Startseite Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
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Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study

  • Naseer W. Obaid EMAIL logo und Mishaal A. Abdulkareem
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 6. März 2024
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Open Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

This study uses solar energy to convert steam from a saturated to a superheated state using a solar steam superheater system. This collector system comprised a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity. The parabolic dish is of 2 m diameter and 0.83 m focal distance, covered with a reflective surface made of 1,283 rectangular pieces of mirrors, each of 3.5 cm × 4 cm that were fixed in place with glue type (FnTai). The receiver is a stainless-steel cylindrical cavity having a diameter of 17 cm and a length of 25 cm. A helical copper coil with a diameter of 10 mm and a length of 6 m was inserted inside the cylindrical cavity. The experimental work utilized saturated steam produced separately from an auxiliary electric boiler system, which was made along with other system components. A 0.011 kg/s of saturated steam at a temperature of 112°C enters the copper coil and is heated by the solar radiation reflected by the parabolic dish onto the receiver. As a result, the temperature of the steam is increased to 169.5°C at the receiver outlet. It was found that the collector efficiency is 55.6%. In addition, the convection and radiation heat losses are 12.14 and 10.98%, respectively. Also, the heat losses of (spillage, reflection, and conduction) were estimated to be 21.18%. The mass flow rate and pressure of the saturated steam from the boiler and entering the receiver affected the superheated steam production process. The process of superheating the steam, coupled with the subsequent improvement in thermal performance, indicates an increased efficiency of the collector. This is achieved by boosting the generation of useful heat and mitigating heat losses.

Keywords: superheated steam; steam generation; cylindrical cavity receiver; parabolic dish; solar dish

1 Introduction

There has been a growing demand for renewable energy due to pollution and the expensive fuel cost. In many countries, hydropower is used where large hydropower plants are located, including pumped storage [1], but small hydropower systems are equally popular, ensuring greater dispersion of the energy system, as exemplified by the following works [2,3]. Currently, there is a noticeable increase in interest in wind energy systems, especially in European Union countries. In this respect, apart from typical propeller systems [4], one can find studies on alternative solutions, such as the study by Michael et al. [5]. Various aspects of the technical operation conditions of wind turbines and photovoltaic (PV) as a sustainable energy system were presented by Piotrowska et al. [6]. Finally, solar energy conversion systems have enormous potential. There are known scientific works on the use of PV systems to power residential and commercial buildings [7] and in terms of their resistance to damage [8]. Some research studies focus on the use of PV systems for transport, such as research on the effectiveness of carports for charging electric vehicle batteries [9,10,11]. A completely different issue is the use of solar energy to produce ecological hydrogen [12] and application on urban bus [13].

One of the renewable energy sources in the world is solar thermal radiation [14]. In this research, the focus is on solar energy. A solar steam superheater system is a technology designed to enhance the concentration of solar radiation. Solar dishes are designed to strategically guide solar energy toward a focal point by encasing the outside surface of the dish in curved glass mirrors. Then, the concentrated heat energy is passed to the absorber that is located at the focus point, which results in a significant increase in temperature. As a result of the absorber’s capacity to attain high temperatures, the solar dish, which is also referred to as a parabolic dish, is a cutting-edge device that concentrates a direct solar beam onto a single spot.

It is remarkable that the solar dish is efficient since it reflects practically all of the sun radiation that is incident onto it. This great efficiency is one of the factors that adds to the system’s overall performance. The optimization of the architecture of the technology makes it possible to concentrate solar energy at the focus point. This results in higher temperatures, which may be exploited for a variety of applications, including the generation of steam. As a whole, the solar dish is a promising and cutting-edge technology for capturing solar energy for practical applications because of its efficiency and its capacity to concentrate solar radiation.

Several researchers, including previous studies [15,16,17,18,19], have undertaken studies that have comprehensively investigated the aspects that influence the solar dish concentrator design. A number of characteristics were thoroughly explored within this scope. These parameters included the selection of the reflector material, the concentrator size and the dimensions of the aperture area, the focal distance of the concentrator reflector, the concentration ratio, and the diameter of the receiver. The primary purpose of these queries was to assist in enhancing the overall design and configuration of solar dishes integrated with a receiver. A set of experiments were conducted for a solar cooker with a porous absorption plate [20].

A thermodynamic optimization model was created by Ahmadi et al. [21], Stirling system of a solar dish. This model considered the impact of finite heat transfer averages and reformative heat loss inside the engine. The construction of this model was undertaken with the intention of improving the system’s performance as a whole. After conducting their research [22], Kumar and Yadav investigated receiver sizes that ranged from 0.150 m to 0.228 m to 0.304 m. Intriguing discoveries were made as a result of the investigation, which revealed that the receiver with a diameter of 0.15 m displayed the highest temperatures. Furthermore, it was noted that the exterior temperature of the receiver was simultaneously influenced by the intensity of the solar radiation as well as the speed of the wind.

Many researchers have concentrated their efforts on developing practical applications for solar thermal energy. Using a solar concentrator dish to generate steam was the subject of an experimental investigation that Sada and Sa’ad-Aldeen [23] carried out. The dish, made from aluminum, had a diameter of 1.7 m and was covered with glue mirror fixed pieces. The dish concentrated solar radiation and reflected it onto a 12.5 mm diameter and 3 m long helical copper coil. The coil was placed inside a cylindrical vessel made from aluminum with a diameter of 20 cm and a length of 60 cm. Water is transformed into steam inside the coil due to heating, and in the remaining section of the coil, the steam undergoes superheating at 115.7°C.

Designed and tested the parabolic dish is made from plywood with an area of 14 m2) and coated with a silver polymer film. The receiver is cylindrical and made from stainless steel with a diameter of 25.4 cm and a length of 29.2 cm. The copper coil length was 15 m, and the diameter was 0.6 cm inside the receiver. Sodium nitrate was used to fill the cylindrical cavity, serving as a heat storage and transfer medium. The test results for the steady state of water’s different mass flow rates (1.1, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 LPM) showed that the water temperature at the outlet is less than 100°C. Several experiments were performed to generate superheated steam. In the test, the receiver was heated before pointing it away from the sun and then allowing water to enter the receiver. The steam was superheated in the boiler coils before exiting the receiver. The system achieved a thermal efficiency of 39% [24].

Studied the effect of changing the reflective surface of two parabolic dishes with a similar diameter (2 m) and focal length (1 m). The first was covered with a mirror-reflective surface, and the second was covered with a Miller paper-reflective surface. The efficiency was 73% for the first dish and 61% for the second dish. The final energy generated for both parabolic dishes was 1,853 and 1,551 W, respectively [25].

Carried out the experimental work using a parabolic solar concentrator with different receiver capacities to heat and boil water. A parabolic solar concentrator has a diameter of 96 cm and a focal length of 72 cm, and glossy aluminum foil was used as a reflective surface. Metal tin cans in two sizes (1 and 2 L) were employed as the absorptive receiver. The maximum water temperature obtained was 101°C [26].

Conducted a design and evaluation of a steam power station using a solar dish concentrator to replace traditional boilers. The solar dish has a diameter of 3 m with a focal length of 1.41 m and aperture area of the conical cavity receiver of 0.071 m2. A station on a small scale was constructed, generating electricity from solar energy with higher efficiency than solar cells. Experimental results demonstrated that in December, the generator produced a maximum power output of 963 W; in June, the generator reached its peak power output at 1803.5 W. The system showed potential for commercial use, offering renewable energy generation, reduced emissions, and decreased reliance on fossil fuels [27].

This work will use solar energy to convert steam from a saturated to a superheated state using a solar steam superheater system. This collector system will comprise a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity. Based on earlier investigations, modifications were implemented in designing the solar steam superheater system components to enhance thermal performance by increasing collector efficiency. Additional details of the methodology of the current work are provided in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Flowchart for the present research.
Figure 1

Flowchart for the present research.

2 Theoretical analysis

2.1 Parabolic dish

The process of concentrating solar radiation using a parabolic dish solar concentrator is based on the geometry of the parabola. The parabola is a curve formed by a point moving so that its distance is equal between a fixed line and a fixed point. In this case, the straight fixed line is referred to as the directrix, and the stationary point is known as the “focus F,” as shown in Figure 2. The length FR equals the length (RM). The curve known as the parabola intersects its central line at a point called the “vertex” (v). This vertex is precisely halfway between the “focus” and the “directrix” [28]. The parabola axis is a line perpendicular to the directrix and passing through the focus F. This geometry concentrates the sun’s rays onto a focal point, resulting in high temperatures and energy generation. The following definitions and terms are essential and valuable about parabolic dish solar concentrators [29]. The aperture area of a dish concentrator (m2) refers to the overall surface area of the concentrator that is exposed to solar radiation and captures solar energy (A dish). The diameter of a dish concentrator’s aperture is indicated by “D” in Figure 2. The focal length (f) refers to the distance VF between the center point of a curved surface and the point where the light rays converge, known as the focus. The rim angle of the dish (ψ) is used in solar concentrators, which refers to the degree to which the primary parabola curve is cut off. The curve’s height (h) determines the maximum distance between the vertex of a parabola and a line extended across its aperture. Obtaining these parameters involves the following method [28,29].

Figure 2 Parabola dish.
Figure 2

Parabola dish.

If the vertex V is chosen as the origin and the x-axis is aligned with the central line of the parabolic shape, then the mathematical expression that defines the parabolic curve can be represented as follows:

(1) y 2 = 4 ( fx ) .

When the origin is moved to the focus F point, which is a common practice in optical analyses, and position the vertex to the left of this starting point, the mathematical expression representing a parabola changes to be:

(2) y 2 = 4 f ( x + f ) .

While describing polar coordinates, where the customary interpretation is that “r” represents the distance from the starting point and “θ” is the angle from the horizontal axis to “r,” the following equation for a parabola positioned at the starting point and displaying symmetry around the x-axis is as follows:

(3) sin 2 θ cos θ = 4 f r .

In solar research, it is frequently more practical to establish the starting point of a parabolic curve at the focus (F) rather than at the conventional origin. The angle (ψ) is determined by measuring from the VF line, and the parabolic radius (p) signifies the length from the focus F to the curve. When changing the reference point to the focus F, the following mathematical expression has been emerged:

(4) P = 2 f 1 + cos ψ .

A parabola seems almost flat and stretches a long distance between its edges. When picking out a particular part of this curved shape, it can measure its tallness “h” by finding the farthest distance from the middle to a line across the widest part. This tallness of the curved shape can be described using its distant middle point and how wide it is across the following [17]:

(5) h = d 2 16 f ,

where f represents the focal length of the parabola, which is the distance between the vertex V and the focus F. The rim angle (ψ rim) can be expressed by:

(6) [ tan ψ rim = 1 / ( D / 8 h ) − ( 2 h / D ) ] .

An additional characteristic of the parabola that could help comprehend the design of solar concentrators is the arc length “S.” It can be determined for a specific parabola by integrating a small curve segment and using the boundaries x = h and y = d 2 . The outcome will be as follows [29]:

(7) S = d 2 4 h d 2 + 1 + 2 f ln 4 h d 4 h d 2 + 1 .

The concentration ratio (C) is a term commonly used to describe how much solar energy is concentrated by a specific collector. The concentration ratio specifically refers to the ratio between the collector aperture area (A dish) and the surface area of the receiver (A rec). This ratio can be calculated directly using the following equation [17,30]:

(8) C = A dish A rec .

3 Receiver energy balance

Using receivers with cavities as solar energy collectors is beneficial as it helps to minimize heat losses [31]. Therefore, assessing the heat losses that occur through three heat transfer methods (conduction, convection, and radiation) is essential for optimizing the design of the receivers. The total heat flux solar radiation on the parabolic dish can be calculated using equation (9), and the concentrated solar flux Q in can be fully converted into radiative flux, expressed by equation (10). Assuming the concentrator reflectivity (ρ) is (95%) [32], and solar irradiation (E s) is (800 W/m2), then [33]:

(9) Q T = E s A dish ,

where Q T is the total heat flux (W).

(10) Q in = E s ρ C A rec .

The heat equilibrium in the solar cavity receiver is stated in the next way when it reaches a stable state:

(11) Q in = Q u + Σ Q loss ,

where Q in represents the amount of solar energy concentrated onto the receiver, and Q u refers to the valuable heat energy that can be determined using equation (12), when h out and h in are the enthalpy of outlet steam and the enthalpy of inlet steam, respectively:

(12) Q u = ṁ s ( h out − h in ) ,

where ṁ s is the mass flow rate of steam (kg/s).

ΣQ loss is the total cylinder cavity heat loss to the environment. It can be described by equation (13). All of the solar energy Q in that enters the cylindrical cavity shown in Figure 3(a) is entirely transformed into radiative flux, which is exchanged between the inner environment and the inner surface of the cavity:

(13) Σ Q loss = Q inconv + Q inrad + Q outconv + Q src .

where Q inconv and Q inrad refer to the convection and radiation losses from the internal surface, respectively, and Q outconv refers to the convection outer surface of the cylindrical cavity, as shown in Figure 3(a). The total amount of heat from the solar radiation falling on the parabolic dish and the amount of heat reflected from it entering the receiver, in addition to the total amount of heat lost from the receiver, are displayed in Figure 3(b). Q src is the heat loss from spillage, reflection, and conduction. It can be defined in the following:

Figure 3 (a) Diagram of a cylindrical cavity receiver and (b) schematic diagram of solar radiation.
Figure 3

(a) Diagram of a cylindrical cavity receiver and (b) schematic diagram of solar radiation.

3.1 Spillage

It is the energy reflected by the heliostats but not intercepted by the receiver heat-transport fluid. The reflected rays may miss the receiver or fall outside an aperture (in a cavity receiver). Spillage may be caused by heliostat tracking error due to control system errors, wind effects, and steering backlash. It is normally less than 5%.

3.2 Reflection

It is the energy scattered back from the receiver heat-transfer surface. It is minimized by painting these surfaces with high-absorptivity paint. It is normally less than 5% in a well-designed system.

3.3 Conduction

It is the energy lost internally by heat conduction from the hot surface of the receiver to the structure members of the receiver tower. It is normally less than 1%.

Q inconv is the heat lost due to natural convection inside the receiver cavity, which can be expressed using the following equation:

(14) Q inconv = h inconv A i ( T wi − T amb ) ,

where T wi is the cavity internal wall temperature (K), T amb is the ambient temperature (K), and A i is the internal area of cavity.

The convective heat transfer coefficient inside cylinder cavity h inconv, which is determined by the Nusselt number, can be determined using the following equation:

(15) h inconv = Nu inconv K air D icy .

The correlation provides the Nusselt number for the convection heat loss inside the cavity [34], as shown in the following equation:

(16) Nu inconv = 0.088 Gr 1 / 3 T wi T amb 0.18 ( cos φ ) 2.47 D icy L cy s ,

where D icy is the internal diameter of cylindrical (m), L cy is the length of the cylinder (m), and K air is the thermal conductivity of air (W/m k), and φ represents the angle of the cavity’s slope, which ranges between 0 and π/2 radians, denoting the cavity inclination [34].

(17) S = 1.12 – 0.98 D icy L cy .

The value of the Grashof number is provided by equation (18), and the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be expressed in equation (19) [35]:

(18) Gr = L cy 3 g β ( T wi − T amb ) ν air 2 ,

(19) β = 1 T amb ,

where g is the acceleration of gravity (m/s2) and v air is the kinematic viscosity (m2/s).

The radiation heat loss inside the cylindrical cavity ( Q inrad , ) is shown in equation (20) [32], produced between the absorber copper coil and the ambient in the cavity, from surface to surface between the absorber copper coil turns. The cavity’s effective emissivity ( ϵ eff ) is expressed in equation (21) [36]:

(20) Q inrad = ϵ eff σ A i ( T wi 4 − T amb 4 ) ,

(21) ϵ eff = ( 1 − ϵ w ) / ϵ w 1 + 4 L cy D iy + 1 − 1 ,

where ϵ w is the emissivity of the material used to make the cavity (0.3) [32]. The heat losses from the outer wall of the receiver cylindrical cavity are expressed in the following equation:

(22) Q outconv = Q outconvr + Q outconvb .

The heat lost radially through the receiver outer surface ( Q outconvr ) can be described using the following equation:

(23) Q outconvr = h outconvr A o ( T wi − T amb ) .

The heat transfer coefficient h outconvr , which describes the heat transfer rate radially through the receiver’s external surface A o , can be expressed using the thermal resistances as follows:

(24) h outconvr A o = 1 R T ,

(25) R T = 1 R tub + R wcy + R iso + R ext .

where R wcy represents the thermal resistance of the cylindrical cavity wall, R tub denotes the thermal resistance of the tube, R iso denotes the radial thermal insulator resistance, and R ext denotes the radial external ambient resistance. The heat transfer coefficient on the outer surface of the cylindrical cavity, h out , as mentioned in equation (25), and the external thermal resistance R ext can be calculated by h outr :

(26) h outr = h outr cv + h outr ra ,

where h outr cv represents the heat transfer coefficient by the radial convection of the outer surface, which can be calculated using the Nusselt number developed by Chruchill and Chu [37], as shown in equation (27):

(27) Nu = 0.6 + 0.387 Ra 1 / 6 ( 1 + ( 0.559 / pr ) 9 / 16 ) 8 / 27 2 ,

(28) h outr cv = Nu K air D eiso .

Equation (29) provides the Rayleigh number value, and h outr ra can represent the radial radiative heat transfer coefficient in equation (30) [37].

(29) Ra = g β ( T eiso − T amb ) D eiso 3 ν air 2 pr air ,

(30) h outr ra = σ ϵ iso ( T 4 eiso − T 4 amb ) ( T eiso − T amb ) ,

where D eiso is the outside diameter of insulator, T eiso is the outside temperature of insulator, pr air is the Prandtl number of air, σ is the Stephan–Boltzmann constant equal to 5.6 × 10 − 8 W m 2 k 4 ,   and ϵ iso is the emissivity of glass wool 0.0343 W m . k [38]. In addition, Q outconvb is the heat lost through the outer surface of the bottom cylindrical, as shown in the following equation:

(31) Q outconvb = h outconvb A wb ( T wi − T amb ) ,

where A wb is the bottom wall area.

(32) h outconvb A wb = 1 R T ,

(33) R T = 1 R wb + R isob + R exb .

The heat transfer coefficient on the bottom external surface, h outb , can be determined in equation (34), and the external bottom thermal resistance R exb can be calculated by h outb . Also, the thermal resistance of the wall and that of insulation bottom surface cylindrical are R wb and R isob , respectively:

(34) h outb = h outb cv + h outb ra ,

h outb is calculated by correlating the Nusselt number proposed by Fujii and Imura [39], which allows for the estimation of the heat transfer coefficient due to natural convection on a downward-facing inclined plate within the range of ( 10 5 < Gr Pr cos ϕ < 10 11 ):

(35) N u = ( G r P r cos Φ ) 1 / 2 ,

where

10 5 < G r P r cos Φ > 10 11

(36) h outb cv = Nu K air D eisob ,

(37) Gr = g β ( T eisob − T amb ) D eisob 3 ν air 2 ,

(38) Pr = M air cp air K air ,

h ot b ra is the radiation heat transfer coefficient, which can be calculated by the following equation:

(39) h outb ra = σ ϵ iso ( T 4 eisob − T 4 amb ) ( T eisob − T amb ) ,

where T eisob is the bottom outside temperature of insulator, D eisob is the bottom outside diameter of insulator, M air is the dynamic viscosity (kg/m s), and cp air is the specific heat of air (J/kg K).

(40) Q src = Q sp + Q ref + Q cond ,

where Q src is the heat losses from spillage, reflection, and conduction; and Q ref is the reflected radiation heat loss from the cavity aperture to the environment, and it can be expressed using the following equation [40]:

(41) Q ref = h ref A i ( T wi − T amb ) ,

h ref is the heat transfer coefficient of reflection heat losses, as mentioned in equation (42), which can be determined using the following formula:

(42) h ref = Nu K air D icy .

Nu is calculated by Wu et al. [41], as shown in the following equation, which can empirically predict the Nusselt number for reflection heat loss inside a cylindrical cavity:

(43) Nu = 0.000154 Gr 0.627 ( 2 + cos φ ) − 1.054 ( 1 + ϵ p ) 0.313 AR 1.638 .

The aperture ratio (AR) is the relation between the aperture diameter and the internal diameter of the cavity, and collector efficiency refers to the proportion of solar radiation that falls on a parabolic dish and is effectively converted into proper heat, as shown in the following equation:

(44) η c = Q u Q T .

The difference in temperature between a superheated steam and saturated steam at the same pressure is called the degree of superheated. It is expressed in the following equation:

(45) Degree of superheated = ( T steam – T sat ) ,

where T steam is the temperature of outlet steam (°C) and T sat is the temperature of saturated steam (°C).

3.4 Boundary layer theory

The boundary layer is a thin layer of fluid adjacent to a surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. It is an important concept in fluid dynamics and aerodynamics. Fractals, on the other hand, are geometric patterns that exhibit self-similarity at different scales [42].

3.5 Theory of fractal boundary layers

In the theory of fractal boundary layers, researchers may be investigating the presence of recurring patterns within the structure of the boundary layer. This could entail examining the intricate and complex formations within the boundary layer by employing fractal geometry. The concept revolves around the notion that certain patterns within the boundary layer may display a self-repeating nature across various scales, akin to the characteristics observed in fractals.

Fractal calculus is applied to investigate a boundary layer of viscous fluid that lacks smoothness. A modified form of the Blasius equation, incorporating fractal–fractional elements, is proposed and solved through analytical methods. The findings indicate that a non-smooth boundary has the potential to result in reduced friction. The introduction of fractal boundary layer theory paves the way for a novel approach to optimizing the design of high-speed surfaces with minimal friction [43,44].

4 Experimental setup

4.1 Parabolic dish

This experiment uses a solar dish made of galvanized steel with a diameter of 2 m, as shown in Figure 4. The solar parabolic dish uses a reflective surface made of 1,283 mirrors, each of a thickness of 2 mm that have been cut into small geometric shapes, each 3.5 cm × 4 cm that fits into the parabola’s curved surface and held in place with high-quality glue (FnTai). Table 1 displays the measurements utilized to create the components of the system. In order to ensure that the sun’s rays continue to focus on the receiver’s aperture, the sun must be tracked with two axes. The two-axis sun-tracking mechanism allows the parabolic dish and the receiver to rotate and axis around the vertical axis to obtain the sun’s height.

Figure 4 Solar parabolic dish.
Figure 4

Solar parabolic dish.

Table 1

Dimension of parabolic dish

Parameter Dimensions Units
Aperture area of parabola dish ( A dish ) 3.14 m2
Diameter of parabola dish (D) 2 m
Rim angle (ψ) 62 degree
Depth of parabola (h) 0.30 m
Focal distance (f) 0.83 m
Concentration ratio (C) 138 dimensionless

4.2 Receiver

The receiver is one of the most important parts of solar steam superheater system. When achieving the best design for the receiver, reducing the heat lost is essential. It can be accomplished by making the receiver smaller, using smaller copper coil diameters, and increasing its length. The most significant contributors to heat loss in the system are convection and radiation heat transfers from the receiver to the surrounding area.

In this work, the dish is exposed to solar radiation, which is focused and directed into a helical copper coil placed inside a cylindrical cavity made of a stainless-steel sheet, as illustrated in Figure 5. The thermal insulation used for the receiver is made of glass wool material with a thickness of 6 mm to reduce heat losses. Table 2 shows the measurements used to create the cylindrical cavity and copper coil components.

Figure 5 Cylindrical cavity.
Figure 5

Cylindrical cavity.

Table 2

Dimension of the cylindrical cavity and copper coil

Parameter Dimensions Units
Diameter of a cylindrical cavity ( D icy ) 0.17 m
Length of a cylindrical cavity (Lcy) 0.25 m
Diameter of copper coil (d) 0.01 m
Length of a copper coil (L) 6 m
Windings 12 dimensionless

5 Measurements

5.1 Vortex flow meter

A vortex flow meter measures the flow rate of fluids, such as liquids or gases, in a pipeline. Vortices are formed alternately on either side of the body. These vortices create pressure fluctuations that can be measured and correlated with the flow rate. The basic construction of a vortex flow meter includes a bluff body inserted into the flow stream and a sensor located downstream to detect the vortices. They are commonly used for measuring the flow rates of liquids, gases, and steam in pipes of different sizes. In this work, the vortex flow meter used a model (HDF-WJ) with a range of flow up to (500 kg/h). The accuracy of this device is 1.5%. The device consists of a stainless-steel tube with a diameter of 1 in connected to a sensor, which is connected to a digital reading screen where the mass flow rate, pressure, and temperature of steam are displayed through this screen as shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Vortex flow meter.
Figure 6

Vortex flow meter.

5.2 Thermometer data logger

In this research, a (309 data logger with thermocouples type K) thermometer was used to measure the temperature of the receiver walls. The temperature range of the thermometer data logger is −200°C to 1,370°C, with accuracy (±0.2% rdg + 1°C; ±0.3% rdg + 2°F), as shown in Figure 7. Measurements were taken in March 2023 every 5 minutes. These readings included the temperatures of the receiver inner wall, bottom insulator, and outside of the radial insulator of the cylinder.

Figure 7 Center thermometer data logger.
Figure 7

Center thermometer data logger.

6 Results and discussion

This experiment was conducted at 11:15 Am, March 2023, in Iraq at Kufa City, which is located at 44.33 longitudes and 32 latitudes. This study will present a case study from one of numerous tests conducted. The experiment involved using saturated steam produced from an auxiliary electric boiler system, which was made along with other system components. The saturated steam enters a copper coil in the receiver at a temperature of 112°C and subjected to heating by solar radiation reflected from a parabolic dish onto the receiver. As a result, the temperature of the steam increased, reaching a superheated state at the exit with a temperature of 169.5°C.

Figure 8 displays a graph of the correlation between time and the degree of superheated ( T steam – T sat ) for the steam outlet from the receiver, which is exposed to solar concentration using a parabolic dish. The graph shows that the steam initially has a degree of superheated (20°C). Subsequently, the superheated degree suddenly rises and reaches 50°C. The heating process continues, and the degree of superheat increases gradually until it reaches its highest point of 69.88°C with 1 atm pressure, which causes the steam to become superheated.

Figure 8 Degree of steam superheat.
Figure 8

Degree of steam superheat.

Figure 9 illustrates how the solar steam superheater system’s collector efficiency (η c) is affected by the temperature of the steam leaving the receiver cavity. According to the graph, there is a positive correlation between the collector efficiency and the temperature of the superheated steam inside the copper coil of the receiver. The collector efficiency in the system increases when the degree of superheat increases. The collector efficiency value is lower at the beginning of the curve at the degree of superheat (25.38°C). It increases continuously to reach the maximum value at the degree of superheat (69.88°C). The maximum collector efficiency is 55.6%, obtained at a superheated steam temperature of 169.5°C at the maximum value at the degree of superheat is 69.88°C.

Figure 9 Collector efficiency.
Figure 9

Collector efficiency.

Figure 10 shows the relationship between the amount of useful heat output and the degree of superheat. When the degree of superheat increases, the amount of useful heat increases. The graph highlights that the minimum value of useful heat is 355.2 W, which is achieved when the minimum degree of superheat is 25.38°C at the steam leaving from the receiver with a temperature of 125°C. The amount of useful heat suddenly increases from 355.2 W to 914.5 W at the degree of superheat (50.38°C) and then begins to rise gradually until it reaches the maximum value with the increased degree of superheat. On the other hand, the maximum amount of useful heat, which is over 1,398 W, is obtained when the maximum value degree of superheat is 69.88°C at the steam leaving from the receiver with a temperature of 169.5°C.

Figure 10 Useful heat.
Figure 10

Useful heat.

Figure 11 displays the amount of heat loss from the receiver with the degree of superheat, and these heat losses include various types of convection losses ( Q conv ); radiation losses ( Q rad ); and spillage, reflection, and conduction losses ( Q src ).

Figure 11 Heat losses in the cylindrical cavity.
Figure 11

Heat losses in the cylindrical cavity.

The graph shows that heat losses decrease when the degree of superheat increases. The maximum value of the total heat losses is 85.85% when the minimum degree of superheat is 25.38°C. The total heat losses suddenly decrease from 85.85 to 63.59% at the degree of superheat of 50.38°C, and then, it continues to decrease gradually. On the other hand, the minimum value of the total heat losses is 44.3%, while the maximum degree of superheat is 69.88°C. The maximum value for the degree of superheat represents the highest temperature of superheated steam produced from the receiver of 169.5°C.

Also, the maximum convection and radiation heat losses are 39 and 25.6%, respectively, when the minimum degree of superheat is 25.38°C. The convection and radiation heat losses suddenly decrease from 39 to 27.9% and from 25.6 to 14.5%, respectively, at the degree of superheat of 50.38°C, and then, it is continuous to decrease gradually. The minimum convection and radiation heat losses are 12.14 and 10.98%, respectively, when the maximum degree of superheat is 69.88°C. In addition, the heat losses of spillage, reflection, and conduction are 21.18%.

By presenting the experimental results in this study and comparing them with other research, it was found that the current results are the best after making some improvements to the designs that the researchers studied, in addition to taking advantage of the researchers’ observations and taking them into consideration.

Sada and Sa’ad-Aldeen [23] conducted an experiment using a solar dish composed of aluminum with a diameter of 1.7 m. This solar dish was coated with mirror-fixed pieces using glue. The purpose of the solar dish was to focus solar radiation, concentrating it and then reflecting it onto a helical copper coil. The copper coil had a diameter of 12.5 mm and a length of 3 m. The coil was situated within an aluminum cylindrical vessel with a diameter of 20 cm and a length of 60 cm. The process involved heating water within the coil, causing it to transform into steam. In the subsequent part of the coil, the steam underwent superheating at a temperature of 115.7°C. Mohamed et al. [28] designed and studied portable solar dish concentrator with a heat receiver, positioned at the focal point of the solar dish, which was crafted from a stainless-steel cylindrical tube. To minimize reflection, a thin layer of black paint served as an antireflection coating on the surface of the tube. Within the receiver cavity, water circulated through helically wrapped copper tubes. The study encompasses the design phase, focusing on optimizing the dish shape, material selection, and incorporating a portable tracking mechanism. Construction involves fabricating a compact and lightweight dish with an emphasis on portability. The research aims to assess the concentrator’s efficiency, portability, and practicality through thorough testing, considering factors such as sunlight concentration, energy conversion, and ease of transport. The diameter of parabolic dish was 1.6 m, and the results of optical and output power were 831.4 and 758.4 W, respectively. The outlet water temperature increased up to 80°C.

However, in this work, the parabolic dish had a diameter of 2 m. It is coated with a reflective surface comprising mirror pieces. These mirrors are securely affixed using a glue called FnTai. The receiver, serving as a cavity for the system, is constructed from stainless steel, possessing a diameter of 0.17 m and a length of 0.25 m. Inside this cylindrical cavity, a helical copper coil with a diameter of 0.01 m and a length of 6 m is installed. The investigation revealed that the efficiency of the collector is 55.6% and the steam temperature rises to 169.5°C as it exits the receiver.

7 Conclusion

The solar steam superheater system utilizes solar energy to convert saturated steam into a superheated state. This system consists of a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity. The mass flow rate and pressure of the steam in its saturated state, which is generated by the boiler and enters the receiver, impact the process of producing superheated steam. The result indicated that the degree of superheat increases gradually until it reaches at the highest point of 69.88°C with (1 atm pressure), which causes the steam to become superheated. The maximum value for the degree of superheat represents the highest temperature of superheated steam produced from the receiver of 169.5°C.

The amount of useful heat increases when the degree of superheat increases. The maximum value of useful heat, over 1,398 W, is obtained when the maximum value degree of superheat is 69.88°C. The collector efficiency in the system increases when the degree of superheat increases. The maximum collector efficiency is 55.6%, obtained at a superheated steam temperature of 169.5°C. The heat losses decrease when the degree of superheat increases. The minimum value of the total heat losses is 44.3% when the maximum degree of superheat is 69.88°C.

Based on the aforementioned information, it can be inferred that the enhancements implemented in the design of the components of the solar steam superheater system resulted in elevated steam temperatures under a pressure of 1 atm. The superheating of the steam and the subsequent improvement in thermal performance signify an enhanced efficiency of the collector by augmenting useful heat and mitigating heat losses.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on a reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-12-04
Revised: 2024-01-04
Accepted: 2024-01-14
Published Online: 2024-03-06

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0575
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superheated steam; steam generation; cylindrical cavity receiver; parabolic dish; solar dish
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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