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Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles

  • Ahmed S. A. Al-Gharbawi EMAIL logo , Mohammed Y. Fattah and Sajad Abdullah Abduhussain
Published/Copyright: March 8, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Soil investigation is very important to check the bearing capacity before constructing any structure. There are different types of soils that cause many problems for the structure in short and long term, which are known as problematic soils. A lot of researchers dealt with improvement and reinforcement of the problematic soils by physical and chemical treatments. The objective of this study is reinforcing the problematic soil with micropiles with different depths and different configurations. In this study, two types of soils, soft clay and loose sand, were used to study the effect of adding micropiles of different depths and different configurations to investigate the best improvement of bearing capacity for shallow foundations on these soils. The results showed that reinforcing the natural soil with micropiles could improve the pressure carrying capacity of the problematic soils. When the design width is changed from under foundation alone to under foundation and 2B width, the soil reinforced with 2B depth of micropiles can raise the soil’s load carrying capacity by 45 to 65% when compared to untreated soil. Just 7% more bearing capacity may be achieved by increasing the depth of the micropiles from 2B to 3B (where B is the footing width); as a result, going deeper than 2B is not advantageous. Additionally, the bearing capacity of the micropiles increases by only 3% when the breadth of the configuration is increased from 1B to 2B; so, wider configurations than 1B are invalid.

Keywords: problematic soil; micropiles; reinforcement; soil treatment

1 Introduction

Problematic soils are soils that have low bearing capacity, undergo excessive settlement, or even fail under relatively low stress conditions [1].

Numerous techniques have been documented in the literature to enhance the behaviors of soft clay and loose sand soils; however, selecting the best technique can be difficult due to a number of issues, including building and economic considerations.

In the research, a large number of mathematical equations connecting bearing capacity to traditional soil properties have been constructed. The vast majority of these mathematical equations can be adapted to the particular soil for which they were intended. Put differently, despite soils having comparable physical qualities, they differ in their microstructures and, consequently, in their mechanical behavior. For this reason, recommended empirical equations do not translate to standard geotechnical engineering practice.

Through experimentation and creativity, contractors have created a variety of soil improvement technologies in recent years. During this time, researchers in engineering have looked into the fundamental mechanisms underpinning these technologies to confirm their applicability and efficacy. In general, mechanical or chemical methods are used in soil improvement operations; however, in some circumstances, a combination of methods is employed. There are several widely used mechanical procedures, including ground reinforcement [2,3,4,5], compaction [6,7], and drainage and dewatering [8,9,10,11]. Chemical additives and biological processes are frequently used in chemical techniques and biological approaches to improve problematic soils [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Chemical additions that stabilize soil can be classified as either conventional or unconventional [19]. According to Kampala et al. [20], examples of conventional additives include lime, cement, bituminous materials, and manufacturing by products such as fly ash, carbide calcium residue, and granules blast furnace slag.

The effects of fly ash treating on the shear strength and pressure capacity of the soil were investigated by Baqir et al. [21] using clay columns stabilized with 5% fly ash supplied to soil with various L/D values of 4 and 6 and with different curing periods of days. The results of the treatment time of days in 14 days and 28 days were close to one another. Between 14 and 28 days, the two (L/D) 4 and 6 have an incensement ratio of about 5%. (L/D) 6 has demonstrated a notable improvement over L/D 4; there has been a 30% reduction in bearing ratio breakdown.

A linear shrinkage test is used by Sulaiman et al. [22] to examine the linear shrinkage of a problematic soil and its response to eco-processed pozzolan EPP at 20 and 30% concentrations as a soil stabilizing ingredient. The following deductions have been made in light of the research: The soil index criteria included both pH and moisture content, both of which were determined to be suitable. For peat soil, eco-processed pozzolan, the soil with 20% EPP, the average water content of the soil’s sample was 580.5%, and the pH values were 3.1, 13.02, and 9.00, respectively. It is possible that EPP will contribute to a nearly 66.66% reduction in shrinkage. Furthermore, the findings show that the shrinkage behavior of both untreated and treatment soils with EPP is greatly reduced by adding EPP as a filler material, with 4.29% decreased to 1.43% significantly.

Sand’s engineering qualities (compaction, unconfined compressive strength), as well as the effects of cement and nanosilica, were researched by Choobbasti et al. [23]. Three percent of cement quantities (5, 9, and 14% by weight of the sand at dry condition) were mixed with four different nanosilica ratios (0, 5, 10, and 15% by weight of cement). The mixture was then compressed into a cylindrical specimen. The study’s findings indicated that sands’ engineering qualities are enhanced by the addition of cement and nanosilica. With the rise in cement concentration, an increase in the maximum dry unit weight of sand was observed. The mechanical qualities of cement sand can be greatly enhanced when nanosilica is present in the right amounts.

In comparison to far more expensive driven piles, micropiles are simply small-diameter piles (which is frequently steel bars or pipes) coated into predrilled holes to construct shorter frictional piles with great capacity and a generally smaller amount of settlement. They can be put in practically any kind of soil, including rock. The most typical applications for micropiles are slope stabilization, wall support, underpinning, and structural foundation support. Micropiles have several important benefits, one of which is that they do not require overhanging or lateral site constraints, which would make installation demanding much larger equipment impossible. Micropiles have the ability to give both tensile and considerable compressional strength, in contrast to the variety of structural reinforcement techniques previously discussed. According to industry data, micropiles can function at in excess of 2,200 kN (250 tons). Conventional micropiles are inserted into predrilled holes filled with concrete. In place of pricey deep foundations, they are frequently used in groups to transmit bearing pressures to subsurface soils. Micropiles are coated in a high pressure in place to boost capacity. Side resistance is greatly increased by this process, which also densifies the surrounding earth and increases lateral pressures. Micropiles are non-displacement piles with small diameters that are drilled, grouted, and often strengthened in the center with high strength steel bars. A borehole is drilled, steel reinforcement is added, and the hole is grouted to create a micropile. In various applications of ground improvement, including the reinforcement of existing foundations, micropiles have been used successfully to increase bearing capacity and decrease settlement. The design process and application of this strategy are outlined in federal highway administration (FHWA) [24].

The modification of the load conditions for operation on the subgrade employing reinforcing components in the form of micro and helical piles is one of the most popular and efficient strategies for improving the ground used in useful uses. The lateral micropiles are one of the strategies that have been developed in this regard [25]. Large-scale projects such as roads and embankments can use soil reinforcement extensively, and in these kinds of projects, it can be used to lengthy piles with weak underlayers that are buried deeply.

Using the finite element method, Fattah et al. [26] investigated the effect of micropiles under static as well as dynamic loading scenarios. The analysis is done using the open-source tool OpenSees, which also gives availability of its source data and details on the software architecture and construction procedure. A model was developed to investigate the effect of defects on the lateral effectiveness of groups of horizontally compressed pipe piles in sand. A total of 2, 4, and 6 evenly spaced piles were arranged in group series in the geometric layout. The pile and the surrounding dirt are modelled using eight node brick parts. After placing steel micropiles in two distinct orientations adjacent to the damaged pile, it was determined that the deformation of horizontally pressured piles is reduced. When the defective pile is modelled in the front row, the rise in the group displacement is larger.

A calculating approach taking into account the stiffness of soil-reinforcing devices mounted vertically was proposed by Popov [27]. It is significant to remember that standard building materials such as concrete, geosynthetic-encased columns, steel, and crushed stone are all listed as vertical reinforcement in the codes. However, the standards do not go into depth on fiberglass or other comparable composite materials [28].

With the aid of an expanding polyurethane resin that was pumped into the soil body during hydrofracturing, Sabri and Shashkin [29] examined the behavior of soil reinforcement. As part of their follow-up research, Sabri and Shashkin [30] created a novel approach for calculating the reinforcing displacement and stress characteristics of expanding soils made of polyurethane resin following the grouting procedure, taking into account the resin as rigid reinforcement elements in the vertical orientations.

Russo et al. [31] reported a new installation process for the footing pile of a new mall that is being designed in a former industry area. Pushing and auguring methods are used in tandem to install hybrid piles. This installation technique makes it possible auguring methods to avoid having to remove and then dispose of shallowly polluted soil. Three loading tests are used to examine the mechanical characteristics of the three hybrid piles that have strain gauges installed along the shaft. The possibility of providing a completely sustainability foundation solution by outfitting the piles with heat transfer pipes is also being looked into within the context of designing a new mall in a former industrial area. A comparison between two different heat exchanger pipe configurations and further advantages of the novel hybrid installation method is provided by mathematical models of the behavior of energy hybrid piles.

A field investigation was carried out by Han and Ye [32] to look into the mechanisms of load transfer at the micropile link to the plate of concrete both underneath the initial pressure and under the load adding. Throughout the loading and hookup processes, they kept an eye on changes in stresses. In order to analyze the outcomes from the field, they used theoretical answers. In a field study using soft clay, Han and Ye [33] looked at the behavior of a single micropile under compression and tension. Based on the findings of field tests, they selected a theoretical approach for calculating the proportion of tip resistant to the overall load, the pressure capacity of piles, and the bearing capacity of soil.

The findings of a case study on employing 350 micropiles to enhance loose sandy soil layers were provided by Moayed and Naeini [34]. They looked at how soil stress–displacement behavior improved and how micropile injection affected liquefaction remediation. Prior to and during the installation of micropiles, they assessed the outcomes of Standard Penetration Tests and Plate Load Tests on a genuine site. They demonstrated that employing micropiles can dramatically improve the pressure carrying capacity of loose sandy soil as well as the subgrade reaction of the soil, ks, as well as the reactivity of loose silty sand soils to load the surface. After improving the soil, they reported that installing micropiles raised the SPT value.

Moghaddam et al. [35] conducted multiple static processes with strain control tests with a rate of breakdown of 10 mm/min and a laboratory setup using a large-scale physical modeling apparatus in order to evaluate different variables, which includes the depth, radius, interact radius, and interact skin friction of micropiles in sandy soils with varying relative densities. Additionally, the pressure carrying capacity of drilled and driven micropiles was checked, and the outcomes showed the behavior of every parameter as well as installing techniques on the micropiles’ pressure carrying capacities. The findings demonstrated the relative density parameter’s significant contribution to the micropile’s load-bearing capacity values when compared to other factors. In contrast to the drilling approach, the experiment's results also showed that the forced insertion technique may raise its load carrying capacity to a maximum level of 84%, and indicating that, on average, the radius variable influences the pressure carrying capacity quantities at various soil densities by 12% greater than the measurement parameter.

Even while chemical stabilization materials have been very successful in changing the behavior of unstable soil, they cannot be regarded as environmentally benign materials because they are poisonous, change the pH of the soil, and contaminate soils and groundwater.

The objective of this study is reinforcing the problematic soil with micropiles with different depths (1B, 2B, and 3B) and different configuration widths (under footing only, 1B and 2B). Two soils are used in this study: loose sand and soft clay.

2 Materials

2.1 Soil characterization

Two types of problematic soils were used in this study. The first one is loose sand brought from Kerbala city, south west of Baghdad and the second one is soft clay brought from a site south of Baghdad. The properties of loose sand and soft clay are illustrated in Table 1, and the grain size distribution is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.

Table 1

Soil properties

Property Sand Clay
Natural water content; ( w . c % ) 1.7 5.0
Liquid limit % — 44
Plastic limit % — 19
Plasticity index % — 25
Specific gravity (Gs) 2.64 2.69
Gravel, (>4.75 mm)% 0 0
Sand, (0.075–4.75 mm)% 96 16
Silt, (0.005–0.075 mm)% 4 34
Clay, (less than 0.005 mm)% 50
D 60 0.38 —
D 30 0.23 —
D 10 0.16 —
Uniformity coefficient 2.38 —
Curvature coefficient 0.87 —
Max. dry unit weight (kN/m3) 18.82 —
Min. dry unit weight (kN/m3) 15.32 —
Soil classification (USCS)* SP CL

*Unified Soil Classification System.

Figure 1 Grain size distribution of the loose sand.
Figure 1

Grain size distribution of the loose sand.

Figure 2 Grain size distribution of the soft soil.
Figure 2

Grain size distribution of the soft soil.

2.2 Micropiles

The micropiles are employed as structural supports and soil reinforcement in structures with a diameter of little more than 300 mm FHWA [22]. Steel micropiles of 2 mm in diameter and three depths of 60, 120, and 180 mm were employed in this investigation. These depths correspond to 1B, 2B, and 3B, respectively (i.e., B breadth of the foundation). The micro-piles utilized are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Micropiles used.
Figure 3

Micropiles used.

3 Testing program

The present study uses a method to improve the load carrying capacity of the problematic soils by inserting micropiles within the soil. The testing program is divided into two sections: the first one looks at the impact of the reinforcement micropiles in loose sand, and the second one looks at the impact in soft clay. Although the model is set up according to the first section, the soil is loaded to the point of failure. A relative density of 30% was selected for loose sand and the undrained shear strength used 16 kPa for soft clay. Figure 4 illustrates the testing program. The loading machine is shown in Figure 5. Figures 6 and 8 display the testing program’s model sketch, which shows the model sketch for depths of 60, 120, and 180 mm, respectively. The dimensions of the container utilized in the investigation are 500 mm × 500 mm × 300 mm. A foundation measuring 60 mm by 60 mm by 10 mm was used to press down on the soil underneath in order to assess the soil’s capacity to support loads.

Figure 4 Testing program.
Figure 4

Testing program.

Figure 5 Experimental setup.
Figure 5

Experimental setup.

Figure 6 Design for the 60 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.
Figure 6

Design for the 60 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.

Figure 7 Design for the 120 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.
Figure 7

Design for the 120 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.

Figure 8 Design for the 180 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.
Figure 8

Design for the 180 mm depth models in which micropiles are positioned beneath the foundation to heights 1B and 2B.

Each model is prepared by adding the soil gradually to the container. The container is divided into three equal depths to give the adequate density to the soil. After that, the face of the soil is smoothing very well and then divided into girds as the width configuration of micropiles. The point of micropile is drilled and then inserted into the mircopile gently to the hole. The insertion of micropile started from middle to edge.

4 Presentation and discussion of test results

Tests are conducted on a number of models to examine the spread foundation's ability to withstand pressure on soil reinforcement at varying depths and micropile configurations. The relationship between footing pressure and settlement on untreated soils is shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 shows the connection between pressure and settlement for the foundation on soil supported by 1B deep micropiles, or 60 mm of depth. Figures 11 and 12 show the relationship between pressure settlement and footing pressure on soil supported with 2B and 3B depth of micropiles, which correspond to 120 and 180 mm depths, respectively. The failure load is said to be defined as one that results in a 10% settling of the foundation width. A summary of the pressure at breakdown, or at a 10% S/B ratio, is presented in Table 2.

Figure 9 Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on untreated soils.
Figure 9

Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on untreated soils.

Figure 10 Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 1B deep micropiles.
Figure 10

Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 1B deep micropiles.

Figure 11 Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 2B deep micropiles.
Figure 11

Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 2B deep micropiles.

Figure 12 Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 3B deep micropiles.
Figure 12

Pressure settlement relationship for a footing on soils reinforced with 3B deep micropiles.

Table 2

Applied pressure at failure

Depth of micropile Width of micropile Pressure at failure (kPa)
Loose sand Soft clay
Untreated soil 91 72
1B Under footing only 125 108
1B 1B 168 128
1B 2B 211 141
2B Under footing only 143 118
2B 1B 212 157
2B 2B 247 175
3B Under footing only 200 165
3B 1B 243 190
3B 2B 250 210

Equation (1) can be used to define the load carrying capacity ratio, and Table 3 provides an illustration of the bearing capacity city ratio summary.

(1) BCR = Bearing capacity of footing on treated soil Bearing capacity of footing on untreated soil .

Table 3

Bearing capacity ratio

Depth of micropile Width of micropile BCR
Loose sand Soft clay
1B Under footing only 1.4 1.5
1B 1B 1.9 1.8
1B 2B 2.3 2
2B Under footing only 1.6 1.6
2B 1B 2.3 2.2
2B 2B 2.7 2.4
3B Under footing only 2.2 2.3
3B 1B 2.7 2.6
3B 2B 2.8 2.9

As compared to untreated soil, the results clearly show an improvement in the footing’s carrying capacity and soil shear strength. There is a slight improvement in bearing capacity for 3B deep micropiles when compared to micropiles with a dimension of 2B, and the effect of the micropile arrangement becomes steady when utilizing 2B deep micropiles.

Mollaali et al. [36] studied the effect of micropiles on improvement of pressure carrying capacity and modulus of the subgrade of the raft footing placed on soft soil layer. Two grids of micropile spacing of 1.5 × 1.5 m2 and 1.75 × 1.75 m2 are perceived. The findings showed that while the micropile technique can be used to improve the parameters for design of foundations positioned on particularly soft soil layers, it is a poor choice for foundations positioned on moderately dense soil layers.

Borthakur and Dey [37] looked at how cast-in-situ grouted micropiles behaved as a group in very high plastic clayey soil. The micropiles were built in a test pit measuring 2.0 m × 4.0 m × 3.0 m on clayey soil with a very soft consistency, the pressure versus settlement patterns are studied of two separate setups of the micropile groups. Micropile caps were made in two different sets: one where they rested on the ground, and the other where they were suitably elevated above it. The radius, depth, number, and space of group of micropiles are the factors in this investigation. Experimental observations were used to calculate the ultimate pressure bearing capability of the group of the micropile and the group settling under the adequate pressure. The effect of using micropiles inserted in clayey soil and sandy soil was studied by [38]. The studied concluded that the using micropiles in the small scale model increase the pressure bearing capacity of both soils by about 55 to 65% for the clayey soil and sandy soil, respectively.

From the current investigation and as compared with other previous studies, it was also possible to evaluate the group effectiveness and the resisting provided by the micropile cap lonely. It has been found that the increase in diameter, depth, quantity, and space of micropiles results in an increase in the pressure bearing capability of the micropile group. The experimental results are used to create a nonlinear equation that quantifies the maximum load a micropile group can carry.

5 Conclusions

The test results on soft clay soil and loose sand soil treated with inserting micropiles lead to the following conclusions:

  1. The soil structure was stabilized and its pressure bearing capacity was increased by the addition of micropiles to soft clay and loose sand soil.

  2. The pressure bearing capacity of a rigid steel footing on soil between 40 and 60% can be increased by treating the soils with 1B deep micropiles whenever the arrangement of width changes fromunder foundation only to under foundation and 2B width in comparison to unreinforced soil.

  3. The application of 2B deep micropiles to the soil can enhance a footing’s bearing carrying capacity by 45 to 65% whenever the arrangement of width is changed from under foundation only to under foundation and 2B width in comparison to unreinforced soil.

  4. When the arrangement of width is changed from under footing alone to under foundation and 2B width, the soil treated with 3B depth micropiles may increase the soil’s bearing carrying capacity by 55 to 65% when compared to untreated soil.

  5. Only 7% more bearing capacity can be obtained by deepening the micropiles from 2B to 3B; for this reason, the increase in micropile depth is invalid. Additionally, the bearing capacity of the micropiles can only be increased by 3% when the width of the arrangement is increased from 1B to 2B; for this reason, an increase in width beyond 1B is invalid.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the authors, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are composed in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-10-14
Revised: 2023-11-09
Accepted: 2023-11-15
Published Online: 2024-03-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0563
Keywords for this article
problematic soil; micropiles; reinforcement; soil treatment
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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