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Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers

  • Zahraa Fakhri Jawad EMAIL logo , Lamyaa Ghanim Salim , Sarah Silan Hussain , Awham J. Salman and Sabaa Radhi
Published/Copyright: March 21, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Concrete is considered one of the greatest innovations in the construction industry since it has significant applications in the construction field. The main limitation of concrete is the low flexural and tensile strength, especially for concrete tiles used for floors and roofs. Therefore, this study aims to enhance the behavior of concrete tiles by using both nano-papyrus (NP) and carbon fibers (CF). Eleven different concrete mixtures with different content of NP and CF were prepared using various models, and the percentage of NP content ranged from 1.5 to 7.5%, while the percentage of CF content ranged from 0.2 to 1%; flexural strength and water absorption tests were also conducted. It was found that employing NP enhanced the flexural strength of concrete tile by up to 48%, whereas using both NP and CF optimized the flexural strength by up to 57%. Also, the surface and total absorption rates decreased by up to 47.1 and 52.6%, respectively.

Keywords: concrete tiles; composite materials; nano-papyrus; carbon fibers; flexural strength

1 Introduction

The concrete industry has evolved over the years from using natural components to manufacturing ones [1,2,3]. Furthermore, it has various usages, such as beams, columns, box girders, and tiles. Concrete tiles appeared around the middle of the nineteenth century and were called “encaustic cement tiles” due to their resemblance to the encaustic clay tiles, which were popular during that period [4]. However, due to the increased expansion of ceramic tiles in the twentieth century, their demand has decreased only to return to increase during the twenty-first [5]. Concrete tiles have various advantages over ceramic tiles, such as their strength and durability, making them more desirable for commercial purposes.

Various characteristics were inspected in concrete tiles, such as ozone deposition velocity [6], permeability [7,8], bulk density and alkali–silica reaction [9], thermal cracking [10], albedo and emissivity, and radiant heating [11,12]. However, concrete tiles usually show a brittle performance when subjected to tensile and flexural loadings, thus resulting in cracking. Therefore, many studies were conducted in order to enhance their behavior. Sánchez de Rojas et al. [13] have demonstrated that employing waste-fired clay materials to clay tile does not affect their microstructure characteristics but provides an economic advantage. Li et al. [14] studied the influence of recycled aggregate on the mechanical characteristics of concrete tiles and it was found to give reasonable enhancement in strength. Olusegun et al. [15] studied the effect of using laterite and granite stones in concrete tiles manufacturing, it was found that the new product met the approved standards. Jain [16] tried to reduce the brittleness of concrete tiles using chopped glass fibers, and it was shown that both the tensile and flexural strengths were enhanced by 10 and 19%, respectively. Narain et al. [17] have investigated the mechanical and thermal characteristics of concrete tiles in the presence of phase-change materials (PCMs). It was shown that PCMs could enhance thermal mass while maintaining sufficient strength. Kumar et al. [18] suggested employing foamed concrete tiles as an alternative that can achieve 90% of the strength of normal concrete tiles. Pati and Sahu [19] investigated the employment of fly ash in concrete tiles and was found that substituting fine aggregate with fly ash shows a significant enhancement in strength and durability. Another study by Regassa [20] has demonstrated that partially substituting mixing water with waste paint can enhance the strength of concrete tiles. Furthermore, a patent published by López López et al. [21] presented a reinforced concrete tile using galvanized-steel scales with a flat elongated shape.

However, there are few studies regarding employing nanomaterials and fibers [22–25] in concrete tiles, even though studies demonstrated such materials’ positive influence on concrete [26–33]. The cracking of cement-based materials dose occurs at the nano and micro levels. Many studies have demonstrated that utilizing nanofiber and nano-particles in cementations materials have demonstrated remarkable results in the matter of cracking. That is because such materials play an important role during the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H), which is considered the binding phase, thus enhancing the performance [34–38]. Therefore, employing both nanomaterials and fibers can considerably enhance the performance of concrete tiles. However, the known nanomaterials may be scarce and costly in some countries. For that reason, it is important to employ new ones that are available and inexpensive. For instance, Papyrus plants are abundant in many countries such as Iraq, and have commercial and industrial usages. Nevertheless, it still leaves a huge unused amount that is thrown and burned. Hence, this study aims to investigate the potential of applying nano-papyrus (NP) to the performance of concrete tiles. As for fiber materials, carbon fibers (CF) are used since it is available and economical.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

In this study, six materials were used to produce different concrete tiles: ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fine aggregates (sand), coarse aggregates, superplasticizers, NP, and CF. OPC kind I, depending on Iraqi Standard No. 5 in 1984, was used, and Tables 1 and 2 illustrate its chemical characteristics.

Table 1

Chemical characteristics of cement

Cement NP
Components Test results Limit of IQS No. 45/1984 Test results
Lime (%) CaO 61.72 — 7.43
Silica (%) SiO2 21.28 — 72.43
Alumina (%) Al2O3 4.72 — 9.32
Iron oxide (%) Fe2O3 3.39 — 0.5
Sulfate (%) SO3 2.42 ≤2.8% 1.34
Magnesia (%) MgO 3.12 ≤5% 4.52
Potash (%) K2O 0.36 —
Soda (%) Na2O 0.27 —
Loss of ignition (%) L.O.I 2.16 ≤4% 4.46
Lime saturation factor L.S.F 0.91 0.66–1.02 —
Insoluble residue (%) IR 0.60 ≤1.5% —
Main compound (Bogue’s equation) —
Tricalcium silicate C3S 46.95 — —
Dicalcium silicate C2S 25.85 — —
Tricalcium aluminate C3A 6.52 — —
Dicalcium aluminate C4AF 10.19 — —
Table 2

Physical characteristics of cement

Compressive strength Value (N/mm2)
3 days 21.8
7 days 25.9

Sand with a specific gravity of 2.65 according to standard No. 45 in 1984 [39]and with 0.35% percent sulfate was used (Table 3 for grading). Coarse aggregates with 10 mm as a maximum size have been employed. It has a specific gravity of 2.6 and its water absorption is around 1.92%. Kut Plast SP400 has been utilized as a superplasticizer, a chloride-free additive material depending on modified sulfonated naphthalene formaldehyde condensate, which is non-flammable and complies with ASTM494-2004 [40].

Table 3

Grading of fine aggregates

Sieve size (mm) Passing % Limit of IQS no. 45-1948
4.75 97 90–100
2.36 87 75–100
1.18 62 55–90
0.6 45 35–59
0.3 14 8–30
0.15 4 0–10

NP was produced in the engineering lab at the University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. It has a surface area of 15,000 cm2/g and the chemical composition is as shown in Table 4. Finally, CP with a diameter of 0.001 mm and a length of 8 mm were utilized, Figure 1 shows the image for nanofibers and CFs.

Table 4

Chemical composition of NP in percent by weight

Oxide composition NP (%)
SIO2 72.43
Al2O3 9.32
Fe2O3 0.5
SO3 1.34
MgO 4.52
CaO 7.43
Total 95.54
Ignition loss 4.46
Figure 1 Image of (a) NP and (b) CF.
Figure 1

Image of (a) NP and (b) CF.

2.2 Methods

The mix proportion, preparation of the samples, and test methods will be discussed as follows.

2.2.1 Mix proportions and sample preparation

Eleven different mixtures were prepared for this experiment; however, they have various mixtures. The first sample (CFT) with no additives is considered the reference sample, and the others are divided into two groups. The first group (Table 5) has various NP contents (1.5–7.5%). The second group has constant NP content (4.5%) and various CF contents (0.2–1.0%), as demonstrated in Table 6.

Table 5

Characteristics of first group samples

Sample Materials
Cement (kg/m3) Sand (kg) Gravel (kg) NP (%) W/C (%)
CFT 425 765 945 0.0 55
NP1.5 765 945 1.5 55
NP3 765 945 3 55
NP4.5 765 945 4.5 55
NP6 765 945 6.0 55
NP7.5 765 945 7.0 55
Table 6

Characteristics of the second group samples

Sample Materials
Cement (kg/m3) Sand (kg) Gravel (kg) NP (%) CF (%) SP (%) W/C (%)
CFT 425 765 945 – – – 55
NPCF1 425 765 945 4.5 0.2 2 35.5
NPCF2 425 765 945 4.5 0.4 2 34.1
NPCF3 425 765 945 4.5 0.6 2 35.5
NPCF4 425 765 945 4.5 0.8 2 36.1
NPCF5 425 765 945 4.5 1.0 2 37

2.2.2 Specimens

All samples have the same dimensions (300 mm × 300 mm × 30 mm) as shown in Figure 2. Each specimen component was mixed carefully in the mixer. After that, the mixtures were placed in steel molds and vibrated for 20 s utilizing a vibration table. After 24 h, they were de-mold and placed in water tanks for curing.

Figure 2 Specimens for testing.
Figure 2

Specimens for testing.

2.2.3 Testing methods

After curing, the samples were subjected to two tests: flexural strength and water absorption.

2.2.3.1 Flexural strength

The flexural strength of tiles was determined according to the Iraqi Standard Specifications No. 1043 in 1984 [41]. The flexural test was achieved by UTEST material testing equipment digital of 200 kN/s as indicated in Figure 3. The device measures a tile’s flexural strength by applying a three-point load. The tiles were horizontally placed on two parallel steel rods (with the wearing face upwards), and a third rod was exactly fixed at the center. The test is initiated by driving the tile until it snaps, and the maximum flexural strength (in which the tile breaks) is recorded.

Figure 3 Testing equipment.
Figure 3

Testing equipment.

2.2.3.2 Absorption test

As for the absorption test, two tests were conducted: surface absorption and total absorption. Both were carried out according to the Iraqi Standard Specifications No. 1275 in 1985 [42], and only the second group was employed. For surface absorption, the tiles were dried in an oven at 105°C for 8 h and then were left to cool in the air for 24 h. The dry weight (W 1) of the tiles was recorded. After that, the tiles were hung in a tub with their face downward, and water (with a temperature of 20°C) was carefully poured into the tub until the water slightly touched the tile face. After 24 h., the tiles were removed and wiped dry, and their weight (W 2) was taken. The values of surface absorption are obtained from the following equation:

(1) S urface absorption = W 2 − W 1 A s ,

where W 1 is the weight of the dry tile (g), W 1 is the weight of the wet tile (g), and A s is the area of the tile surface (cm2).

As for the total absorption, the samples were oven-dried and cooled the same way as the surface-absorption test, and their weight was taken (W D). After that, they were submerged in the water tub and kept there for 24 h. After wiping them dry, their weight was recorded (W W). The percentage of total absorption can be calculated from the following equation:

(2) T otal absorption = W W − W D W D × 100 ,

where W W is the weight of the wet tile (g) and W D is the weight of the dry tile (g).

3 Results and discussion

Different concrete tiles were prepared for the experiment and subjected to flexural and water absorption tests. The results of both tests are discussed separately.

3.1 Flexural strength

Figure 4 displays the flexural strength results obtained from the reference sample (CFT) and the first group of concrete tiles, and shows that all of them have exceeded 2.5 N/mm2, consequently satisfying the IQ standards [43]. In addition, it was found that adding NP up to 4.5% can enhance the flexural strength by approximately 48%, which could be attributed to the filler action of nanoparticles, which increase the bonding between the cement matrix and aggregate, and the pozzolanic reactions between the silica (in the nanomaterials) and the calcium hydroxide (in the cement); these results agreed with Abdulhussein et al. [44] who showed that NP proved its activity as a pozzolanic additive and can be as feasible additive to concrete. However, increasing the NP content further can have the opposite effect where the nanoparticles start agglomerating, negatively affecting the bond between the aggregate and cement and decreasing the flexural strength. For example, applying 6 and 7.5% of NP increases the strength by only 39.5 and 16.6%, respectively, when compared to those of the CFT.

Figure 4 Flexural strength results for the first group.
Figure 4

Flexural strength results for the first group.

Figure 5 demonstrates the flexural strength results from the second group and shows that all samples’ strength increases with curing time. Also, it can be seen that the presence of CF can increase the strength by up to 57% due to the fiber pozzolanic action, which enhances the characteristics of concrete by increasing the C–S–H according to refs. [21,45]. However, the flexural strength drops once the content exceeds 0.6%, regardless of the number of days. For instance, adding CF by 0.8 and 1.0% increases the 28 day strength by only 39 and 29%, respectively, compared to the reference sample (CFT). This was consistent with the findings of the work of refs. [31,46], which is attributed to the lack of regularity in the internal structure and the lack of regularity in the distribution of fibers (due to the increasing balling effect), which occurs when they are used in large quantities, and reduces the bridging phenomenon, thus reducing the flexural strength.

Figure 5 Flexural strength results for the second group.
Figure 5

Flexural strength results for the second group.

Figure 6 demonstrates the percentage of the 7/28 days flexural strength of concrete tiles, and shows that all 7 days samples have gained more than 60% of the 28 days strength. Furthermore, it can be seen that samples with lower water/cement ratios have gained more strength than the others because the gel system forms more rapidly due to the cement grains being closer [47].

Figure 6 Percentage of 7 days flexural strength for the CFT and the second group.
Figure 6

Percentage of 7 days flexural strength for the CFT and the second group.

3.2 Absorption test

Figure 7 demonstrates the results of the total absorption and surface absorption for the second group. For all samples, the total absorption and surface absorption did not exceed 8 and 0.4 g/cm2, respectively, which coincide with the Iraqi standards. Furthermore, when comparing the reference sample and the samples with additives, as illustrated in Figures 8 and 9, the samples with CFs displaced less absorption than the reference sample (CFT). For example, the total and surface absorption reductions for NPCF2 is about 23.5 and 26.3, respectively, due to the formation of secondary C–S–H in concrete, causing a nonporous structure. However, the total and surface absorption reduction started to decrease when the CF content exceeded 0.6% due to the balling effect of fibers, causing them to randomly distribute during the mixing process, thus affecting the concrete porosity. This reduction in absorption in modified mixes can be attributed to microstructure development for tiles as a result of the introduction of NP and CF into the concrete structure, which exhibited a denser structure and less permeability. Also, improving the durability of concrete in general, these results are consistent with the results obtained in other studies [19–35,45].

Figure 7 Total and surface absorption results for the second group.
Figure 7

Total and surface absorption results for the second group.

Figure 8 Comparison of the total absorption results of the second group with the CFT.
Figure 8

Comparison of the total absorption results of the second group with the CFT.

Figure 9 Comparison of the surface absorption results of the second group with the CFT.
Figure 9

Comparison of the surface absorption results of the second group with the CFT.

4 Conclusions

In this study, we have investigated the potential of optimizing the structural performance of concrete tiles using NP and CF. Flexural strength and absorption tests were conducted according to Iraqi standards, and the following conclusions were drawn:

  • The optimum content of NP for concrete mixes was found to be 4.5% by the weight of cement, which provided a maximum enhancement of 48% in flexure strength for concrete tiles.

  • The flexural strength values of all samples (with and without additives) exceeded 2.5 N/mm2, thereby satisfying the IQ standard. Similar results were observed for the total and surface absorption, in which the results did not exceed 8% and 0.4 g/cm2.

  • Employing both NP and CF in concrete can increase the flexural strength of concrete tiles by approximately 57%.

  • Increasing the content of NP by more than 4.5% and CF by more than 0.6% decreased the strength enhancement.

  • Increasing the CF content by up to 0.6% decreased the total and surface absorption by up to 47 and 52% approximately. Further increasing the content resulted in the balling effect of the fibers, thus increasing the absorption.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-02-18
Revised: 2023-05-12
Accepted: 2023-06-02
Published Online: 2024-03-21

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
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  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
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  35. Review Articles
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  41. Erratum
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  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
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  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
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  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
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  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
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  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
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  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
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  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
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  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
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  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0474
Keywords for this article
concrete tiles; composite materials; nano-papyrus; carbon fibers; flexural strength
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
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  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
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  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
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  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
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