Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city

1.1 Background

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between urbanization and industrialization, particularly emphasizing Hamadan industrial city as a case study. It tackles the critical need for an approach to urban–industrial development that is both comprehensive and sustainable, and it acknowledges the complex problems and possibilities that this integration brings. The investigation is based on a complete interdisciplinary examination investigating the effects on the environment, the economy, and society [1,2]. It tries to comprehend and design frameworks for urban planning and industrial operations that balance the responsible management of resources, the protection of the environment, and the welfare of society. To contribute to the ongoing conversation on urbanization, industrial sustainability, and the development of resilient industrial urban ecosystems, the study focuses on the transformative potential of sustainable industrial practices in urban settings. The study will answer the following questions:

• What mechanisms underlie industrial development and urban planning coalescence in fostering sustainable urban–industrial ecosystems?

• How do interdisciplinary methodologies contribute to resolving the complexities of integrating industrial operations within urban environments?

• What impacts arise from sustainable industrial practices in urban settings on socio-economic growth and environmental conservation?

The study on the Hamadan industrial complex (HIC) adeptly combines broad methodologies with precise implementations. The study begins with a comprehensive theoretical framework for urban sustainability, focusing on industrial metropolitan areas. This framework facilitates the research process by positioning HIC within the existing academic conversation and pinpointing areas for more understanding. The technique then transitions to a comparative empirical investigation, juxtaposing HIC’s urban design and sustainability practices with other industrial urban regions worldwide. This methodology evaluates effective strategies for integrating sustainability into urban planning and provides a nuanced understanding pertinent to HIC. It presents a unique perspective on the application of these strategies. The rigor of this study is bolstered by extensive data collection and analysis, employing both quantitative techniques and hermeneutic approaches. These methodological choices strengthen the validity of the findings, making them relevant for stakeholders seeking to apply these insights in similar contexts.

1.2 Literature review

Adapting swiftly to the constantly evolving dynamics of daily business operations is essential for global development [3]. The prevalent trends of urbanization and industrialization are significantly reshaping the global landscape, leading to various complex challenges across economic, social, and environmental domains. Investigating the dynamic relationship between urbanization and industrialization is necessary, particularly emphasizing Hamadan industrial city as a case study. It tackles the critical need for an approach to urban–industrial development that is both comprehensive and sustainable, and it acknowledges the complex problems and possibilities that this integration brings. The necessity for rapid adaptability in the face of changing dynamics of daily commercial operations is crucial for global economic growth. Urbanization and industrialization fundamentally alter the global landscape, creating diverse and complex economic, social, and environmental challenges. Bai et al. argued that urbanization is a significant social transition of the modern era, driven by and contributing to various social, economic, and environmental factors. The ecological impacts of urbanization are extensive and multifaceted, presenting in multiple forms across local, regional, and global scales [4]. Scholarly inquiry in this field is predicated on the understanding that the development of theoretical frameworks necessitates the examination of complex subjects, which are optimally addressed through interdisciplinary or transdisciplinary methodologies. Bibri (2018) underscores that the profound intricacy inherent in the concept of creative and sustainable cities surpasses the capacity of single-disciplinary methods to address comprehensively, emphasizing the imperative of a more holistic and integrated scholarly perspective [5]. The “Urbanization and Industrial Growth Dynamics in Hamadan Industrial City” area examines the complex relationship between urban expansion and industrial development in Hamadan industrial city, focusing on the unique challenges and opportunities that arise from their synergy and the reciprocal shaping of urban growth and industrialization. This analysis contributes to understanding the city’s evolving urban–industrial landscape and its future trajectory regarding economic, social, and environmental outcomes.

Because it entails analyzing the environmental consequences of industrial activity in urban areas, it is essential to comprehensively understand the ecological implications of urban industrialization. Song et al. and Ren and Wu pointed out that increasing urban and industrial expansion has resulted in substantial environmental problems, the most notable of which is a rise in human carbon emissions. It is essential to have a comprehensive grasp of the spatial dynamics and socio-economic shifts in urban areas [6,7]. This information is necessary for designing land use and industrial development plans compatible with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the environment while supporting economic sustainability. Additionally, the topic encompasses the evaluation of the deterioration of air and water quality, the management of waste, and the depletion of natural resources. Stancu posits that the future is fundamentally anchored in a moral and socio-economic imperative, which necessitates achieving sustainability across various dimensions. This can be realized through the recognition that natural capital, society, and the economy are inextricably linked, thereby obliging humanity to engage in responsible stewardship [8]. While urban industrialization plays a part in accelerating greenhouse gas emissions, which contributes to the worsening of global climate change, it also has the potential to develop sustainable practices such as green technology and resource efficiency. To achieve sustainable urban development, this conversation highlights how important it is to strike a balance between the advancement of industry and the preservation of the environment.

Integrating industrial processes with urban expansion has significant financial ramifications, particularly in augmenting urban labor markets via employment generation. Ling’s study explores how urban restructuring in large cities has been altered by globalization, with an emphasis on the ensuing socioeconomic instability and how it affects impoverished areas [9]. This has made industrial adjustments necessary to address societal empowerment and employment challenges. The current health and climate crises highlight the difficulties in preserving urban socio-economic resilience and the need for effective crisis management and service provision in intricate urban settings. The symbiotic link between urban environments and industrial operations must also be explored, focusing on how these relationships promote economic growth and innovation in urban–industrial contexts. A thorough inquiry into the financial ramifications of this development will be necessary. Therefore, it required exploring the impact of expanding industrial activity on local communities, specifically focusing on how it affects community cohesion, demographic transitions, and the dynamics of local culture. Furthermore, it evaluates the improvement of societal well-being by considering several factors, such as job quality, availability of social services, and engagement in community development initiatives. Klingmann’s analysis reveals that the examined case studies provide significant strategies to improve urban mobility by creating pedestrian and cyclist-friendly greenways connected to public transportation systems [10]. These measures align with the criteria for sustainable development. Moreover, when strategically integrated as a sequence of urban layers, the projects can create urban synergies across various lifestyle domains that might have a favorable impact on both current and planned communities, significantly when expanded via an inclusive approach. Furthermore, an analysis is conducted on the overall standard of living in metropolitan areas with industrial activity, including housing, healthcare, educational opportunities, and recreational amenities. This comprehensive viewpoint offers valuable insights into the impact of urban manufacturing on the social structure of cities. In today’s world, it is crucial to recognize clear and non-negotiable requirements: the need for a carefully coordinated interaction between urbanization and industry to enable a condition of balanced and long-lasting coexistence. Famutimi and Olugbamila argue that in today’s interconnected and globalized world, the progress of technology, the rise in breakthroughs and innovations, and the development of civilization are closely tied to the kindness of nature and its limited resources [11]. This requires a detailed explanation of sustainable urban planning methodologies within the framework of industrial expansion. It emphasizes balancing environmental conservation, economic advancement, and social welfare. The principal objective of this study is to scrutinize the integration of urban planning and industrial development as a strategy to foster sustainable growth. This examination specifically aims to address environmental, economic, and social challenges in a reasoned and rational manner. This investigation emphasizes the need for sustainable practices in industrial urban regions to create a resilient future. According to Hariram et al., traditional economic systems such as capitalism, socialism, and communism have advantages and disadvantages. However, none of these systems have fully addressed the sustainable development. As a result, the authors propose a new development model called “sensationalism” that takes a holistic approach [12]. Conducting a comprehensive case study focusing on Hamadan industrial city is essential. This part is intended to provide a detailed and practical application of the ideas and concepts covered in the previous sections. The research offers a concrete example of urban–industrial synergy by concentrating on Hamadan industrial city. It conducts an in-depth analysis of the effectiveness of several sustainable urban designs and industrial methods. This case study is beneficial in understanding the subtle consequences of these tactics in a live, dynamic urban–industrial environment. As a result, it successfully bridges theoretical paradigms with practical facts. This investigation marks a considerable advancement towards a future characterized by enhanced sustainability and resilience. It emphasizes the crucial function of integrated industrial metropolitan regions in directing societal progress toward industrial sustainability. This perspective aligns with Wallner’s and Chen et al.’s views, where sustainable development is perceived as a comprehensive framework of human evolution encompassing sociocultural, ecological, and economic aspects [13,14]. The study’s findings shed light on the path forward, emphasizing the imperative of innovative methodologies, collaborative partnerships, and transformative policies to design urban environments seamlessly integrating industry and sustainability. According to Goçoğlu and Goksu, these efforts are believed to pave the way for a more environmentally friendly and sustainable industrial future. They also endeavor to guarantee that combining urbanization and industrialization will result in a beneficial transition worldwide [15]. Subsequent sections of this research will delve further into specific challenges, methodologies, and findings related to the interplay between integrated industrial urban environments and sustainable industrial development. Through this exploration, the aim of this study is to contribute meaningfully to the ongoing discourse on urbanization and industrialization, offering insights to inform future policy decisions [16]. This study adopts a comprehensive approach, aiming to explore the multifaceted dimensions of the modern industrial city. Moreover, it acknowledges the role of urban congestion and housing demands in shaping the industrial environment within metropolitan regions, addressing critical urban challenges.

On the other hand, Weiss’s “The Economics of Industrial Development” provides a vital lens through which to examine the economic impacts of industrial integration in the industrial city. The book’s examination of global shifts in industrial centers highlighting the transition from established centers in developed countries to emerging ones in developing regions offers a contextual backdrop for understanding Hamadan’s position within the global industrial landscape [17]. Hoornweg’s book on sustainable urban development emphasizes eco-urbanism ideas that might inform your study theoretically and practically. Cities are best suited to create and implement sustainable solutions. An agreement among the world’s largest cities may be required, but not sufficient, for sustainable growth. “Cities and Sustainability” discusses how cities are the largest danger to sustainability and the best tool for sustainable development. The book provides new measures and methodologies that consider cities essential for sustainability using an innovative methodology for a complicated subject, which can be used in Hamadan industrial city, integrate eco-urbanism principles, develop sustainability metrics, form multi-stakeholder partnerships, and learn from global case studies [18].

1.3 Research problem and goals

The study investigates the crucial matter of amalgamating industrial and urban development to attain sustainable growth. A significant issue is a conventional division between urban planning and industrial activity, which results in wasteful resource use, environmental deterioration, and social disregard [19]. The aim of the study is to promote the integration of industrial operations with urban planning and social welfare to cultivate a sustainable environment. This integration aims to improve resource efficiency, preserve the environment, enhance social welfare, and promote economic growth. The research seeks to integrate environmentally conscious industrial practices in urban areas. Additionally, it aims to improve resource efficiency, environmental protection, social welfare, and economic development. The analysis of this integration encompasses several disciplines, including environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects. The essay demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of adopting an integrated urban development strategy by examining the example of Hamadan industrial city. This case study serves as a model for achieving sustainable urban industrial growth. The research provides valuable insights for urban planners, politicians, and stakeholders. It utilizes a rigorous approach, including a literature review, data gathering via surveys and interviews, and quantitative and hermeneutic analysis. The primary objective is to create customized approaches for sustainable urban planning, supported by a robust system for executing and evaluating them, guaranteeing their efficacy in practical situations.

2.1 Theoretical foundation and literature review

The initial phase of the study consisted of a comprehensive literature analysis, which entailed a thorough examination of current studies on urban sustainability, with a particular focus on the industrial metropolitan setting [22,23,24]. This extensive review not only lights the path for our empirical investigation but also aids in crafting a solid theoretical framework. It highlights the current state of knowledge, identifies gaps, and sets the groundwork for exploring the complex relationship between urban development and industrial sustainability. By weaving together insights from diverse fields, we establish a conceptual framework that guides our empirical research, ensuring it is well-grounded in the broader discourse on sustainable urban–industrial integration.

2.2 Empirical investigation and comparative analysis

Advancing beyond the theoretical scaffolding, our methodological expedition engages in a rigorous empirical investigation, characterized by a comparative analysis that benchmarks the urban design and sustainability practices of Hamadan industrial city against global exemplars. This juxtaposition harnesses a kaleidoscope of international experiences, fostering a critical discourse on efficacious strategies for embedding sustainability into urban design. The comparative dimension of this analysis transcends mere observational study, facilitating a dialogic engagement with global best practices and engendering a contextualized understanding that is both globally informed and locally attuned. This step included comparing HIC’s urban design and sustainability practices with worldwide standards. The aim was to extract efficient methods for incorporating sustainability into urban design based on a wide range of worldwide experiences. This comparative methodology was crucial in placing HIC’s challenges and prospects within the broader framework of global industrial urbanization [25].

2.3 Multimodal data collection and stakeholder dialogues

A key component of our methodology is multimodal data collecting, which includes surveys and interviews with urban planners, industry leaders, and residents. This method democratizes research and captures Hamadan’s urban–industrial tapestry’s many views. Engaging stakeholders beyond transactional data collection fosters a participatory discourse that strengthens our study’s empirical base. Well-designed data collection was crucial for the empirical phase. The authors conducted well-designed surveys and thorough interviews with HIC stakeholders such as urban planners, industry leaders, and citizens. A diverse and comprehensive dataset on the metropolitan environment’s environmental, social, and economic components was the goal [22]. The amassed data was subjected to a rigorous analytical process employing quantitative methods and hermeneutic analysis. Quantitative techniques provided an objective data assessment, including statistical analysis and modeling. In contrast, hermeneutic analysis delved into the deeper interpretative aspects, unraveling the nuanced meanings and implications underlying the quantitative findings [26,27]. This dual analytical approach facilitated a multi-dimensional understanding of sustainability challenges and potentials in HIC.

2.4 Analytical dialectics and hermeneutics

Our study bridged the quantitative-qualitative divide with statistical rigor and hermeneutic depth. The hermeneutic analysis explores the interpretative layers of our empirical results, whereas quantitative methods objectively condense facts. This dialectic interaction weaves the empirical and theoretical into a unified narrative of Hamadan’s urban–industrial nexus’ sustainability difficulties and potentials. The study proposed HIC approaches based on its findings. These were carefully divided into actionable and imaginative frameworks. The strategies were carefully designed to address difficulties and maximize opportunities. Next a detailed implementation plan including tasks, timelines, roles, and resource allocations was prepared. This step was critical for turning theoretical and empirical findings into action [28,29].

2.5 Strategic foresight and implementation blueprint

The culmination of our methodological journey is the articulation of strategic recommendations, delineated into immediate actionable initiatives and visionary long-term frameworks. Accompanied by a meticulously crafted implementation blueprint, these recommendations translate theoretical and empirical insights into tangible strategies. This prescriptive dimension underscores the pragmatic essence of our study, bridging the chasm between academic discourse and practical implementation.

2.6 Evaluative continuum and reflexive mechanisms

The integration of a specialized monitoring and evaluation mechanism epitomizes our commitment to sustainability and iterative refinement. This evaluative continuum ensures that the strategies implemented are subject to continuous scrutiny and adaptive recalibration, responsive to the dynamic contours of Hamadan’s urban–industrial landscape.

The methodological framework used for our study is exemplary of academic rigor, embodying an interdisciplinary synthesis that navigates the complex terrain of sustainable urban–industrial development. This model offers a comprehensive approach to scholarly inquiry, blending empirical depth with theoretical breadth and practical applicability. It introduces a new paradigm for integrating industrial practices into urban areas like Hamadan.

3.1 Integrating urbanization and sustainability: Dynamics and strategies in Middle Eastern cities

In contemporary urban studies, urbanization and sustainable development significantly impact urban development. Landscape processes are complex and interdependent. Surya et al. argued that spatial integration, interaction, and aggregation are essential for urban activity systems. They believe understanding and managing urban expansion by sustainable urban development requires the interaction between these spatial dimensions [19]. Urbanization in Middle Eastern metropolises is socio-spatial, land-use planning is complex, and environmental considerations are significant. Unfortunately, this combination generally leads to undesirable outcomes that outweigh the predicted benefits [30]. The growth of cities and their surrounding areas, which can be considered dynamic urban ecosystems, necessitates sustainable urban development theories. Since the mid-twentieth century, urbanization theories have improved our understanding of urban growth. Using insights from geography, urban planning, and regional dynamics, these frameworks emphasize that urban space is more than physical. Instead, it may be a socio-cultural construct resulting from complex historical processes that change natural landscapes [31]. Urban conglomerations, with their rapid growth, robust economy, and dynamic social milieu, are at a vital point where development and sustainability intersect [32,33]. Sustainable development theories illuminate the complex nature of urbanization and emphasize the necessity for a well-rounded plan that prioritizes economic growth, environmental protection, and social justice. Sustainable development is a global requirement, yet urban contexts have unique characteristics. The complex idea of “development” embraces multiple industries and sizes. Its impact on urbanization is particularly substantial. As services specialize, industrial activity grows, transportation networks become more complicated, and other urban functions increase, urbanization happens throughout economic growth. Urbanization tendencies today differ significantly from their predecessors. Globally, more people are moving to big cities. As these cities flourish, citizens move to more expansive metropolitan areas, raising regional populations despite dropping urban densities. Development management methods that are strategic, flexible, and proactive are needed to solve urban expansion concerns [34,35]. Integrating spatial planning, infrastructural development, and socio-economic initiatives with sustainability principles is required. Strategic planning, based on sustainable development and urbanization, is crucial. Given the growing worldwide focus on sustainability, urbanization theories offer a holistic perspective that helps integrate global goals with local conditions. Authentic sustainable urbanization envisions dynamic, resilient, and inclusive cities that enhance human welfare, cultural diversity, natural ecosystems, and resource efficiency [19,30,31]. Sustainable development and urbanization provide a holistic foundation for ambitious, sustainable urban futures. As cities evolve, synergistic strategies are needed for resilience, vibrancy, and survival [36,37,38].

3.2 Systematic exploration of urban sustainability challenges in emerging economies

As a result of the consequences of fast-increasing population growth rates, the problem of urban sustainability has grown in importance, especially for developing nations. Modifying their urban infrastructures and social frameworks to handle this expansion is a key problem that these countries must undertake. Infrastructure, social institutions, massive building projects, and the general urban morphology are all crucial components that must be improved and reinforced [39,40]. The problem of dwindling resources stands in sharp contrast to the increasing demands of cities, further complicating this pursuit [41]. Integrating the city’s physical infrastructure with its geographical and socio-cultural settings is crucial for implementing a sustainable urban plan. To tackle these issues successfully, we must first understand and then put into practice the guiding principles of urban sustainability.

3.3 Advancing sustainable urban-industrial integration through industrial ecology

Industrial ecology is a developing discipline that focuses on environmentally sustainable practices. It carefully analyzes the connection between industrial operations and their environmental effects. This field draws inspiration from natural ecosystems and advocates for using waste from one process as a resource for another. This approach aims to create a more cyclical and resource-efficient urban–industrial environment [50]. Peralta contends that sustainable production systems have introduced technologies that facilitate the conservation of raw materials, reduce energy consumption, prevent pollution, and safeguard public health and safety. The effective incorporation of these systems into traditional production frameworks enhances the complexity associated with the design, development, and management of product and process life cycles [51]. The industrial symbiosis method plays a crucial role in shifting from linear to circular production processes, emphasizing optimizing resources and minimizing waste. These principles are essential in urban planning, guiding urban regions towards sustainable industrial practices that effectively combine economic growth with environmental and social obligations [52]. Industrial ecology contributes to the design of urban industrial areas by emphasizing cooperative resource usage and minimizing environmental impact. Additionally, it plays a role in policy formation by incorporating ecological factors into broader urban development plans. This paradigm is crucial for promoting a healthy equilibrium between industrial expansion and environmental preservation in metropolitan settings.

4.1 Evaluation of the characteristics of the location

An analysis of spatial linkages, as well as the urban structure, historical background, and transportation infrastructure compatibility of the site, is required to comprehend contextual connectivity, which is a critical component in understanding the interactions that take place inside a particular region [63]. To ensure efficient design planning, it is essential to have an accurate geographical demarcation that uses advanced geospatial tools.

4.2 Investigation into the legal structures and land ownership

A comprehensive analysis of property records, entitlements, and legal papers is required to understand land ownership rights. This review helps shape the area’s development path within the context of its legal and regulatory framework [64].

4.3 Investigation into the inherent characteristics of the site

Standardized geological and topographical assessments are critical for making informed structural decisions, especially those about water management and environmental integration [65]. The maintenance of ecological systems and biodiversity are the primary focuses of environmental assessments.

4.4 Master plan for strategies for Hamdan industrial city

Territorial segmentation, infrastructure conceptualization, spatial dynamics analysis, and phased extension methods are all plan components, emphasizing modular and sustainable growth [66]. Urban matrix diagnostics and land use allocation are methods for efficient urban planning and integrating a wide range of urban characteristics [67].

4.5 Comprehensive analysis for the development of industrial cities

A rigorous academic and strategic planning is required, commencing with a comprehensive site evaluation that considers the spatial dynamics, geomorphology, and socio-economic elements [68,69]. During master planning, zoning and resource allocation are included, emphasizing biophilic design and a cohesive transportation network to achieve sustainable urban–industrial symbiosis [70].

The conclusion of the analysis highlights the interconnectedness of many themes and presents a comprehensive framework for urban–industrial growth. It emphasizes the importance of strategic planning considering economic, environmental, and social aspects. The analysis thoroughly examines geographical characteristics to comprehend spatial connections and compatibility with urban infrastructure. A comprehensive property ownership and regulatory framework assessment guide the development process. The framework also includes geological and topographical studies to inform the integration of the environment, strategic planning for Hamdan industrial city with a focus on sustainable growth, and a thorough analysis of development that considers spatial dynamics and socio-economic factors for the symbiotic relationship between urban and industrial areas. This comprehensive approach seeks to improve sustainable urban–industrial ecosystems, establishing a model for future developmental projects.

5.1 Overview and infrastructure of the Hamdan industrial complex

The Hamdan industrial complex is a significant hub of industrial activity in its large geographical area. Figure 1 shows the Hamadan industrial complex’s industrial and commercial enterprises’ locations. The blue-tinted sections represent the complex’s factories, the manufacturing heart. Next to them are beige storehouses, indicating logistics and storage. This picture not only shows the industrial complex’s architecture but also shows how industry specialties interact in this metropolitan setting.

Figure 1

Spatial analysis of the Hamadan industrial complex.

Beyond mere manufacturing or processing entities, the complex encompasses specialized exposition spaces and an array of tailored industrial workshops dedicated to specific domains. Such multifariousness underscores its pivotal role as an industrial advancement and ideation cradle. Conversely, Figure 2 illustrates the diverse zones encircling the Hamadan industrial complex, emphasizing the extensive range of adjacent infrastructural and functional areas. Several power stations and a sewage treatment facility are strategically positioned to meet the energy requirements and environmental management needs of the industrial core. Next to them is a gasoline service station and an agroecological zone, suggesting a convergence of energy distribution with environmentally friendly farming methods. The coexistence of unplanned communities nearby may demonstrate the reciprocal relationship between socio-economic factors and the impact of the industrial complex. Commercial retail shops provide customer interaction with the industrial environment. Additionally, a stadium is there, perhaps functioning as a community or recreational area amid this mostly industrial environment. Furthermore, designating an oil pipeline as a restricted area emphasizes the crucial significance of the facility in the broader energy infrastructure. These factors represent a complex and interconnected network of industrial, ecological, and social components surrounding the Hamdan industrial complex.

Figure 2

Integrative urban planning in Hamadan industrial city.

5.2 Spatial layout, facilities, and environmental management

The Hamdan industrial complex is surrounded by infrastructure and environmental factors. The facility is next to a wastewater treatment plant, demonstrating the region’s dedication to environmental responsibility and the proactive handling of industrial waste. Figure 2 shows Hamadan industrial city’s integrated industrial, residential, and service infrastructure. The graphic shows an industrial complex with energy and waste management infrastructure and a power station in the manufacturing core, demonstrating how energy-intensive industrial activity is. This northwest-located sewage treatment facility demonstrates environmental management and sustainable industrial effluent treatment. The restricted oil pipeline beside the complex emphasizes energy supply and safety. To the east, commercial retail outlets show the economic connectivity between industry and consumer services, giving a comprehensive microcosm of urban life around the industrial nexus. This chart depicts Hamadan industrial city’s urban characteristics’ interdependence. The Hamdan industrial complex and its surroundings form an interconnected network necessary for its functioning and adaptation.

In addition to its role as a center for essential services, which includes the General Automobile Company and an oil storage facility, the Hamdan industrial complex is also home for several other commercial enterprises. It is important to note that it demonstrates a dedication to ecological integration, as shown by the inclusion of green areas and the deliberate protection of undeveloped stretches of land. The complex’s commitment to supporting industrial expansion while preserving the environment is shown by the purposeful spatial arrangement interconnected seamlessly by a complete street network. Figure 3 presents the proportional distribution of land utilization within the Hamadan industrial city. Each bar in the graph corresponds to a distinct category of land use, ranging from workshops and manufacturing facilities to green areas and service zones. The chart shows that the largest proportion of land is allocated to repair and maintenance workshops for cars, followed by carpentry workshops, laboratories, and stores. Notable too is the significant allocation for a green belt, underscoring an emphasis on sustainable urban design. Less land is devoted to on-site services like firefighting, gas stations, and restaurants. The smallest proportions are attributed to unused land and miscellaneous stores, reflecting a high degree of land utilization within the industrial city. This visualization is a clear representation of how space is allocated across various industrial and support functions in the city. Notably, it also incorporates ecological and recreational areas, such as the green belt and unused land, which demonstrates the incorporation of environmental issues into the layout of the industrial facility. This picture highlights the multi-functional environment of the complex, which strives to strike a balance between ecological, economic, and industrial components.

Figure 3

Land use distribution in Hamadan industrial city: According to the field survey.

Based on an extensive field survey conducted within the Hamdan industrial city, it has been determined that approximately 934 diverse workshops are operational, specializing in the repair and maintenance of various types of automobiles. This finding highlights a significant concentration of automotive service facilities in this industrial zone. A comprehensive field survey by the authors was used to compile the information shown in Table 1, which is an exhaustive listing of auto repair businesses. This classification system classifies these workshops as new or old industrial workshops and washing and lubricating workshops. It also provides information on the number of workshops, their individual and total areas, and their proportion of the total occupied space. Comprehending the location and size of these workshops, which reflects the dynamics of the automobile repair business, requires these data, which are vital for understanding the situation. When making educated judgments about the sector’s future and its space’s design, stakeholders, urban planners, and politicians may benefit tremendously from having access to such information.

The “Number of Workshops” column in this table meticulously enumerates the total count of individual workshops within each specified category. The term “Individual Workshop Area” refers to the spatial dimensions associated with each workshop unit. Subsequently, the “Total Area” is calculated by multiplying the number of workshops by the area of each unit, thereby deriving the cumulative spatial expanse occupied by all the workshops within a specific category. Furthermore, the “Percentage of Total Area” column offers a quantitative depiction of the fraction of the total area that is occupied by all workshops belonging to each designated group. This tabular arrangement offers a sturdy framework from an academic standpoint, and it differentiates between the many sorts of workshops. It comprehensively analyzes their distribution, individual dimensions, and collective spatial influence within the more significant industrial environment.

5.3 Proportional distribution and “HIC” zoning analysis

The Basra Municipality Directorate has conducted a comprehensive zoning analysis, delineating the distribution of various facilities and their spatial footprints within the designated area. This analysis is pivotal in understanding the urban landscape and planning needs. The findings are categorized as follows:

1. Urban infrastructure distribution:

   • Roadways represent 25% of the total area, indicating a significant investment in transportation infrastructure.

   • Facilities with diverse functionalities comprise 63% of the site, reflecting a multi-dimensional urban development approach.

   • Green spaces and open areas constitute 12%, underscoring the integration of environmental considerations in urban planning.

2. Allocations for repair and maintenance facilities:

   • Designated areas for spare tool shops are approximately 120 m² per establishment.

   • Repair and maintenance shops are allocated 96 m² each.

   • Washing and lubricating workshops are 720 m² per unit.

   • Comprehensive repair agencies are provided with a significant area of 960 m² each.

3. Project area percentage analysis:

   • These spatial allocations were derived from an extensive field survey focusing on the existing repair shops and facilities.

   • The survey also considers the need for expanding certain areas to meet the increasing demand and the current service gaps in catering to customer needs.

This detailed zoning analysis provides crucial insights into the urban structure and service distribution within the Basra Municipality, highlighting potential growth areas and the need for strategic urban planning to enhance service delivery and environmental sustainability.

5.4 Assessment of infrastructure services in the industrial zone

This section delineates a critical analysis of the existing infrastructure services within the industrial zone, highlighting the challenges and disparities in service provision:

1. Water infrastructure evaluation:

   • The older sector of the industrial zone is serviced by an antiquated and deteriorating water network, highlighting a significant deficiency in maintaining essential infrastructure.

   • In marked discrepancy, the nascent developed sectors of the zone exhibit a deficiency in water supply infrastructure, reflecting an oversight in anticipatory urban planning and development strategies.

2. Electricity supply analysis:

   • The industrial zone experiences programmed electricity outages, a critical issue that significantly hampers industrial productivity and operational efficiency. This intermittent power supply underscores the need for a more robust and reliable electrical infrastructure to support industrial activities.

3. Sewage system overview:

   • A conspicuous absence of a sewage network is observed despite the proximity of a main sewage treatment facility. This paradoxical situation reflects a severe oversight in infrastructural planning and poses substantial environmental and health risks. This assessment underscores the urgent need for infrastructural upgrades and strategic planning in the industrial zone to ensure sustainable industrial growth and environmental compliance.

4. Infrastructure analysis in the industrial area

   • Water infrastructure: The existing water network in the older sector contrasts starkly with its absence in the newer sector. This discrepancy necessitates strategic planning for equitable water distribution and network modernization, ensuring reliable water supply across the entire industrial area.

   • Electricity supply: The industrial area faces programmed electricity outages, severely impacting manufacturing processes. Addressing these disruptions is critical, possibly through enhanced electrical infrastructure or integrating alternative energy sources, to ensure a consistent and reliable power supply.

   • Sewerage system: Despite the proximity to a central sewage filtering facility, the industrial area lacks a comprehensive sewage network, posing environmental and health risks. Developing an efficient sewage system is essential for effective waste management and compliance with environmental standards.

   • Improving these infrastructure elements is vital for the operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, and future growth of the industrial area. It requires a balanced approach encompassing technological upgrades, policy reform, and sustainable infrastructure development.

5.5 Infrastructure services and urban planning

This analysis outlines the spatial distribution and allocation of various establishments within the Basra Municipality site, as defined by the Directorate of Basra Municipality.

1. Site composition

   • Roads: Comprising 25% of the total area, highlighting infrastructure focus on accessibility.

   • Diverse installations: Occupying 63%, these represent the site’s emphasis on economic activity.

   • Green spaces and open areas: Making up 12%, indicating a balance between urban development and environmental consideration.

2. Repair and maintenance services allocation

   • Spare tools shops: Allocated 120 m² each.

   • Repair and maintenance shops: Provided with 96 m² per shop.

   • Washing and lubrication workshops: Given 720 m² each.

   • Integrated repair agencies: Allotted 960 m² per agency.

3. Project area proportions:

   • Based on a field survey, these proportions consider the need for expanded space in certain areas to meet increasing demand and service capacity. This distribution reflects strategic urban planning within the municipality, balancing economic activities with infrastructural and environmental needs. The adjustments in space allocation for certain services demonstrate a responsive approach to evolving urban demands. Table 2 shows the predominance of urban automobile service workshops by type. The workshops are categorized by their main purpose, their typical settings, and their environmental implications. Spare tool shops are ubiquitous and located in high-traffic locations, but repair garages, both small and big, have a greater environmental effect and may require specialized environmental management. Eco-friendly car washing and lubrication workshops are strategically situated on important roads. This table helps urban development and environmental management by identifying automobile service hubs and assessing their environmental effect. This thorough table is a valuable tool for understanding the business’s structure, the industry’s spatial dynamics, and the industry’s environmental consequences. It is necessary for academic study and the formation of policy in the field of urban and environmental planning.

5.6 Integrative urban services

It was limited to the presence of some services in a simplified and non-integrated manner with the urban planning and design of the city and the absence of other integrated urban services – from the existing services in a simplified form (fire station, gas station, mosque, and popular restaurants). Table 3 is an organized representation of how space is utilized for essential services in Hamadan industrial city, reflecting the area each service occupies as a percentage of the total available space. It shows that among the facilities listed, the fuel service station takes up the most area, followed by the fire station, restaurants, and the mosque, in descending order of space occupied. The data suggest a prioritization of services related to safety, refueling needs, dining, and religious practices within the urban infrastructure. This information can be instrumental for city planners and officials to understand the distribution of community services and to guide future urban development initiatives, where urban planners, policymakers, and academics need such data to evaluate the infrastructure layout and its consequences for community accessibility, resource management, and overall urban growth in the area. These data are essential for analyzing the layout of the infrastructure.

Table 4 offers a detailed breakdown of the types and quantities of industrial and research facilities within Hamadan industrial city, alongside their respective spatial footprints and contributions to the total area dedicated to laboratory and workshop spaces. This table categorizes facilities into six main types, ranging from flour mills and construction material labs to forging factories and miscellaneous research units, highlighting the diversity and specialization of the city’s industrial sector. The data, collected through a comprehensive field survey, underscore the significant allocation of space to forging workshops, which occupy the largest percentage of the total laboratory area, illustrating a major focus on metalworking within the city’s industrial landscape. This information is invaluable for understanding the industrial composition and research capabilities of Hamadan industrial city, providing insights into its operational focus and potential areas for development or investment. This systematic compilation and analysis aim to provide in-depth knowledge of the industrial and research environment in the Hamdan industrial city “HIC.” This understanding highlights these specialized facilities’ variety, scope, and dispersion. For academic research, the formulation of policy, and strategic planning in the context of industrial development and scientific innovation, information of this level of specificity is of the utmost significance.

Figure 4 presents a comprehensive zoning map of Hamadan industrial city, articulated through a color-coded schema that indicates the purpose and categorization of various sectors within the industrial complex. The vibrant green areas denote operational zones primarily dedicated to manufacturing and processing activities, reflecting the city’s industrial vitality. Contrasting blue areas signify administrative and possibly research divisions, illustrating the intellectual and managerial backbone of the city. Yellow blocks may represent auxiliary services or utility zones, crucial for supporting the infrastructure of a fully functioning industrial environment. Red sections could indicate high-priority or emergency services, essential for maintaining safety and efficiency. The expanse of white indicates undeveloped or potential expansion zones, offering insights into future growth opportunities within the industrial city. The black background enhances the visual demarcation of zones, ensuring clear distinction and ease of interpretability. This figure serves as a strategic tool for urban planners, investors, and policymakers, enabling a nuanced understanding of the industrial city’s spatial dynamics and providing a foundation for strategic development, operational management, and future expansion planning.

Figure 4

Zoning and functional layout of Hamadan industrial city (source: Empirical field survey).

An exhaustive field study was conducted to determine the labor deployment and parking facility allocation across various automobile repair workshops in a particular jurisdiction. Table 5 shows Hamadan industrial city’s service sector parking spots and workers. It illustrates the city’s automobile service sector infrastructure, including parking and labor distribution. Mechanical services employ the most people, followed by paint, plumbing, and bodywork. The chart shows the operating capacity and workforce distribution, demonstrating the city’s dedication to a strong automotive services industry.

This table shows Hamadan industrial city’s service sector parking spots and workers. It illustrates the city’s automobile service sector infrastructure. A statistic indicates the operational capability for accommodating automobiles, and the table provides information about the number of parking spots available for each service specialty specifically. At the same time, it reveals the workforce complement, which sheds information on the human resources employed within each service domain. This systematic tabulation aims to give a scholarly insight into the labor allocations and infrastructure provisions necessary for evaluating the car repair workshops’ service readiness and operational capabilities. It provides a nuanced perspective on the industry’s readiness to fulfill the needs of the automotive service industry by highlighting the interaction between the physical infrastructure and the human capital present within the sector.

5.7 Evaluating the impact of sustainable industrial strategies on Hamadan industrial city: A pre- and post-implementation stud

Table 6 compares strategic actions in Hamadan industrial city’s environmental, economic, social, and industrial areas before and after policy implementation. It shows significant gains in these areas, from high carbon emissions and poor waste management to a more ecologically friendly atmosphere. As urban and industrial sectors collaborate more, economic activity has grown. Enhancements in social welfare are evident through improved housing quality, augmented services, and reduced congestion. Concurrently, the amalgamation of urban development has catalyzed industrial innovation within the city. This table shows how policy execution has improved urban–industrial synergy in the city. Progress was made in social welfare, which included improvements in social services and living situations, as well as fundamental issues such as housing and congestion. A surge in innovation was supported by urban–industrial integration, which led to a shift from the restricted scope of innovations in industries that were caused by isolation.

6.1 Carbon emissions and energy efficiency

Carbon emissions were selected as the major variable because of the considerable influence they have on the environment and the significance they have to SDGs on a global scale. A decrease in emissions by 25% was achieved with the implementation of energy-efficient devices. There is a close relationship between this variable and energy efficiency, which was shown to have improved by 20%. The decrease in the amount of energy that is consumed for each unit of industrial production not only contributes to the achievement of environmental goals but also demonstrates the economic benefits that originate from lower operating expenses.

6.2 Water use

Water efficiency techniques were employed, which resulted in a 30% reduction in water use. Given the limited availability of water resources in the area, this variable was of utmost importance, and as a result, it was an essential component in determining whether industrial operations are sustainable.

6.3 Waste output

The decrease in waste output by 15% was accomplished by the utilization of industrial synergy, which includes the incorporation of waste products from one process into another process as raw materials. This technique not only lessens the influence on the environment but also lowers the expenses associated with waste treatment and the acquisition of raw materials, which exemplifies the interdependence of these factors on both the economy and the environment.

Four social variables were taken into consideration while evaluating the social implications of incorporating sustainable practices. The employment rate was the primary variable. The larger socio-economic benefits of sustainable industrial growth are shown by the fact that employment rates in the industrial sectors have increased by 18%, notably in occupations related to technology and sustainability. It is important to note that the rise in employment is connected to both the economic viability and the social stability of the city. This highlights the fact that industrial sustainability adds to the overall socio-economic resilience of the system.

7.1 Potential outcomes in the future and appropriate solutions

The study proposes strategic future visioning and corrective activities. This research has developed a comprehensive and scalable framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices into urban areas, as shown by Hamadan industrial city. The report emphasizes the need for creative, intersectoral collaboration and strong policies to build resilient and sustainable industrial–urban ecosystems, which will play a key role in global industrial sustainability. Table 10 presents a strategy framework for sustainable urban–industrial expansion, including projected future trends and practical initiatives. It proposes changes and technical integrations to apply the successful Hamadan model to new situations. On the other hand, it suggests policy innovation, community-centric equality frameworks, and resilience building. This complete tableau shows stakeholders how multidisciplinary methodologies, smart technology, and inclusive policies can create a sustainable symbiosis between urban and industrial growth. It summarizes the research’s key results and recommendations to help urban planners, legislators, and industry executives integrate industrial activities within urban settings.

This table provides a concise summary of the study’s vision for future routes and solutions that may be implemented to achieve sustainable urban–industrial growth.