Startseite Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
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Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage

  • Zainab Ali Omran ORCID logo EMAIL logo und Nassrin Jassim Hussien Al-mansori ORCID logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 27. Februar 2024
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

This study estimated the amount of bed sediment load upstream of Kufa Barrage mainly depending on the hydrodynamic conditions, sediment concentration, and hydraulic parameters. Ten cross-sections approximately over 2 km in length in front of the barrage were selected. Velocities and suspended sediment concentrations at 0.2, 0.6, and 0.8 of the water depth at each section were recorded using an ADCP device. A depth-integrated sampling was utilized to examine the collected data from 6th January to 15th October 2022. It was noted that the effective depth-to-width computation methods and the Toffaleti sediment transport function with the Van Rijn fall velocity were the most compatible and appropriate approaches for determining the sediment transport potential in the selected reach. It was also noted that such techniques were better than the previous formulae to predict the total sediment load. The results revealed excellent agreement between the mean sediment discharge obtained using HEC-RAS 6.2, equal to 6.214 kg/s, and the mean sediment discharge obtained from the field measurements, equivalent to 7.142 kg/s.

Keywords: Al Kufa barrage; suspended sediment load; HEC-RAS software; Field data; laboratory work

1 Introduction

River sediment movement is a complicated and challenging process. To manage water resources efficiently, it is essential to understand the types and quantities of sediment delivered by rivers. Because most crucial projects in the study region are located on or close to riverbanks, decision-makers are especially concerned that erosion, transport, and sedimentation processes may impact these projects. To track and predict changes in the areas of the riverbanks, it is therefore necessary to better understand the appropriate equations that can be used to obtain results that are satisfactory for monitoring the processes of erosion, sedimentation, and transport that occur in river paths [1–5]. Physical modeling and computer simulation are the two fundamental technologies in river engineering studies. Both of them have advantages and disadvantages. Physical modeling is expensive and time-consuming, but it can yield immediately evident results. [6–8]. Field research, physical modeling, and computational simulation must all be used to solve engineering problems accurately and successfully. A field investigation is the first step in fully identifying the issue [9]. In the literature, there are numerous methods for calculating sediment movement rates. However, no single equation can forecast the transfer of silt at all locations (estuaries, rivers, etc.). However, many formulas, equations, and programs have been developed to calculate sediment transport discharge; however. Omran et al. [10] reviewed the sediment concentration transported in the Iraqi city of Al-Hilla-Diwaniya by the Hilla River. The volume of sediment load in the river section under study was determined using the HEC-RAS version 5.0.0 program. The Yang technique was employed to calculate the transport function, the Ruby method was used to calculate the fall velocity, and the Thomas (Ex5) method was used as a sorting method. Four cross-sections along the river reach (at 0 + 000, 1 + 000, 2 + 000, and 3 + 000) for a length of 100 m for each station were chosen. This project (Hilla-Diwaniya River) is unsuitable for irrigation because the results showed no variation between the four selected stations for recording sediment transport concentration, flow velocity, adequate depth, and effective width. Jassam and Abed [11], morphology and transport of sediment in the Diyala river was analyzed using the HEC-Ras program. The river’s selected length for the current study was 193 km, starting at Diyala Weir and ending at the point where the Tigris River and Diyala River converge. Samples of suspended-load and bed-load have been gathered, and specific cross-sections were surveyed during the fieldwork period, which lasted from June 2020 to August 2020. Between 0.2 and 0.6 m were the results of the invert change from the sediment model’s simulation for the river’s actual condition from 2018 to 2019. In addition, previous investigations into this river revealed that the daily and annual sediment discharges were 227.7 tons per day and 83,531.93 tons per year. The inversion change values in the simulation results for the prescribed timeframe, corresponding to five consecutive flood years, range from −1.25 to 1.4 m. Raising the riverbank level in some areas of the grasp and/or constructing training cross-sections in other areas increased the water’s capacity. Khassaf and Jabber [12] investigated and modeled the sediment transport on the Euphrates River upstream of the Al-Shamia Barrage in Al-Diwaniya, Iraq. Utilizing HEC-RAS version (4.1), in which the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) device took field measurements. The Enguland-Hansen formula from this model has been proven to be the most accurate compared to field results. The average annual sediment transport load through this formula is around 209,000 tons, whereas the average annual sediment transport load measured in the field is about 140,965 tons. Many studies on sediments using different programs like MIKE, HEC-RAS, and SSIIM were conducted. The novelty of this study is measuring the flow and suspended sediment concentrations and their spatial distribution and characteristics in the study area, which were not measured before, and using the HEC-RAS program to find sediment transport.

2 Study area

Al-Kuffa barrage has been built for irrigation purposes on the Kifil-Shanafiyah branch of the Euphrates River downstream of the Babylon Governorate since 1986. In the middle Euphrates region, the barrage controls the flow for the upstream regulator. The barrage is designed to discharge 1,400 m3/s of floodwater, with an upstream water level of 25.7 m above sea level [13].

2.1 Data field measurements

Ten transect sections used in this study are depicted in Figure 1. The following were among the field measures that involved gathering the information needed to accomplish the study’s goals:

Figure 1 The locations of the cross-sections in the research area as determined by the SAS algorithm.
Figure 1

The locations of the cross-sections in the research area as determined by the SAS algorithm.

Identifying the cross-sections’ locations as well as their coordinates, and then determination of the geometrical characteristics of each section, such as the area of the cross-section, top width, hydraulic radius, etc. Utilizing the ADCP technique to calculate flow rates and water discharge for each cross-section (see Figure 2). Utilizing the Van Veen Grab apparatus to collect samples from the riverbed and for every cross-section, Figure 3. Collecting sediment load samples for each cross-section by using a suspended sampling instrument.

Figure 2 SonTek River Surveyor ADCP.
Figure 2

SonTek River Surveyor ADCP.

Figure 3 Van Veen Grab.
Figure 3

Van Veen Grab.

2.2 Hydraulic measurement

Using ADCP technology, top width, cross-sectional area, discharge, water velocity, and water level were measured for each segment. The field measurements were done from June to September during the season. Version 5.5a of the software and ADCP were utilized for this. As observed in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Cross section no. 1 from Kufa barrage by ADCP device.
Figure 4

Cross section no. 1 from Kufa barrage by ADCP device.

3 Simulation using HEC-RAS model

The unsteady flow simulation was developed for a 2 km length for each 200 m from upstream of the Al-Kuffa barrage using HEC-RAS [Version 6.2]. Figure 5 shows the main window for the software.

Figure 5 The main window for HEC-RAS software.
Figure 5

The main window for HEC-RAS software.

To create a study simulation, two specific file types are needed: (1) the stream reach and the river’s cross section are physically described in the geometry file and (2) the flow inputs and reach boundary conditions required for the unsteady flow studies are described in the flow file.

3.1 Data used in HEC-RAS model

Setting parameters and values as inputs is necessary to run the HEC-RAS 6.2 model. These parameters are shown in Table 1 and must be initialized for the model to complete the required simulation [14–17].

Table 1

Data of input parameters for running the HEC-RAS 6.2 model

Symbol Description Determination
Geometric file N Manning coefficient (Constant depends on the type of channel and description) (0.035) for straight, full, no rifts or deep pools. From Tables of manning values depending on the type of channel and description
X, Y Station and elevation for each section From field measurements
Cont. Contraction coefficient of flow 0.1 for gradual transitions
Exp. Expansion coefficient of flow 0.3 for gradual transitions
Unsteady file (Quasi- unsteady data) T Temperature (47 From field measurements)
Q (m³/s) Discharge of water From field measurements
T Time step interval s60
Sediment file D Depth of water From field measurements
— Bed gradation From experimental measurements
— Boundary condition Rating curve from field measurements

3.2. Results of HEC-RAS 6.2 software

The results from the HEC-RAS 6.2 model are split into two sections: the hydrodynamic unit results are in the first section and the sediment transport unit results are in the second section. The degree of convergence between the results and the field measurements was evaluated by contrasting the results, and logical values associated with the coefficient of determination (R²) were discovered. Figure 6 shows the flowchart for the HEC-RAS model.

Figure 6 Flow chart for the HEC-RAS 6.2 model.
Figure 6

Flow chart for the HEC-RAS 6.2 model.

3.2.1 Results of hydrodynamic

In this study, once the unsteady flow data and sediment data had been properly inserted and the “Run” button had been pressed, the program had finished simulating the unsteady flow data. It displayed the results in view/output. In this investigation, flow rates for each section were measured; Figure 7 displays the flow rates for all sections.

Figure 7 Flow rate (m³/s) for all sections.
Figure 7

Flow rate (m³/s) for all sections.

Figure 8 shows the comparison between the model results and the field-measured values of water discharge for the site. It is evident from Figure 9 that there is a good agreement between the model values and the measured values of the average water discharge at the indicated site depending on the coefficient of determination, which reaches (R² = 0.9044).

Figure 8 Field and model water discharge values (m³/s) on a scatter plot.
Figure 8

Field and model water discharge values (m³/s) on a scatter plot.

Figure 9 The relation between field and model values for water discharge.
Figure 9

The relation between field and model values for water discharge.

3.2.2 Results of sediment transport

The most compatible and appropriate methods for determining sediment transport potential in the examined reach are the Toffaleti sediment transport function with the Van Rijn fall velocity and the efficient depth-to-width computation methods. The results of the sediment calculation by HEC-RAS are presented. Figure 10 shows sediment concentration for all sections.

Figure 10 The distribution of sediment discharge at all sections by model.
Figure 10

The distribution of sediment discharge at all sections by model.

Table 2 shows the results from field measurements and model results; Figure 11 shows the comparison between the model results and the field-measured values of sediment discharge for the site; and it is evident from Figure 12 that there is a good agreement between the model values and the measured values of the average sediment discharge at the indicated site depending on the coefficient of determination, which reaches (R 2 = 0.8614).

Table 2

Model and field sediment discharge values

Sediment dis. (kg/s) (model values) Sediment dis. (kg/s) (field values)
5.65 5.70
9.18 10.15
7.91 8.94
6.00 5.73
6.89 8.88
5.34 7.93
4.10 4.77
2.80 2.78
6.91 8.13
7.36 8.41
Figure 11 Field and model sediment discharge values on a scatter plot.
Figure 11

Field and model sediment discharge values on a scatter plot.

Figure 12 The relation between field and model values for sediment discharge.
Figure 12

The relation between field and model values for sediment discharge.

The contribution of suspended sediment concentration for each cross-section can be found from the total suspended sediment concentrations for the study area, as in Figure 13, which illustrates the percentages of sediment from the total suspended sediment concentrations for each cross-section and both field measurements and from the simulated HEC-RAS model.

Figure 13 The percentages of each cross-section from total suspended sediment concentrations, (a) from HEC-RAS and (b) from field measurements.
Figure 13

The percentages of each cross-section from total suspended sediment concentrations, (a) from HEC-RAS and (b) from field measurements.

4 Model verification

To estimate the fluctuations in flow and sediment load using a set of measurements, the verification of hydrodynamic and sediment transport models reflected real-world tests of numerical solutions. The HEC-RAS program was used to confirm the first seven components of the measured sediment discharge. The discrepancy between field measurements and model simulations. The findings are shown in Figure 14 and show a reasonable agreement between observed and estimated data (R² = 0.8789).

Figure 14 Verification plot.
Figure 14

Verification plot.

5 Conclusions

By building the numerical model used to represent the study region and analyzing the flow and sediments in it, the current study provided a notion to lessen efforts and time spent in the future making accurate decisions about sediment movement and its effects on the study area. Based on the coefficients of determination (R²), which were 0.9044 and 0.8614, respectively, for average water discharge and sediment discharge, there was a good agreement between the HEC-RAS results and the field observations. The results indicate that the HEC-RAS model has a very high convergence in terms of representing the real reality of the study area through comparison with the changes that occurred in part of it. A good acceptance between the average sediment discharge from HEC-RAS 6.2, which equals 6.214 kg/s, and sediment discharge from field measurements 7.142 kg/s. This amount of sediment affects the efficiency of barrage operations, so to reduce it, operating the barrage with sedimentation in different cases of gate operation to optimize the most suitable case of operation, like middle or terminal gates. The HEC-RAS model has a very high convergence in terms of representing the real reality of the study area through comparison with the changes that occurred in part of it.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscriptwas done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-09-23
Revised: 2023-10-09
Accepted: 2023-10-23
Published Online: 2024-02-27

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0542
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
Al Kufa barrage; suspended sediment load; HEC-RAS software; Field data; laboratory work
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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