An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
-
Omaima A. Menkash
,
Hasan H. Joni
Abstract
Utilizing one of the most effective new technologies is the primary goal of this research, which uses a combination of bituminous surfacing materials with geotextile reinforcement sheets, to improve the behavior of asphalt mixes and fatigue reduction. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of woven geotextile upon fatigue characteristics of hot mix asphalt mixtures. In order to improve the tensile qualities of the asphalt pavement, the experimental program for this study includes the application of geotextile within the wearing layer. Marshall fatigue and stability tests were carried out. Four-point bending test in a strain-controlled mode was adopted in this study. Three micro strain levels (250, 400, 750) at a frequency of 5 Hz were used. The findings demonstrated that unreinforced mixtures have a shorter fatigue life than wearing layers reinforced with geotextile. Additionally, exposure to different temperatures (5, 20, 30°C) showed that the performance of the geotextile interlayer system in cold environments is inferior to that of those in warm and moderate climates. The analyzed geotextile has a positive impact on the performance of the pavement and a large potential to extend the life of the pavement as a whole, according to the obtained results of fatigue life.
1 Introduction
Constructing a pavement with a long life cycle is the main goal of road engineers. However, in many cases, the road pavement can be subjected to different distresses, the main issue with flexible pavement roads, can be related to several factors including hot summer temperatures, heavy truck axle loads, design techniques, pavement construction materials, compaction, and testing technologies. The most common causes of pavement distress cracks are rutting beneath tire tracks and fatigue loading [1]. Many previous researchers have made improvements to the asphalt mixture to improve the performance properties of flexible paving and prolong the service life of the road. Several studies have been conducted to investigate the relationship between the fatigue life of asphalt mixtures and several factors such as temperature and asphalt content. One such study found that when control strain is used, the fatigue life has a positive correlation with both temperature and asphalt content. The study also showed that the highest results were obtained with a modified mixture of styrene-butadiene and styrene, at a concentration of 2%. This resulted in an average increase of 120% in the percent of fatigue life [2]. Additionally, to enhance the performance of recycled asphalt mixtures, microsilica was added [3]. It was found that carbon fibers can be added to dense-graded asphalt concrete mixtures to improve their mechanical and electrical qualities [4]. Moreover, it improved permeable asphalt pavement by adding crumb rubber waste [5]. One of the methods to face fatigue distress is using geosynthetics. When installed in the layers of pavement, geosynthetics can significantly improve the structure and performance. In pavement construction, geosynthetics are utilized for a variety of purposes, including drainage, filtration, subgrade stabilization, base reinforcement, and asphalt reinforcement. However, some geosynthetic materials can serve many purposes in a pavement layer, and similarly, different geosynthetic materials frequently serve the same purpose [6]. Geosynthetics can offer long-term benefits and enhance the performance of the road over its design life, even in situations where the stabilizing application is largely chosen for initial construction [7]. A geosynthetic placed for one of the several roadway applications may increase pavement life, decrease construction costs, and reduce required aggregate thickness. Geotextiles and geogrid are among the two types of geosynthetics which are widely used in pavement. Ivanov et al. [8] looked into how the strength and strain characteristics of materials used in road building changed depending on how much dynamic loads oscillated. The design of the road structure and the materials used determine how strong the soil subgrade is. The study concludes that geosynthetic materials improve road construction’s performance under stress and strain. The effectiveness of geotextile sheets as a filtration and separation layer for reducing the migration of subgrade particles is assessed by Kermani et al. [9]. The results of the study show that subgrade pumping was significantly decreased when the geotextile was placed at the interface between the subgrade and subbase [10]. In pavement applications, geocells, geotextiles, and geogrids – common geosynthetic materials – were utilized. This is because they are successful in producing the desired results. An overview of experimental field studies on geosynthetic reinforcement for flexible pavement construction carried out by various researchers was given by [11]. Numerous parameters, such as base course, subgrade stiffness, thickness, quality, hot-mixed asphalt thickness and quality, and geosynthetic stiffness and position, have been found to influence the effectiveness of geosynthetic reinforcement. Also, SS2 type of geogrid was utilized to apply geogrid reinforcement at the base-subgrade interface [12]. Use geotextile to reduce rutting in the flexible pavement in southern Iraq [13]. The findings demonstrated that the use of geosynthetic reinforcing materials can lessen the permanent distortion of pavement construction.
Despite the availability of previous studies, the knowledge regarding using geotextile as reinforcement in terms of tensile properties is still limited. From this point, the need for this research is raised to investigate the fatigue life of wearing a course reinforced with a geotextile sheet within the layer.
2 Experimental works
2.1 Materials
Materials employed in this investigation include asphalt binder, aggregate, mineral filler, and geotextile. Below is a description of the materials that were used.
2.1.1 Asphalt
The asphalt binder used in this project was brought from Dura refinery with (40–50) penetration grade. The physical properties of the asphalt binder are presented in Table 1.
2.1.2 Aggregate
The aggregate for this project was provided from the AL-Nibaie quarry. Table 2 lists the aggregate’s physical characteristics. Coarse aggregate sizes were determined to range from 3/4 in (19 mm) to No. 4 (4.75 mm), whereas fine aggregate sizes range from No. 4 (4.75 mm) to No. 200 (0.075 mm). Both coarse and fine aggregate agree with SCRB specification (2003).
Physical properties of asphalt binder
| Property | ASTM method | Unit | Test results | SCRB specification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penetration at 25°C, 100 g, 5 s | D5 | 0.1 mm | 47 | 40–50 |
| Ductility at 25°C, 5 cm/min | D113-99 | cm | 139 | >100 |
| Flash point (Cleveland open cup) | D92 | °C | 324 | Min. 232 |
| Softening point | D36 | °C | 53 | — |
| Specific gravity at 25°C | D70 | — | 1.05 | — |
| Viscosity at 135°C | D-4402 | cp | 613 | Min. 400 |
| Viscosity at 165°C | D-4402 | cp | 156 | — |
Physical properties of aggregate
| Property | Value | ASTM designation |
|---|---|---|
| Coarse aggregate | ||
| Bulk specific gravity | 2.628 | C127 |
| Apparent specific gravity | 2.615 | C127 |
| Water absorption (%) | 0.94 | C127 |
| Wear (%) (Los Angeles abrasion) | 20.2 | C131 |
| Angularity (%) | 95 | D 5821 |
| Soundness (%) | 3.9 | C88 |
| Fine aggregate | ||
| Bulk specific gravity | 2.569 | C128 |
| Apparent specific gravity | 2.627 | C128 |
| Water absorption (%) | 0.92 | C128 |
2.1.3 Mineral filler
Limestone was utilized as a mineral filler for the asphalt mixture in this study. The physical characteristics of limestone dust are stated in Table 3.
Physical properties of limestone dust
| Property | Results |
|---|---|
| Specific gravity | 2.77 |
| Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm) | 94% |
2.1.4 Geotextile
The woven geotextile used in this study was obtained from a commercial company and is depicted in Figure 1. By enclosing the pavement construction plus boosting its resistance to shear failures, it was applied to the reinforcing behaviors of flexible pavement. The woven geotextile characteristics employed in this study are displayed in Table 4.
Woven geotextile used in this study.
Physical, mechanical, and hydraulic properties of woven geotextile
| Unit | Result | |
|---|---|---|
| Physical properties | ||
| Mass per unit area (EN ISO 9864) | g/m² | 200 |
| Thickness (EN ISO 9863) | mm | 1.30 |
| Mechanical properties | ||
| Tensile strength MD (EN ISO 10319) CMD | kN/m | 16 |
| Elongation at max load MD (EN ISO 10319) CMD | % | 60–65 |
| Energy absorption index (EN ISO 10318) | kJ/m² | 5.0 |
| Static puncture resistance (EN ISO 12236) | kN | 5.0 |
| Dynamic puncture resistance (EN ISO 13433) | mm | 20 |
| Pyramidal puncture resistance (EN ISO 14574) | N | 200 |
| Hydraulic properties | ||
| Permeability normal to the plane (EN ISO 11058) | mm/s | 90 |
| In-plane flow capacity (EN ISO 12958) | 10–3 I/ms | 2.1 |
| Characteristic opening size (EN ISO 12956) | μm | 80 |
2.2 Program tests
2.2.1 Marshall test
In this study, 15 samples for the Marshall test were prepared. The Marshall test method was utilized to establish the optimal asphalt content of asphalt concrete mixtures for wearing Layer utilizing five different percentages of asphalt contents (4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, and 6%). The average asphalt content at maximum unit weight, at maximum stability, and 4% voids in the total mix was calculated in order to determine the optimum asphalt content. The optimum of binder content is (4.9%). The specified restrictions of the SCRB specification are confirmed by taking into account additional parameters like flow, VMA, and VFA. Figure 2 shows the samples of Marshall and Marshall test apparatus.
Samples and apparatus for Marshall test.
2.2.2 Fatigue test
In accordance with AASHTO PP2, the asphalt-aggregate mixture was aged in a short-term oven at 135°C for 4 h. In order to prevent the outer side of the mixture from aging more quickly than the interior side due to greater air exposure, the asphalt concrete mix was stirred every 30 min throughout the short-term aging phase before being cast in a heated slab mould. Samples were produced with the ideal amount of asphalt components. The hot-aged asphalt concrete loose mix was used to construct a slab that measured (400 mm × 300 mm × 50 mm) in size. A static load of 5 kN was applied to the wearing course’s binder. Figure 3 illustrates the Fatigue setup test for beams [14]. In accordance with ASTM (2009), before cutting (400 mm × 50 mm × 50 mm) beam specimens out of the compacted slab, it was allowed to cool overnight. Two groups of the ready beams were divided: the control mix, which was made without any additives, and the modified asphalt concrete, which was made using the previously discussed modification approaches. The flexural fatigue beam test determines the susceptivity of asphalt pavement to crack under repetitive, severe traffic pressure. AASHTO T 321 (2010) protocol was followed in order to ascertain the Fatigue Life of Compacted Hot-Mix Asphalt Subjected to Repeated Flexural Bending. The fatigue life was determined at test temperatures of 5, 20, and 30°C, at strain levels of 750, 400, and 250, and at a frequency of 5 Hz. Figure 4 shows experimental work.
Fatigue set-up test for beams.
Sample preparation and flexural fatigue test.
3 Result and discussion
Figure 5 shows the results of fatigue testing with the addition of geotextiles. Adding geotextiles increases the fatigue life and improves the bearing capacity of the asphalt mixture and the service life of the paving. At a temperature of 20°C, by adding geotextiles with 250, 400, and 750 micro strain, the fatigue life increased. The increase was less at 750 micro strain. This suggests that material strength can be effectively mobilized through bonding, which can help improve the performance of the material, even if it has good mechanical qualities similar to paving fabric. Geotextile reinforcement also plays a crucial role in reducing fatigue, which in turn extends the service life of the road. Additionally, the influence of geotextile on crack growth is less in low temperatures than in normal temperatures. When the depth of the upper asphalt is thin, the flexural tensile strain of asphalt is smaller, and the beam sustains damage more quickly at a temperature of 5°C. So when a geotextile layer is added to the wearing layer, it offers less fatigue than an unreinforced layer. Geotextiles can be used to improve the fatigue life of flexible pavement in both directions. They can help disperse applied stresses more evenly across the pavement structure, reducing localized stress concentrations. By slowing down the occurrence and spread of cracks, geotextiles can increase the pavement’s fatigue life. In addition, they can increase pavement stability by minimizing surface deformation and preserving the integrity of the pavement over time. Geotextiles can also serve as a drainage layer, allowing an overabundance of moisture to escape from the pavement structure. By doing so, it may be possible to prevent moisture-related damage, such as freeze-thaw cycles, from deteriorating the pavement layers. Including geotextiles can thus help prolong the pavement’s fatigue life by mitigating the damage caused by moisture.
Relationship between various micro strains, temperature, and fatigue life.
4 Conclusion
The findings of this study include the following:
When a geotextile layer is added to the wearing layer, it offers less fatigue than an unreinforced layer.
The fatigue life increases by 46, 52, and 31%, respectively, when the temperature is 20°C and the models are subjected to 250, 400, and 750 μs.
However, if there is a 5°C drop in temperature, the fatigue life decreases by 33% at 250 µs, 61% at 400 µs, and 26% at 750 µs.
On the other hand, when the temperature is increased to 30°C, the fatigue life of the asphalt mixture increases by 32, 4, and 22%, respectively, at different micro strain levels of 250, 400, and 750.
When the temperature significantly decreases, the ability of the asphalt mixture to deform greatly decreases as well. This may cause the asphalt layer to experience significant shrinkage tensile stress and strain, which can ultimately lead to cracking.
It is recommended to use geotextile reinforcement while building flexible pavement layers, especially in hot regions of Iraq with heavy truck axle loads and using proper design strategies and construction materials to reduce fatigue-related permanent deformations. The maintenance procedures for the flexible pavement are also minimized as a result of utilizing this approach. It is noteworthy that the impact of adding geotextile to the flexible pavement on fatigue life might differ significantly based on various aspects, including the type of geotextile utilized, the building method, and the particular environmental circumstances. To guarantee the pavement structure’s best performance and extended lifespan, it is imperative to take these variables into account and carry out a full engineering analysis. Through the study, it was found that placing geotextiles within one layer gives good results, and we recommend using this for practical applications on the site.
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Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.
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Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest with anyone related to the subject of the manuscript or any competing interest.
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Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.
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© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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- Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
- A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
- Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
- An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
- Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
- Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
- Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
- Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
- Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
- Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
- A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
- Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
- Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
- Special Issue: ICES 2023
- Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
- Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
- Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
- Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
- Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
- Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
- Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
- Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
- Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
- Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
- Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
- The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
- Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
- A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
- Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
- Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
- Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Artikel in diesem Heft
- Regular Articles
- Methodology of automated quality management
- Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
- Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
- Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
- Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
- Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
- A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
- Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
- Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
- Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
- Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
- Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
- Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
- Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
- Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
- Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
- Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
- Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
- Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
- A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
- Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
- Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
- Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
- Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
- Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
- Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
- Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
- Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
- Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
- Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
- A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
- Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
- Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
- Review Articles
- Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
- Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
- Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
- Communication
- Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
- Erratum
- Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
- Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
- Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
- Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
- Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
- New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
- Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
- Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
- Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
- Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
- Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
- Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
- Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
- The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
- Restrained captive domination number
- Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
- Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
- Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
- Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
- A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
- Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
- Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
- Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
- Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
- A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
- Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
- Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
- Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
- Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
- Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
- Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
- The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
- Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
- Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
- Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
- Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
- Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
- Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
- Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
- Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
- An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
- Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
- Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
- Center group actions and related concepts
- Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
- Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
- Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
- Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
- Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
- Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
- Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
- Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
- Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
- Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
- A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
- Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
- Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
- Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
- Special Issue: AESMT-6
- Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
- Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
- Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
- Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
- Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
- Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
- Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
- Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
- Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
- Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
- Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
- Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
- An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
- Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
- Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
- Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
- Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
- Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
- Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
- Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
- Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
- Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
- Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
- Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
- Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
- Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
- Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
- Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
- The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
- Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
- Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
- Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
- Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
- Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
- Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
- A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
- Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
- Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
- Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
- Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
- Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
- Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
- Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
- Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
- Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
- Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
- Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
- Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
- Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
- Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
- Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
- Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
- An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
- Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
- Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
- Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
- An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
- Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
- Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
- Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
- Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
- Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
- Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
- Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
- Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
- The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
- Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
- Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
- Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
- In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
- Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
- Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
- Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
- Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
- Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
- Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
- Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
- A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
- Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
- An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
- Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
- Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
- Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
- Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
- Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
- Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
- A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
- Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
- Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
- Special Issue: ICES 2023
- Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
- Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
- Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
- Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
- Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
- Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
- Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
- Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
- Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
- Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
- Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
- The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
- Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
- A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
- Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
- Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
- Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
