Startseite Technik Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
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Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars

  • Haider A. A. Al-Katib EMAIL logo und Ali A. A. AL-Turaihi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. Juni 2024
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

This project aims to investigate the effect of near-surface-mounted glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars strengthening on the flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Seven beams were made; one of these specimens had no strengthening and is considered as a reference beam. The other models were strengthened using near-surface-mounted GFRP bars at the bottom of beams with different lengths (0.5, 0.75, and 1) of effective span beams and diameters (8 and 12 mm) of GFRP bars. The beam length was 2,200 mm with 150 mm width and 240 mm depth. The flexural reinforcement consists of 2 φ12 steel bars at the tension zone and 2 φ12 at the compression zone for all beams. Furthermore, to resist shear forces, φ12 steel bars were used, distributed along the length of the beams spaced at 125 mm c/c; two-point loads on the beams with 500 mm between them were applied at the mid-span. The investigated characteristics were cracking and failure load, crack width, deflection, and failure patterns. By examining the models, it was found that there is an improvement in failure load range from 11.54 to 53.84% relative to the control.

Keywords: hybrid concrete; bar diameter; near surface; flexural strength; glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars

1 Introduction

Although hybrid concrete is not a new idea, it has recently received wide attention due to its effectiveness in bearing load capacity and cost-effectiveness [1]. Hybrid concrete can be defined as incorporating more than one type of concrete to take advantage of the properties of each type [2].

Where the upper layer is cast with high-strength concrete, and the layer subjected to tensile (lower layer) is cast using ordinary concrete [3], thus overcoming the problem of brittle failure of the high-strength and durability of ordinary concrete [4]. To improve the tensile zone, strengthening can be used. The strengthening and protecting concrete structures mainly mean making modifications and treatment of the basic structural members to increase their bearing the loads imposed on them [5,6]. Concrete structures are strengthened for several reasons, including the functional change of the structure, errors during construction, improper design, and seismic retrofit [7].

Concrete structures can be strengthened using fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) through several methods, such as externally bonded FRP reinforcement, which is considered a good and effective method in practice, but premature debonding was observed. There are other common methods such as near-surface mounted (NSM) [8]. This method is used to strengthen the members subjected to bending stress against tensile forces, as the surrounding concrete will provide protection from environmental and mechanical damage [9].

The NSM FRP rods are a propitious technology. In the early 1950s, the NSM steel rebar was used to strengthen the RC structures in Europe [10]. The benefits of using FRP compared to steel in NSM technology are higher resistance to corrosion. Because of the light weight of the FRP, its installation is easier and faster than steel, and the groove size was reduced due to the higher tensile strength and better corrosion resistance of FRP [11].

This method is applied by excavating grooves on the concrete surface, then the grooves are filled with epoxy paste halfway, after that the bars are put in the grooves and pressed to be surrounded by the epoxy. Then, the epoxy is added again, and the surface is leveled [12].

The failure mode of RC beams with NSM FRP or steel bars depends on different variables. The compressive strength of concrete and the amount of steel reinforcement in the tensile zone effect on the failure mode of the RC beams, where the failure changes from flexural to crushing of concrete [13]. There are two types of rupture failure either pull-out or peeling off. When the FRP or steel bars are longer than the length of the cracking span at an ultimate stage in the models, splitting of cracking concrete surrounding the grooves and sudden failure will be occurred in case of pull-out [14].

Peeling-off concrete occurs when the applied load causes cracks to reach the end of the NSM bars. Even this case is a sudden failure and as a result, the concrete covering the groove from the end of the bar peel-offs. Debonding is another common failure mode, which occurs in different ways [15]: bond failure at the bar–epoxy interface, epoxy–concrete interface, splitting of epoxy cover, concrete cover separation, and secondary debonding failure mechanisms [16].

After an extensive review of existing literature, it has been observed that there is a lack of research studies on the topic of strengthening hybrid reinforced concrete beams using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) of various lengths. In order to address this gap in the literature, the present study has been initiated with the objective of investigating and exploring the strengthening of hybrid beams using glass fiber. This research aims to find effective ways to strengthen the reinforced hybrid concrete beams in flexural by using NSM glass fiber bars (GFRP). The NSM strengthening technique was first introduced to overcome the debonding problems of externally bonded reinforcement.

2 Experimental work

2.1 Models details

This study includes seven reinforced hybrid concrete beams which cast in two-layer, concrete with compressive strength (50 MPa) in the compression layer and normal strength with compressive strength (25 MPa) in the tension zone. The first model was made without strengthening, while the other beams were divided into two groups. Group one and group two strengthened using NSM of GFRP bars using diameter (8 and 12 mm), respectively with different lengths (0.5, 0.75, and 1) of clear span, shown in Table 1. Each specimen consists of a total length of 2,200 mm and cross-section dimensions of 150 mm width and 240 mm height. The effective span was 2,000 mm. The flexural reinforcement of all beams consists of 4φ12 steel bars. Furthermore, to prevent shear failure, φ12 steel bars were used, distributed along the length of the specimens spaced at 125 mm c/c as shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the strengthening beams detail. Depending on ACI 318-19 [17], beams were designed to be failed in flexure failure.

Table 1

Details of beams

Name Dim. Of GFRP Length of GFRP No. of NSM Placement of NSM Ratio of span
HBC No
HBD8L1 8 mm 1,000 mm 1 bottom 0.5 of span
HBD8L2 8 mm 1,500 mm 1 Bottom 0.75 of span
HBD8L3 8 mm 2,000 mm 1 Bottom 1 of span
HBD12L1 12 mm 1,000 mm 1 Bottom 0.5 of span
HBD12L2 12 mm 1,500 mm 1 Bottom 0.75 of span
HBD12L3 12 mm 2,000 mm 1 Bottom 1 of span
Figure 1 Details of tested beams.
Figure 1

Details of tested beams.

Figure 2 Details of strengthening beams.
Figure 2

Details of strengthening beams.

The strengthening procedures began by cutting grooves with dimensions of about 1.5 db × 1.5 db [16] (where db is the diameter of the NSM reinforcement) into the concrete cover of specimens at the side or tension face of the beam, as shown in Figure 3. The grooves are made using a special concrete cutter. A hammer and a hand chisel were used to remove any remaining concrete lugs and to roughen the lower surface of the groove. The grooves were washed with water and dried by a high-pressure air jet. The details of a typical groove are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 3 Cut off the grooves.
Figure 3

Cut off the grooves.

Figure 4 Application of NSM bars.
Figure 4

Application of NSM bars.

In the NSM reinforcement technique, strengthening bars are placed gently into grooves that cut into the concrete cover of the RC beams. Then, they bonded using an epoxy adhesive groove filler. The grooves were half-filled with epoxy, and then, the GFRP bar was placed inside the groove and lightly pressed. This forced the epoxy to flow around the inserted GFRP bar. In addition, the required epoxy was used to fill the groove and level the surface. To ensure the epoxy achieved full strength, the beam was kept for 1 week as curing time.

2.2 Material properties

For all beams, ready-mixed concrete made of 19 mm max size of AL-Nibaae coarse aggregate, natural sand from Al-Najaf region, AL-JESR Sulfur Resistant Portland cement, and tap water were used to prepare the concrete mix. In addition to silica fume (shown in Table 2) and Superplasticizer Concrete Admixture (Sika ViscoCrete-5930). Two types of concrete mixtures were made (chosen by trial mix) to obtain different compressive strengths as shown in Table 3.

Table 2

Silica fume properties

Physical properties Surface area Approximately 24,000–28,000 m²/kg
Variation average fineness Approximately 2% maximum
Pozzolanic activity index (28 days) Approximately 105% minimum
Grading – below 1 µm Minimum 90%
Chemical content SiO2 Approximately 90% minimum
SO3 Approximately 0.2% maximum
CaO Approximately 0.8% maximum
Cl− Approximately 0.035% maximum
Table 3

Components of concrete mix

Materials Mix type A Mix type B
Cement (kg) 500 350
Coarse aggregate (kg) 800 1,200
Fine aggregate (kg) 880 800
W/S 26% 42%
Superplasticizer (L/m3) 7.5 —
Silica fume (% of cement) 15 —

The steel used as reinforcement was Rouhina steel; φ12 steel bars were used as top and bottom longitudinal reinforcements while φ12 was used as shear (stirrup) reinforcement. The material properties of the steel reinforcement were measured using a hydraulic loading frame in the Civil Engineering, Structural Laboratory and listed in Table 4. The GFRP bar that was used in the NSM strengthening had a diameter of 8 and 12 mm. The material properties of the GFRP are listed in Table 5. Sikadur 30 was used to bond the GFRP bars in the bottom grooves of the beams, and the properties listed in Table 6.

Table 4

Steel bars properties

Normal diameter (mm) Yield strength (MPa) Ultimate strength (MPa) Elongation %
12 525 697 16
ASTM A615M >420 ok >620 ok >9 ok
Table 5

GFRP material properties

Normal diameter (mm) Elastic modules (MPa) Ultimate strength (MPa)
8 50202.773 1131.3
12 53513.031 1,198
Table 6

Sikandar 30 properties

Compressive strength (MPa) 75
Modulus of elasticity in compression (MPa) 9,600
Tensile strength (MPa) 26
Tensile modulus of elasticity (MPa) 11,200
Shear strength (MPa) 16
Tensile adhesion strength (MPa) Concrete >4 N/mm2*
Steel >21 N/mm2

*100% concrete failure.

2.3 Experimental setup

The flexural tests were performed in the structural testing Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering – Kufa University. The tested beams are simply supports, plates, and rollers put over the under points of loads and supports to prevent local concrete crushing. The supports are placed 100 mm from the ends of the models, and the effective span was 2,000 mm. Figure 5 shows the experimental test setup beam. To measure the deflection of each span of the beam, three dial gages were used at mid-span, 666 and 333 mm from support; 5 kN/min was the actuator rate. During the test, the beam crack width was measured using a crack meter.

Figure 5 Experimental test setup beam.
Figure 5

Experimental test setup beam.

3 Results and discussions

The test results obtained from the examination of seven samples and presented in Table 7. One of these models has no strengthening and is considered as a reference model. The other models were strengthened using near-surface mounted GFRP. Two parameters, diameter and length of bars, were studied. It was observed from the test results that there is an increase in the failure load, an enhancement in the first crack load, and a reduction in the deflection for the strengthening models compared to the control beam.

Table 7

Tested beams results

First crack load Percentage of increase in first crack load % Failure load Percentage of increasing in failure load % Deflection at failure (mm) Crack width Failure mode
HBC 15 — 78 — 25.73 2.17 Flexural failure
HBD8L1 25 66.66 87 11.538 20.76 1.68 Flexural failure
HBD8L2 25 66.66 90 15.384 21.23 1.17 Flexural failure
HBD8L3 25 66.66 98 25.641 27.47 1.98 Flexural failure
HBD12L1 25 66.66 90 15.384 16.73 0.75 concrete cover separation
HBD12L2 25 66.66 112 43.589 25.32 1.03 concrete cover separation
HBD12L3 25 66.66 120 53.846 26.5 1.15 Flexural failure

3.1 Load–deflection curve

The load–deflection curves for set one (HBD8L1, HBD8L2, HBD8L3) and set two (HBD12L1, HBD12L2, and HBD12L3) with the control beam HBC shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. In the first stage, all strengthening samples showed linear behavior up to the first crack. It was observed that there was an increase in the load of first cracking about 66.66% for all strengthening models compared with HBC. In the second stage, the behavior of curves was nonlinear until to failure point. The strengthening models showed more stiffness behavior compared to the control beam, This behavior was because the drilling in the models (HBD8L3, HBD12L2, and HBD12L2) exhausted the model, which made it less stiffness.

Figure 6 Load–deflection curves for (set 1).
Figure 6

Load–deflection curves for (set 1).

Figure 7 Load–deflection curves for (set 2).
Figure 7

Load–deflection curves for (set 2).

3.2 Failure mode

Figure 8 presents the failure modes of beams tested in this research. The control model (HBC) failed flexural (as planned), as cracks appeared in the middle of the beam in the tensile zone, after which the cracks extended vertically to reach the compression zone. Nevertheless, the pattern of failure in group one was similar to HBC, but the strengthening led to an increase in the failure load of about 11.538, 15.38, and 25.64% for HBD8L1, HBD8L2, and HBD8L3, respectively. Compared with HBC, it is noted in this group that the cracks increased before failure, with the appearance of flexural-shear cracks, which later turned into flexural. The increase in the failure load in HBD12L1, HBD12L2, and HBD12L3 of group two was 15.384, 43.589, and 53.846%, respectively, and failed by concrete cover separation for HBD12L1 and HBD12L2, where flexural-shear cracks appeared at the beginning, which later led to separation in the bottom cover of the model, because the groove of the 12-diameter rod was wide led to weakening the cover area. While the beam HBD12L3 failed by flexural, the rod (2,000 mm) covered all the space of the model.

Figure 8 Failure mode of models.
Figure 8

Failure mode of models.

3.3 Crack width

A crack meter (as shown in Figure 9) was used to measure the crack width of the beams. Figures 10–12 show the effect of the length and diameter of GFRP bars on the crack width.

Figure 9 Crack meter.
Figure 9

Crack meter.

Figure 10 Load/maximum crack width for group one.
Figure 10

Load/maximum crack width for group one.

Figure 11 Load/maximum crack width for group two.
Figure 11

Load/maximum crack width for group two.

Figure 12 Maximum crack width for tested beam.
Figure 12

Maximum crack width for tested beam.

It can be observed that the beams strengthening with the GFRP bar had lesser crack width as compared with NC beams. The diameter of the GFRP bar has the largest effect on the crack width. The crack width decreased as the diameter of GFRP bars increased. Due to the increase in the area of strengthening, the ability to impede the expansion of cracks increases.

4 Parametric study

4.1 Effect of NSM bars length

The bar lengths were changed to (0.5, 0.75, and 1) of clear span for group one (HBD8L1, HBD8L2, and HBD8L3), respectively, also group two (HBD12L1, HBD12L2, and HBD12L3) respectively. It was noted that an increase in the GFRP bar length led to an enhancement in failure load by 11.538, 15.38, and 25.64% for HBD8L1, HBD8L2, and HBD8L3, respectively, compared to HBC. While the failure load increased by 15.38, 43.59, and 53.84% for HBD12L1, HBD12L2, and HBD12L3, respectively, compared with HBC, the failure load in HBD12L1 increased by 3.44% compared with HBD8L1, 24.44% for HBD12L2 compared with HBD8L2, and 33.33% for HBD12L3 compared with HBD8L3, as shown in Figures 13 and 14. This increase is due to the efficiency of the rod diameter of 12 mm compared to the diameter of 8 mm.

Figure 13 Ultimate load for tested beam.
Figure 13

Ultimate load for tested beam.

Figure 14 Ultimate load/bar length for groups one and two.
Figure 14

Ultimate load/bar length for groups one and two.

4.2 Effect of GFRP bar diameter

Figure 15 shows the GFRP bar diameter effect. The ultimate load was increased by about 3.448, 24.444, and 22.449% for HBD12L1, HBD12L2, and HBD12L3 compared with HBD8L1, HBD8L2, and HBD8L3, respectively.

Figure 15 Ultimate load for tested beam.
Figure 15

Ultimate load for tested beam.

5 Conclusion

In this research, the conclusion can be summarized in several points:

  1. Strengthening the models by using the near-surface mounted technique led to a significant enhancement in the first crack and the failure load. The increase in the first cracking load was equal to 66.66% while the failure load was increased from 11.54 to 53.84% compared with the control beam.

  2. The change in GFRP bar length and diameter had no effect on the first crack load.

  3. The strengthening samples had more stiffness compared to the unstrengthening samples.

  4. Strengthening by GFRP bar with a length equal to a clear span gives better results and prevents separation of the concrete cover since the strengthening crosses the flexural stresses region into the shear stresses region.

  5. Increasing in length of GFRP bar did not lead to an increase in the stiffness of the beams.

  6. The width of the crack decreases as the diameter of the GFRP bar increases, while the length of the GFRP bar did not affect the crack width.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their thanks to all the staff in the structural laboratory of Kufa University.

  1. Author contribution: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. AAAL-T carried out the experiment and wrote the manuscript while HAAA-K conceived the original idea and supervised the project.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-07-15
Revised: 2023-09-16
Accepted: 2023-09-23
Published Online: 2024-06-25

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0538
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
hybrid concrete; bar diameter; near surface; flexural strength; glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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