 2 + 0.00028 X 1 X 3 − 0.00158 X 2 X 3 ,

achieved ( R 2 ) = 0.9734 and ( S ) = 96.74 %

(4) 2 . Softening p oint = − 37.93 + 0.7403 X 1 + 1.0467 X 2 + 0.1095 X 3 − 0.036 X 1 2 − 0.0033 X 2 2 + 0.001267 X 1 X 2 + 0.00083 X 1 X 3 − 0.000475 X 2 X 3 ,

achieved ( R 2 ) = 0.9965 and ( S ) = 98.18 %

3.1 Effect of temperature and mixing time on bitumen penetration

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the specific effect of adding 5, 10, 15 and 20% of RTR on bitumen performance in terms of penetration under various mixing times and temperatures. It can be summarized that at lower RTR content and as the temperature increased to 155°C, high penetration was reported particularly when the mixing time is set at 40 min. Next, a gradual increase of RTR% was tested in consistent with raising temperature from 130 to 180°C. As a result, the performance of modified bitumen shows low penetration. It is also worth mentioning that the homogeneity of bitumen becomes better and results in the reduction of penetration less than 50 when the added RTR particles started to melt as the mixing time increased up to 60 min. Similar outcomes were reported by previous works [6–9,16]. Finally, the modified bitumen 60/70 achieves the required penetration grade of bitumen 40/50 according to the Iraqi specifications SORB/R9 [17]. The lowest penetration was 47 which is closed to the obtained result of bitumen 40/50 shown in Table 1 after adding 20% RTR at 180°C and 60 min.

Figure 2 Penetration versus temperature at different RTR ratios.
Figure 2

Penetration versus temperature at different RTR ratios.

Figure 3 Penetration versus mixing time at different RTR ratios.
Figure 3

Penetration versus mixing time at different RTR ratios.

3.2 Effect of temperature and mixing time on bitumen softening point

The effect of modifying bitumen with 5–20% RTR on softening point is illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. The results were obtained and analysed at different mixing times and temperatures. It can be explained that various range of softening points (47–51) were obtained when the temperature increased up to 160°C. As a result, it was observed that increasing RTR content leads to increase softening point of the binder which may result in an increase in the viscosity property. It is also necessary to report that the softening point of bitumen shows a significant reduction when the mixing time varied from 40 to 60 min particularly after adding 20% RTR content at 180°C. The obtained softening point of modified bitumen was close to that shown in Table 1 related to 40/50 asphalt. Similar results were stated in previous works [10,16,18,19].

Figure 4 Softening point versus temperature at different RTR ratios.
Figure 4

Softening point versus temperature at different RTR ratios.

Figure 5 Softening point versus mixing time at different RTR ratios.
Figure 5

Softening point versus mixing time at different RTR ratios.

3.3 Optimization

Figure 6 shows the optimization of operating variables. It can be concluded that the best result obtained was shown at approximately 20% RTR to achieve approximately 50 mm penetration grade when the mixing time was set at 20 min and the optimal mixing temperature was 170°C. After this point, the RTR swollen and produced gel-like materials that increased the viscosity of bitumen [3]. Finally, the obtained softening point was reported as 50.24 which is close to the obtained value of bitumen 40/50 shown in Table 1.

Figure 6 Optimization of operating variables.
Figure 6

Optimization of operating variables.

4 Conclusions

The re-use of RTR as a modifier of asphalt binder can contribute in reduction of waste tyre rubbers pollution as well as consider an economic solution in minimizing the costs of recycling and manufacture. This work aims to investigate the improvement of 60/70 bitumen to achieve 40/50 bitumen properties by adding RTR contents as a modifier under different ranges of mixing temperature and mixing times. According to the previously conducted studies, the penetration and softening point of modified asphalt binder were improved after adding certain contents of RTR. The optimization reveals that the maximum limit 50 mm penetration can be achieved after adding 20% RTR at 170°C and 20 min mixing time. In conclusion, the obtained results in the current work are in consistent with the requirements of the Iraqi specifications SORB/R9 related to the properties of 40/50 bitumen used in road paving. For future works, it is worth suggesting that the obtained modified asphalt should be tested in asphaltic mix design to investigate mixture performance against different types of cracks such as fatigue and rutting. Other polymers are recommended to mix with RTR in specific percentages to test the penetration and softening point of new binder properties.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analysed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-06
Revised: 2023-07-05
Accepted: 2023-07-17
Published Online: 2024-01-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0495
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
tyre waste; crumb rubber; modified bitumen; design of experiments
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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