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Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures

  • Hawraa Mohammed Khadim EMAIL logo and Hasan Mosa Al-Mosawe
Published/Copyright: September 11, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

This study investigated the performance of rubberized asphalt mixtures through Marshall and wheel track tests. The optimal binder content for rubberized asphalt specimens containing 6 and 8% rubber was determined to be 4.9 and 5%, respectively, while the control asphalt required 4.6% binder content. The results indicate that modifying the binder with crumb rubber improves the properties of the asphalt mixture. The wheel track tests show that the rubberized asphalt samples have far shallower ruts than the control samples, demonstrating successful protection against long-term distortion. Rubberized asphalt is more resistant to rutting at higher temperatures, with lower sustained strain rates and shallower ruts. Adding crumb rubber enhances the stiffness and viscosity of the asphalt binder, contributing to the improved rutting resistance of the rubberized asphalt mixtures. This study emphasized the potential of rubberized asphalt as a sustainable solution for enhancing pavement durability and longevity. The findings highlight the benefits of using rubberized asphalt in pavement engineering and provide valuable insights for optimizing binder content and improving performance. Incorporating crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures can reduce rutting and enhance the overall sustainability of pavement surfaces.

Keywords: rubberized asphalt; rut depth, sustainable pavement solutions; permanent deformation; asphalt mixtures; moisture susceptibility

1 Introduction

The likelihood of rutting failure increases when the traffic volume and temperature increase. To deal with this problem, extensive research is needed in various areas related to hot mix asphalt (HMA), such as improving constituent materials, optimizing mix designs, enhancing analysis and pavement design methods, and conducting laboratory and field tests. Such research aims to prolong the service life of pavements, ultimately preventing the costly need for repairing pavement failures. Both researchers and engineers are consistently striving to improve the effectiveness of asphalt pavement. Furthermore, using rubberized asphalt can also positively impact the pavement’s longevity, reducing the need for frequent repairs and maintenance. This aspect becomes crucial in urban areas where traffic volume is high and dense development occurs [1,2].

Failures during the pavement's useful life consist primarily of rutting, fatigue cracking, and thermal cracking, which are all types of lasting changes to the tire path. Since it takes a lot of money to fix and rebuild things that are not right, early prevention is frequently more cost-effective. Paving materials with sufficient strength and stability should be selected to prevent this failure. Broken aggregates are required, and do not use too much bitumen and fine gravel [3,4].

Rutting is the lasting mark left in the road by a wheel. Progressive distortion of the pavement strata is caused by wheel tracks. In general, three factors contribute to the formation of ruts in asphalt pavements: endless accumulation of deformation at top of the asphalt layer, persistent subgrade settlement, and asphalt wear and erosion at the location of vehicle wheels. In the past, it was believed that subgrade deformation was the primary cause of pavement grooves, and consequently, the principle of minimizing vertical strain forms the basis of many design practices. However, new studies have found that the top layer of asphalt is mostly to blame for rutting [5].

Research into how to prevent asphalt and concrete from being damaged by the rutting phenomena caused by wheel tracks has risen in prominence in recent years. Consolidation and compaction of the bitumen mixture following production and the plastic deformation generated by passing wheels over time lead to this sort of failure [4]. To increase pavement flexibility and resistance, it has become normal practice in recent years to use waste materials that have the ability to improve the mechanical qualities of asphalt pavement in the building of HMA in order to counteract the effects of degrading elements such as fatigue, fissures induced by high temperature changes, and permanent deformation [6,7,8,9]:

  • Use the modified bitumen to enhance its qualities.

  • Modified asphalt blends improve characteristics.

Research into the use of additives in the production of asphalt mixtures to enhance their capabilities against dynamic loads has increased in recent years in response to the rising trend of costs associated with repairing and reconstructing pavements in airports and on roads. The greatest existing challenge in road preservation is paving's poor resilience to dynamic loads and its relatively short service life.

2 Literature review

In 2017, Kocak and Kutay, showed, in their study, that the rutting resistance of the asphalt pavement was much enhanced by the addition of crumb rubber to the bituminous mixtures. The best rutting resistance was achieved with an asphalt mixture that was modified with 24% CR [10].

In 2020, Soleimani et al. considered that in terms of rutting, shear resistance, and stability, asphalt rubber was found to perform much better than standard asphalt in experimental settings [11].

In another investigation, Jin et al. showed that better rutting and cracking resistance of asphalt pavement was achieved by the utilization of rubber in modifying asphalt mixtures in high traffic volume road pavement and having variant climate changes such as in Michigan [12].

3 Research methodology

3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Crumb rubber

Old tires are shredded to produce crumb rubber, a unique material without fibres or steel. Rubber particles are available in various sizes and can be classified by size.

The dimension of the mesh screen or sieve through which crumb rubber is passed during production characterizes or measures it. Typically, the size of the tires must be diminished to produce crumb rubber. Two methods exist for shredded rubber: an ambient grinding machine and a cryogenic procedure [13].

Granulation and cracker mills are the two most common approaches to pulverizing in the air. When the rubber from old tires contracts, the ambient temperature describes its temperature. When the material is at room temperature, it is introduced into the fracture mill or granulator. Cryogenic milling is more hygienic and slightly quicker. This results in a delicate mesh dimension. This procedure is more expensive than others due to the cost of liquid nitrogen. The properties of the pulverized rubber obtained from Aldiwaniya for this study are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Aldiwaniya crumb rubber properties

Property Unit Value ASTM
Sp.gravity gm/cm3 1.1–1.3 (D297)
Ash content % 5–15 (D297)
Heating loss % 1 (D1509)
Sieve analysis % 90 (D5603)
Fiber content % 0.5 (D5603)
Steel content % 0 (D5603)

3.1.2 Aggregate

This project's aggregate was obtained from the Al-Nibaie quarry. It is composed of hard, pulverized quartz and contains no clay, soil, or other toxic substances. In Baghdad, this aggregate is used extensively in asphalt and concrete mixtures. To meet the specified gradation specifications, the aggregate particle sizes ranged from 34 inch (19 mm) to sieve size No. 200 (0.075 mm). The aggregate physical properties are shown in Table 2, while the selected gradation is depicted in Table 3 and Figure 1.

Table 2

Physical properties of aggregate

Property Value ASTM Designation No.
Coarse aggregate
Bulk specific gravity 2.584 ASTM C 127
Apparent specific gravity 2.608 ASTM C 127
Water absorption % 0.57% ASTM C 127
Wear % (Los Angeles abrasion) 13.08% ASTM C 131
Fine aggregates
Bulk specific gravity 2.646 ASTM C 128
Apparent specific gravity 2.687 ASTM C 128
% water absorption 1.419% ASTM C 128
Figure 1 Aggregate gradation.
Figure 1

Aggregate gradation.

Table 3

Selected gradation of combined aggregate and mineral filler for asphalt mixture control binder course

Sieve opening (m m) (binder course) Sieve size (inch) Specification limits (SCRB) (binder) Selected gradation (binder)
25 1′ 100 100
19 3/4′ 90–100 95
12.5 1/2′ 70–90 80
9.5 3/8′ 56–80 68
4.75 No.4 35–65 50
2.36 No.8 23–49 36
0.3 No.50 5–19 12
0.075 No.200 3–9 6

3.1.3 Asphalt binder

In this study, we used Daura asphalt cement variants with penetration grades between 50 and 60. The physical characteristics of the original asphalt cement are displayed in Table 4.

Table 4

Asphalt cement physical characteristics

Property Unit Asphalt (Daura) Specifications
(60_50) (60_50)
Penetration (25°C, 100 g, 5 s) American society for testing and materials (ASTM) D 5 0.1 mm 56.23 60_50
Ductility (25°C, 5 cm/min) ASTM D 113 cm 146 >100
Flash point (cup for cutting open land) ASTM D 92 (in °C) >250 >232
Softening point (°C) 48 —

3.2 Crumb rubber as modifier in asphalt mixtures

The preparation process is usually the determining factor in the various names for the final product. Wet and dry methods are currently the most used for incorporating crumb rubber into asphalt mixtures. Bitumen is transformed into rubberized bitumen by the wet process (Figure 2). By combining bitumen with rubber at high temperatures, the alteration is designed to improve the bitumen's characteristics. Asphalt rubber (AR) is the final result of this process.

Figure 2 Wet process method.
Figure 2

Wet process method.

Some aspects have been continuously studied better to explain the effect of rubber on asphalt mixture properties. One such aspect is related to the interaction between the rubber and bitumen, which is vital to better understanding the concept of rubber modification in both wet and dry process methods. The term “interaction” used in this study refers to the diffusion of the lighter bitumen fraction (aromatic oils called maltenes) into rubber, leading to the rubber particles’ swelling. The swelling of the rubber as a result of the rubber–bitumen interaction is shown schematically in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Schematic of rubber swelling in rubber–bitumen interaction.
Figure 3

Schematic of rubber swelling in rubber–bitumen interaction.

The low molecular weight maltenes component of bitumen is readily absorbed by rubber. The asphaltenes (of high molecular weight) that are left in the leftover bitumen are what give it its increased viscosity. To achieve equilibrium swelling, the maltenes fraction diffuses into the rubber particles, expanding the diameters of the rubber network. The pace at which rubber swells was found to depend on variables such as the temperature and length of time the two materials were in contact, the chemical makeup of the bitumen, the type of rubber used, and the size of the rubber fragments. Depolymerization of the rubber particles is possible with enough heat and time due to the enhanced interaction between the bitumen and rubber. Stretching the rubber's network out was done till it swells to its original size. The pace at which rubber swells was found to depend on a number of factors, including the temperature and duration of rubber–bitumen interaction, the chemical makeup of bitumen, the type of rubber used, and its size.

3.3 Marshall test

This method of testing has been incorporated into Standard No. ASTM-D1559, “Standard Testing Method for Determining Asphalt Mixtures' Resistance to Plastic Deformation Using the Marshall Method.” Samples of asphalt mixture for use in asphalt mix design are made and prepared according to the standard method (ASTM-D1559) [14]. Samples of compacted asphalt mixture are obtained using this process, and their dimensions are roughly 63.5 mm in height and 101.6 mm in diameter. For compaction, let a 4.5-kilogram metal hammer with a 98.4-mm-diameter circular cross-sectional surface and a 45-cm drop (Figures 4 and 5).

Figure 4 Compacted samples.
Figure 4

Compacted samples.

Figure 5 Marshal samples in water bath.
Figure 5

Marshal samples in water bath.

The Marshal test requires the specimens to be immersed in a water bath heated to 60°C for 30 min before being retrieved, dried, and examined. Before inserting specimens into the Marshall apparatus, the jaws are greased. Specimens are loaded as soon as the machinery is turned on.

3.4 Wheel track test

The test measures the asphalt mixture's resistance to critical temperature/loading deformation leading to permanent shape change conditions that mimic those applied to the pavement surface. It is possible to do this analysis on both natural asphalt road kernels and laboratory-created asphalt slabs, both cylinder-shaped. The possibility for rutting in asphalt pavement can be tested using a wheel track rutting test, in which a loaded wheel moves in a reciprocating motion across asphalt specimens. To do this, a rut gauge is used to take readings at regular intervals from ruts carved into the sample by the equipment's wheel as it moves along the path of the sample. Apply a load of 690 N. The desired accuracy of rut-gauges is at least 0.1 mm. When the depth of a rut reaches 20 millimeters, the wheel track-measuring device shuts off. The procedures for this examination are based on the British Standards [1] (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Wheel track device.
Figure 6

Wheel track device.

4 Results

This section will be characterized into two subsections to identify the testing results: first is related to the Marshall test results and the second is the wheel track test.

4.1 Marshall properties

The optimum binder content for each percent of crumb rubber and both types of binder used was performed using the Marshall design method. The results shown in this section are related to samples manufactured with the optimum binder content.

Based on the Marshall test (Table 5), the best control bitumen percentage is 4.6%, whereas the best bitumen modified with crumb rubber percentages are 4.9 and 5% for rubberized asphalt specimens having 6 and 8% rubber, respectively.

Table 5

Marshall characteristics at optimum (50/60) binder contents

% CR Optimum binder content (%) Void (%) Marshall stability (KN) Flow value (mm) Bulk density
VIM VMA VFA
0 4.6 3.79 13.9 72.73 9.5 4.5 2.36
2 4.7 4.22 13.07 67.73 11.42 4.1 2.38
4 4.8 3.67 12.58 70.80 11.78 3.8 2.39
6 4.9 3.50 11.94 75.14 12.32 3.5 2.41
8 5.0 3.00 11.06 81.92 12.74 3.1 2.43

VIM: % Air voids = [1 − Bulk sp.gr Max.Theo.sp.gr] × 100.

VMA: Voids in the mineral aggregate.

VFA: Voids fill with asphalt in the mixture.

Marshall stability and flow testing for all specimens were carried out. The cylindrical specimen was positioned for 30 to 40 min in the water bath at a rate of 60°C and then pulled up to maximum load (failure) at a constant rate of 50.8 mm/min 2 in/min. The maximum resistance to load and the appropriate flow value were recorded.

Three specimens were prepared for each combination and the average results reported, and the procedure of Marshall test is shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Procedure of Marshall test.
Figure 7

Procedure of Marshall test.

When adding rubber to the asphalt mixture by (2, 4, 6, and 8)% and when the new mixture was compared to the original, it was clear that the stability had improved.

And the addition of (2, 4, 6, and 8)% crumb rubber to the mixture reduced the Marshall flow compared to the virgin control mixture, which may be due to replacing asphalt (liquid) with the rubber particles. This increase is due to decreased adhesion between the mixture's components and stability.

While the modified asphalt concrete mixes have a higher bulk density than the control mixture, the addition of rubber causes the bulk density to decrease, possibly because of the rubber's resistance to being compacted [15].

4.2 Wheel track test results

The data from the wheel track tests are displayed in Table 6. The results show that the depth of ruts in crumb-rubber-treated samples is significantly less than in the standard asphalt samples. This theorem proves that crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures significantly reduces permanent deformation (Figures 8 and 9).

Table 6

Results of wheel track tests on the rubberized asphalt samples

Binder type Temperature (°C) CR% Rut depth (mm)
Number of wheel cycles
100 5,000 10,000
50\60 50 6 0.32 6.0 7.42
50 8 0.71 3.02 5.14
Figure 8 Average rut results.
Figure 8

Average rut results.

Figure 9 Results of 6% and 8% crumb rubber asphalt mixture.
Figure 9

Results of 6% and 8% crumb rubber asphalt mixture.

At 50°C, the results show that the constant strain rate increases rapidly for standard asphalt but remains normal for specimens modified with crumb rubber, leading to lower ruts.

The rate of rutting depth in rubber asphalt mixtures was significantly reduced by adding crumb rubber compared to the control samples.

The addition of crumb rubbers enhances bitumen's stiffness and viscosity. Increasing the stiffness of asphalt mixtures and decreasing the rate at which ruts form can be achieved by modifying these two properties of bitumen.

5 Conclusion

In conclusion, rubberized asphalt mixture performance is illuminated by this study's testing results. The Marshall test results show that the appropriate binder content for rubberized asphalt specimens with 6 and 8% rubber is 4.9 and 5%, respectively, whereas the control asphalt requires 4.6%. Modifying the binder with crumb rubber improves the characteristics, as shown by these results.

The wheel track test results show how crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures improves. Rubberized asphalt samples have smaller rut depth than regular ones, indicating less permanent deformation. This suggests that crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures reduces rutting.

The persistent strain rate and rutting depth analysis demonstrate that rubberized asphalt exhibits improved resistance to rutting at elevated temperatures. The enhanced properties of bitumen due to the addition of crumb rubber, such as increased stiffness and viscosity, play a vital role in reducing the rate of rut formation.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: HA; data collection: HK; analysis and interpretation of results: HK; draft manuscript preparation: HK.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on a reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-04-21
Revised: 2023-07-08
Accepted: 2023-07-20
Published Online: 2024-09-11

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
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  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
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  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
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  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
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  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0500
Keywords for this article
rubberized asphalt; rut depth, sustainable pavement solutions; permanent deformation; asphalt mixtures; moisture susceptibility
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BY 4.0

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  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
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  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
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  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
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  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
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  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
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  56. Restrained captive domination number
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  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
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  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
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  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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