Startseite Technik Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
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Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay

  • Zainab Sadoon Alnumairi EMAIL logo und Suhair Razzaq AlShareefi
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. Februar 2024
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

Wall piles supported with anchors are considered one of the most prevalent types of engineering support. This research includes studying the behavior of wall piles through a numerical parametric study using the FE-method program (PLAXIS 2D). The study includes the most influencing factors such as the angle of the inclination, the vertical spacing between the rows of anchors, and the distance of the first row of anchors from the ground surface. The effects of these factors on the stability of the wall were studied. Optimal positioning of the anchors is crucial, as it maximizes their effectiveness and contributes significantly to reducing the overall construction costs. The use of a guys queue for the economic aspect saves the cost of executing two guys queue because the effect of having two rows does not significantly change the transfer values. The optimum angle of inclination of the tensioner row is 15° in favor of safety, and as it gives good stability of the wall to the wedge wall, with an increase in this angle, the horizontal movement decreases. The first optimum dimension for a row of guys from the horizontal surface of the earth is O = 25%H. Decrease the values of horizontal movement of the wall by increasing the angle of friction.

Keywords: wall pile; ground anchors; basin foundation; parameters of the specifications of the anchor; excavation support; finite element method

1 Introduction

As urban development expands due to population growth, there is a heightened demand for high-rise buildings [1]. This has led to various considerations and approaches to accommodate the increasing population in urban areas. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages, and it is important to know the limits and areas of difference for each method [2]. The use of numerical modeling as the finite element method and finite differences provided a means to predict the behavior of facilities and maintain their stability. To reduce settlements to an acceptable amount, the foundation shall be made of a number of necessary piles, and the loads shall be transferred from the structure, via raft, partly to the foundation soil and partly to the piles (the load combined between the raft and the piles) [3,4]. The contact area of the foundation with the soil is much more than any other type of foundation as in the case of the raft foundation, so the load is distributed over a larger area and soil shear is possible. This leads to lowered and less pressure on the soil, which is beneficial for the foundation [5,6]. In stacked raft foundations, the combined load between piles and raft is affected by the complex interaction between soil and structure. Stacked rafts are made more efficient and economical by optimizing the number and location of outriggers [7,8].

1.1 Research importance and objectives

  • The aim of the research on the mud foundation basins is to analyze the behavior of the wedge walls supported by the guys as static behavior using the finite element method through a mathematical model.

  • Achieving sufficient accuracy and the best parametrically studied cement solution.

  • The study highlights the most important design considerations, especially for this type of wedge wall.

  • To determine the optimal economic situation for the ranks of the comrades, display the plans of soil transfers behind the wall.

  • The research presents a realistic example of using the static study and the reinforcement method, as the reinforcement requires a large implementation time and a large cost, which makes predicting the behavior, stability, and design of the walls a matter that requires a lot of effort. Accuracy and error can lead to disastrous results. Guys are designed with a results statement while selecting the best solutions with the least cost and time.

1.2 Research methodology

The research depends on the comparative analytical method and includes the following stages.

1.2.1 Finite element modeling

Creating a numerical model involves revisiting a previously examined free wedge wall. This process includes defining the realistic soil characteristics, determining external loads, specifying the depth of the foundation pit, and implementing an applied clay soil in the analysis.

In the modeling, the PLAXIS 2D program was used for numerical modeling by the method of Al-Aasr Al-Fatihah.

The mathematical model was calibrated using Moore–Coulomb’s law, and an appropriate mathematical model was developed with all its properties and terminal conditions.

1.2.2 Parametric study

The effect of several parameters included in the design of the wedge wall supported by tensions on the stability and balance of the wall was studied.

1.2.2.1 Numerical model

We utilized numerical programs primarily based on the finite element method. However, these programs present certain challenges, including the selection of a suitable soil model, determination of soil parameters dependent on initial soil conditions, consideration of surrounding conditions and analysis type, as well as interpretation and evaluation of the results.

1.2.3 The reference studies and the field model

A model of a wedge wall reinforced with three-row anchors was adopted for one of the previous studies (Anton Szavits Nossan, [8]) with clay soil, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Data on the wall, tensions, and elevations.
Figure 1

Data on the wall, tensions, and elevations.

1.2.3.1 Used symbol

The symbols and some hypotheses of previous studies were adopted according to Figure 2, where O denotes the first row of guys from the horizontal surface of the earth and ranges between 12.5 and 25% according to the hypothesis of Jitesh Chavda; n is the horizontal dimension between the face of the wedge from the side of the foundation basin and the point of intersection of the slip line with the ground surface, assuming the researcher Jitesh that the slip line is inclined from the horizon at an angle of 45 + φ/2, starting from the bottom of the inner wedge foot; L tol is the total length of row i of turnbuckles; Lgeo = Lbound is the length of the injected body represented in the program as a geogrid; Lai = Lunbound is the free length of row i of turnbuckles; and M is the perpendicular distance between the slip line and a straight line parallel to it, taken as a percentage, ≥1.5.

Figure 2 Some of the symbols used in the search.
Figure 2

Some of the symbols used in the search.

H, r1 = 6 D or 1 m is the vertical distance between the earth’s horizontal surface and the center of the first injected body; N A is the number of rows of guys; Mc is the flexible model that is fully plastic; H max is the maximum horizontal movement in the wall; H mmax is the maximum horizontal transfer of the measured field values; DH is the value of the difference between the maximum transfers; SA = 2.5 m is the horizontal spacing between turnbuckles in each row; H all is the allowable horizontal transition in a post-reinforced wedge and is equivalent to H/300 = 0.048 m according to the German Standard.

1.2.3.2 Material specification

The wall of the foundation pit is made of cast-in-place concrete with a thickness of 0.6 m with contact stakes, using linear elastic behavior in modeling, and the wall is supported by three rows of anchors with different angles of inclination.

Specifications of the materials entered in the program wedge wall, each row of anchors, and the injected body are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Specifications of the materials entered

Symbol Denotation Value The single
Eref Modulus of elasticity of the sphenoid wall 25 GPa
V(ru) Poisson coefficient for concrete walls 0.3 —
Gref Shear modulus of the sphenoid wall 9.615 GPa
Eoed Modulus of elasticity 33.65 GPa
Yb Volumetric weight of reinforced concrete 25 kPa
EA1 The hardness of each tensioner in the first row 117,000 kN
EA (2,3) The stiffness of each tensioner in the second and third rows 146,000 kN
EA The stiffness of the geogrid representing the injected body 30,000 kN

GPa, giga pascals; kN, kilo newtons; kPa, kilo pascals; kg/m3, single density-specific gravity.

1.2.3.3 Dimensions and terminal conditions

The dimensions were determined according to the fields allowed by Briaud and Lim in 1997 [2], and the dimensions are shown in Figure 3, where L = 3–4B is the width of the model; B denotes the model height; and W is the width of the additional load distributed over a linear meter. We show the fossil. Be is the distance from the edge of the model to the outer edge of the reinforced wall; T is the suture depth; and S denotes the left inner end of the additional load from the face of the right wall opposite it.

Figure 3 Boundaries and dimensions of the field model.
Figure 3

Boundaries and dimensions of the field model.

The additional load of the old building adjacent to the excavation was modeled as a uniformly distributed load of 72 kN/m2.

2 Discussion and the studied sports model

  1. As for the terminal conditions and dimensions of the studied model, they are according to Figure 3.

    • Concerning the specifications of the drop wedge wall, the foundation basin is supported by a wedge wall consisting of adjacent pegs, and the spacing between the centers of the pegs is Sh = D, and according to the researcher in reference [2], D = Dp = 60 cm, which is the diameter of the stake. The specifications of the studied wedge wall are as follows: the volumetric weight of reinforced concrete is 25 kPa; the modulus of elasticity of the Eref is 25 GPa; and the Poisson’s modulus is 0.3.

    • With regard to the specifications of the tensioners studied, they are identical to the injected body in all rows. The specifications are as follows: the hardness of the first row of EA turnbuckles is 117,000 kN; the hardness of the second- and third-row turnbuckles is 146,000 kN; and the injected body stiffness for all grades is 30,000 kN.

  2. As for the proposed soil specifications, clay soil was used, which extends to the end of the foundation depth, followed by hard clay, depending on the findings of Mollahasani [3]. The following are numerically studied soil properties:

    Material type: drained hard clay and drained pelleted clay.

    The unsaturated density (above the water level) is 18 kg/m3 for fine clay and 21 kg/m3 for hard clay.

    The saturated density is 19 kg/m3 for fine clay and 21 kg/m3 for hard clay.

    The transmittance in the horizontal direction is 0.0001 m/day.

    The transmittance in the vertical direction is 0.0001 m/day.

    The soil modulus of elasticity is 9,000 kPa for sifted clay and 300,000 kPa for hard clay.

    The effective cohesion is 20 kPa for sintered clay and 25 kPa for hard clay.

    The effective friction angle is 29 grit and 30 grit.

    The volumetric expansion angle is 0 in both cases.

    Poisson’s factor is 0.25 for vegetated clay.

  3. User Code of Conduct:

    The researcher found [3] that the best law of matter used in alluvial soils, which accurately represents soil deformations and mimics reality, is Mohr–Coulomb’s law adopted in modeling.

  4. Parametric study:

The wedge wall was modeled as a free wall in the soil without reinforcement with tensioners. The modeling resulted in the deformation of the wedge wall and its rotation toward the foundation basin with a value of H max = 6.27 cm > H all at the top of the wall according to Figures 4 and 5. Therefore, the wedge wall needs to be reinforced with an appropriate number of tensioners determined during the parametric study.

Figure 4 Free wall deformation without reinforcement by tensioners.
Figure 4

Free wall deformation without reinforcement by tensioners.

Figure 5 Horizontal transition with the depth of the free wall without tensioners.
Figure 5

Horizontal transition with the depth of the free wall without tensioners.

The values of some constants have been adopted, which we will refer to when studying.

( m = 0.15 H , O = 0.25 H , p = 0.25 H , D = 60 cm , Lgeo = 7 m α = 15 ° )

2.1 Effect of the number of rows of guys nA

An angle of inclination from the horizontal of 15° was used, and the reinforcement was carried out with goggles and two rows of goggles nA = 1 and 2.

Figure 6 shows the convergence of the shape of the two curves in the two cases, as well as the significant decrease in the horizontal transmission, which causes the wall to withdraw toward the soil so that it resists the lateral push of the soil and changes the direction of movement of the wall.

Figure 6 Comparison of the curves of the horizontal transition values with depth.
Figure 6

Comparison of the curves of the horizontal transition values with depth.

The H max = 4.35 cm > H aaa in the case of a row of guys, and the H max = 4.3 cm > Haaa in the case of two guys, and the DH = 0.05 cm and is equivalent to 1.15%, which is a small difference, so one row of guys will be approved.

The height of the transition is at the top of the wall, and the shape of the curve is wavy. Therefore, it is sufficient to use one row of guys from an economic point of view to save the cost of implementing two guy rows, since the effect of the presence of two rows does not significantly change the transfer values. There is no importance in studying the presence of a second row of tension bands, because its effectiveness is low since the presence of a female group of tension bands achieves sufficient and great stability for the wedge wall.

The effect of changing the angle of inclination of the rows of Alpha Guys:

The case of nA = 1 was adopted to choose the angle that achieves the best stability for the wall. Several values of the inclination angle were studied: 5°, 10°, 12°, 15°, and 20°, and the rest of the parameters were fixed as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7 Comparison of the horizontal transition curves with depth for the case of two shadings at several values of inclination angle.
Figure 7

Comparison of the horizontal transition curves with depth for the case of two shadings at several values of inclination angle.

Figure 7 shows a slight decrease in transmission with an increase in the angle of inclination in the cohesive clay soil due to the decrease in the effectiveness of tension on friction according to the study by Wen (2012) (https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2109535). The curve that gives the lowest values of horizontal transmission is the angle case curve of 15° and 20°.

Figure 8 shows the value of H max = 3.582 cm in the case of an angle of 15°. In the case of H max = 3.6 cm and the angle is 20°, the DH = 0.015 cm between the two cases for the angle value of 15° and 20°, which is a small difference and is equivalent to 0.5%.

Figure 8 Comparison of the horizontal transition curves over the entire length of the wall with the depth at several values of (0).
Figure 8

Comparison of the horizontal transition curves over the entire length of the wall with the depth at several values of (0).

The angle of 15° was adopted as the ideal angle, and researcher Sliwinski (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13258-4) in 1971 considered that the ideal angle of inclination of the tension in the clay should be <20°. Esame (https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-5910(75)80036-2) in 2014 found that the best tension angle makes the tensioner work with the greatest tensile strength <15° in clayey granulated soils at an average soil friction of 25.

2.1.1 Effect after the first row of tensioners on the horizontal surface of the earth (O)

The angle adopted was 15°, and several values were given to (0) as a percentage of the height of the foundation basin as follows (Figure 8):

O = 0.1H, 0.125H, 0.15H, 0.2H, 0.25H, 0.36H, 0.35H

Figure 8 shows the decrease in the values of the horizontal wall transition as it increases (0); the curve representing the case of 0 = 25%H represents a wavy curve with a low transmission value and its peak in the middle of the wall. In the case of 0 = 35%H, H max = 3.25 and H max = 3.62 cm. In the case of 0 = 0.25H, all values are low and within the permissible limits.

Furthermore, DH = 0.1 cm equals 10.2%, which is a small difference. From the above, the 0 = 0.25H case was adopted as an ideal case for ease of implementation, which is consistent with Naveen’s 2014 study.

2.1.2 Effect of changing the soil friction angle parameter behind the wedge wall

It was adopted after the first row of tensioners from the ground surface 0 = 0.25H; the friction angle of 5° was not used due to the collapse of the wall at this value; and several values were given for the angle of friction of the soil reserved behind the peg wall: 10°, 15°, 20°, and 25°, as shown in Figures 8 and 9.

Figure 9 Curves of horizontal transition over the entire length of the wall with depth at different values of the soil friction angle held behind the wedging wall.
Figure 9

Curves of horizontal transition over the entire length of the wall with depth at different values of the soil friction angle held behind the wedging wall.

3 Conclusions

  1. The use of a guys queue for the economic aspect saves the cost of executing two guys queue because the effect of having two rows does not significantly change the transfer values.

  2. The optimum angle of inclination of the tensioner row is 15° in favor of safety, and as it gives good stability of the wall to the wedge wall, with an increase in this angle, the horizontal movement decreases.

  3. The first optimum dimension for a row of guys from the horizontal surface of the earth is O = 25%H.

  4. Decrease the values of horizontal movement of the wall by increasing the angle of friction.

3.1 Recommendations

  1. Due to the complexity of the studied issue and its containment of very many parameters, it is recommended to conduct a parametric study for this type of wall and reinforcement using multiple numerical programs to compare the results and support the results.

  2. It is recommended to conduct a parametric study for more parameters such as lowering the groundwater level, the depth of the wall penetration, the type and specifications of the impounded soil, and the expansion of the studied parameters.

  3. It is recommended to study the stability of the wedge walls, taking into account the dynamic analysis of the wall.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

[1] Abd Hacheem Z. Simulation of deep excavation in sand by finite element using hardening soil model (HSM). Eng Technol J. 2011;29(15):3079–96.10.30684/etj.29.15.4Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Briaud J-L, Lim Y. Soil-nailed wall under piled bridge abutment: Simulation and guidelines. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. 1997;123(11):1043–50.10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1997)123:11(1043)Suche in Google Scholar

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Received: 2023-03-02
Revised: 2023-10-13
Accepted: 2023-10-24
Published Online: 2024-02-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0549
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
wall pile; ground anchors; basin foundation; parameters of the specifications of the anchor; excavation support; finite element method
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Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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