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Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers

  • Sozan S. Rasheed EMAIL logo , Maha H. Nsaif and Ahmed S. Abduljabbar
Published/Copyright: January 24, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Using hot asphalt mixtures (HMAs) is very common in flexible pavement construction due to its mechanical properties of durability, water resistance, and riding comfort. It proved to substantially reduce the applied stresses from vehicular traffic to subgrade. However, these types of pavements can undergo different types of distress such as cracks and rutting, which could be the result of weak mixing of the asphalt mixture and/or increasing traffic volumes. Therefore, the need to improve the mechanical properties of hot mix asphalt mixtures using different additives and modifiers was raised. Different materials have been recently used to reinforce asphalt concrete. For the construction of road pavements, using fibers in a HMA has emerged as a significantly more appealing option due to their strengthening properties. The alteration of asphalt binder is expected to benefit from carbon fibers (CFs) more than other types of fiber. In this study, an experimental study is carried out to investigate the effects of adding CFs to the asphalt mixtures with grades of (40–50) which comply with the Iraqi specifications. Twelve Marshall specimens were tested for stability and flow, 24 specimens for moisture failure testing, and two specimens for the rutting resistance of the asphalt mixture. The optimum bitumen content of 5.0% was used to prepare all the specimens. Different percentages of CFs by weight of asphalt (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) were implemented to study the performance of paving mixtures. The way to mix the disperse the CFs homogeneously is by dry state (after separating the fibers manually) for 10 min, and then the asphalt was added; the mixture was heated to 165°C and mixed for at least 20 min. The results showed that the optimum properties of the HMA were reached by adding 0.4% CF to the HMA. Marshall stability was increased by 48%, the flow was decreased by 23%, and in addition, rut depth was reduced by 50%. The unit weight and the percentage of air voids in the mix were maintained and, along with other mix properties, are preserved within acceptable limits. Moreover, the indirect tensile strength has increased by 88.6%. Furthermore, moisture susceptibility reached 88%. Therefore, the addition of 0.4% CFs improved the performance of HMA at a high temperature of 60°C, which is close to the paving temperature in Iraq, by reducing the rutting of the asphalt mixture, which is considered the most dangerous tiling problem in Iraq. By improving the performance characteristics of asphalt mixture, the durability of the pavement will increase, and the riding will be more comfortable.

Keywords: carbon fiber; reinforcing; durability; moisture resistance; rutting resistance

1 Introduction

Road pavement cannot consistently maintain acceptable quality standards, especially when subjected to intense environmental influences, for example, load deformation and the impact of seasonal temperature variations. As a result, the lifespan of the pavement is reduced [1,2]. The major factors of asphalt pavement failure – cracks, rutting, and fatigue – are a lack of mixing characteristics and/or heavy traffic loads [3,4]. Numerous researchers investigated the enhancement of bitumen performance using different additives, such as asphalt rubber, fly ash, red mud, carbon black, polymers, sulfur, and bottom ash [5]. Some studies investigated the effect of adding fiber reinforcement to asphalt concrete to enhance its mechanical characteristics [6]. Four different types of fibers have recently been added to asphalt–concrete mixtures to determine the ideal type and the optimum amount of fiber to be used to improve the mechanical properties of the mixture. [7]. Another study showed that, by adding polypropylene and polyester fibers and carbon fibers (CFs), the properties of the asphalt mixture can be improved. However, CFs introduced the best enhancement by increasing flexural strength, strain capacity, and toughness. These conclusions were consistent with those made by the research done by Yoo et al. [8]. Fibers have given this material less deformation and more durability, leading to more ductile behavior [9]. These fibers provide more strength and rigidity to the composites, enabling the matrix to distribute loads across the fibers. Additionally, fibers were included to improve the quality of asphalt mixtures, increase sustainability by extending the service life, and reduce the frequency of road maintenance. To solve the main issues with flexible pavement, such as rutting, fatigue cracking, thermal cracking, and raveling, numerous fiber-modified asphalt binders and fiber-modified asphalt mixtures have been developed [10].

Several contents of carbon nanofibers were used by the weight of the asphalt mixture and obtained the optimum asphalt content (OAC) for each one. In this case, the wet procedure was used; a fiber content greater than 0.3% by weight of the mixture increases the stability, reduces the flow number, and increases the void content; likewise, nanofibers absorb part of the binder, thus leading to an increase in the content of voids in the mixture [11].

Furthermore, adding 0.4% nanofiber by weight of the mixture results in higher resistance to permanent deformation, resilient modulus, and fatigue life. Moreover, moisture susceptibility can be improved by adding 1% microfibers by weight of bitumen, which also minimizes the deterioration caused by non-chloride [12]. The optimal type and concentration of fibers to reinforce and enhance the mechanical properties of the asphalt mix were investigated by another study [7].

CFs of a length of 12 mm were used. A dry method was adopted to mix them with asphalt concrete. The authors reported that adding 1% fibers increases the flexural strength and the toughness value of the asphalt concrete by 12.1 and 65.5%, respectively, when compared to a mixture without fibers.

From previous studies, it can be concluded that the CFs can offer more advantages than other fiber types for the modification of asphalt mixture. Since the fibers are composed of carbon and asphalt is a hydrocarbon, they are thought to be inherently compatible. On the other hand, CFs are produced from either polyacrylonitrile or pitch precursors; it was observed that adding fiber does affect the properties of asphalt mixtures, i.e. an increase in its stability and a decrease in the flow value with an increase in voids in the mixture. The results indicated that fibers have the potential to resist structural distress in pavement, in an increase of traffic loads, and thus improve fatigue by increasing resistance to cracks or permanent deformation.

All the above studies aim to improve the properties of the asphalt mixture, and the results of these studies indicate that low percentages of CF can improve some mechanical properties and improve the performance properties of the mixture and that increasing the percentage of CF is critical to moisture failure.

Despite the availability of these previous studies, it is rare to find research that investigates CF reinforcement using the rutting test, which reflects the real performance characteristic of asphalt mixture.

In Iraq, due to a considerable increase in traffic volume and hard environmental conditions, especially in summer with high temperatures, the roadway pavements are currently suffering from a variety of pavement distresses. Hence, the big challenge is how to extend the life cycle of flexible pavements. From this point, the importance of this study was introduced.

This research is considered one of the first studies to include using CF for improving the performance characteristics of the asphalt mixture at a high temperature of 60°C, which is close enough to the paving temperature in Iraq, by examining the rutting of the asphalt mixture.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Asphalt binder

To prepare the hot mix asphalt, a bitumen with a penetration grade of 40–50 or a performance grade of 70–16 is brought from the Al Durah refinery in Baghdad. The specific gravity of this substance is 1.032, and its physical characteristics are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Asphalt binder physical properties of a 40–50 grade of penetration

Test Test conditions Criteria Results Specification limits as (SCRB/R9, 2003)
Penetration 100/−25°C, 5 s (0.1 mm) (ASTM D5) [13] 48 40–50
Ductility 25°C – 5 cm/min (ASTM D113) [14] 127 >100
Flash and fire point — (ASTM D92) [15] Flashpoint 298°C >232°C
Fire point 310°C —
Rotational Pa s (ASTM @135°C —
Viscosity D4402) [16] 0.398
@165°C
0.187
Softening point — (ASTM D36) [17] 53 —

2.2 Aggregates

Hot asphalt mixture (HMA) samples were prepared using coarse and fine aggregates, as shown in Figure 1. The filler material used is limestone. Table 2 displays the characteristics of aggregates used in research.

Figure 1 Sieve Shaker device and sieving sample.
Figure 1

Sieve Shaker device and sieving sample.

Table 2

Physical properties of coarse and fine aggregate

Property Standard Results Specification
Coarse aggregates > 4.75 mm
Wear% (Los Angeles abrasion) ASTM C535 [18] 21.2% 30 max.
Soundness (loss by Na2SO4) (%) ASTM C88 [19] 3.3% 10–20 max.
Angularity (%) ASTM D5821 [20] 98% 95 min.
Flat and elongated particles (%) ASTM D4791 [21] 0.91% 10 max.
Fine aggregate properties (crushed sand < 4.75 mm)
Bulk specific gravity C 128-4 [22] 2.625 —
Apparent spec. gravity C 128-4 [22] 2.618 —
Water absorption (%) C 128-4 [22] 0.19 —
Equivalent sand (clay content %) ASTM D2419 [23] 89.7% 45 min
Deleterious material, %) ASTM C142 [24] 1.11 3 (max.)

2.3 CF

CF or graphite fiber are fibers of 7.5 μm in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. CFs have several advantages, including high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high-temperature tolerance, and low thermal expansion. These properties have made CF very popular in aerospace and civil engineering. Additionally, CFs are combined with other substances like graphite to create reinforced carbon–carbon composites, which have a very high heat tolerance [7]. CF has a tube shape with a consistent distribution. Scanning electron microscope images of HMA containing CF reflect the intricate structure and create a spatial network, enhancing the mechanical characteristics of the asphalt mixture. The integral strength of the asphalt matrix is increased by aggregate sliding at the interface, dispersing and reducing stress concentration.

Table 3 shows the components of CF, while Figure 2 shows its shape.

Table 3

Physical properties of CF

Number of filaments 12,001
Yield texture (g/1,000 m) 730
Tensile strength (ksi) 581
Tensile modulus (msi) 37
Elongations (%) 1.7
Density (g/cm2) 1.9
Figure 2 CFs used in the work.
Figure 2

CFs used in the work.

3 Preparation of specimens

After several attempts to mix the fibers with the asphalt mixture to produce a homogenous mixture, it was found that the proper method is to disperse the CFs by hand first to avoid the clumps between them. Then, raw materials were mixed in a dry state with CF for 10 min, and then the asphalt was added; the mixture was heated to 165°C and mixed for at least 20 min. The CF levels in the earlier investigations were set to vary from 0.3 to 0.8% by weight of bitumen [25,26]. In this study, the CF contents were chosen to be (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%) as a percent of bitumen weight, with lengths of 12.5 mm. The primary issues of fibers clumping or balling in HMA were reduced by using the dry technique. Bitumen and aggregate were heated to 165°C in an oven. Initially, bitumen was added to the CF–aggregate mixture, after which the CF was well-blended with the hot aggregate. Using a Marshall device to compress the produced mixture samples, three triplicate samples of asphalt. Figure 3 shows the preparation of samples.

Figure 3 Preparation of Marshal samples.
Figure 3

Preparation of Marshal samples.

4 Characterization of the modified asphalt mixtures

The Marshall test is used to identify the characteristics of hot mix asphalt (HMA) of the control and modified mixes. This study employs the Marshall test method to calculate the OAC, and three HMA sample sets were prepared at 4.0, 4.50, 5.0, and 5.50% of asphalt content. Samples are compacted with 75 blows using the standard hammer. The first group of samples is created to evaluate the parameters of the control mix, including the optimal asphalt content, mix stability, flow, unit weight, air voids, voids in mineral aggregates, and voids filled with bitumen. Three more specimens were produced using modified asphalt and various CF percentages to attain the desired mix properties, according to ASTM D6927-15 [27]. Similar sets of modified test specimens were also created using the modified asphalt with the determined OAC and varied CF percentages.

5 Indirect tensile strength samples preparation

The tensile strength test aims to determine the tensile strength or resistance to fracture of samples of asphalt mixture. ASTM D6931-12 [28] method is used to conduct the test. The same steps as for the Marshall specimen were used to prepare the samples of asphalt mixture; however, they were immersed in a 25°C water bath for 30 min before being tested for tensile strength. The specimen was then positioned on the vertical diametrical level (12.7 mm wide) between the two parallel loading bands. For the ITS test, the samples were subjected to a load rate of 50.8 mm/min until they fractured as shown in Figure 4. The maximum load value is noted when the fracture occurs. The equation below was used to compute ITS value:

ITS = 2 , 000 × P / ( π × D × T ) ,

Figure 4 Procedures of the indirect tensile strength test.
Figure 4

Procedures of the indirect tensile strength test.

where St is the tensile strength (kPa), P is the maximum load (N), T is the height of the specimen immediately before test (mm), D is the diameter of the specimen (mm).

6 Moisture susceptibility evaluation

This method indicates that a loss of serviceability has been brought on by moisture. Moisture sensitivity refers to the severity of moisture damage. This test is used to evaluate the mixes’ resistance to moisture damage, and the procedure followed ASTM D4867 [29], 2018, and AASHTO T283 [30], 2016. An average value of (ITS) for three specimens was indicated by S dry (ITS for un-conditioned specimens) after placing them at 25°C for 30 min in a water bath. The final three specimens were made by placing them in a 4,000 ml volumetric container filled with water at room temperature (25°C) and applying a vacuum of 3.74 kPa for 5–10 min to achieve a saturation level of 55–80%. Three specimens were indicated by S wet (ITS for conditioned specimens). The samples were first placed at 60°C for 24 h in a water bath, and then they were moved to a water bath at 25°C for 1–2 h S wet. Their indirect tensile strength was then evaluated. The six specimens for each asphalt kind were prepared in a Marshall mold with air gaps ranging from 6 to 8%. A minimum tensile strength ratio of 80% should be included in the combination. The equation below was used to determine the TSR:

% TSR = S wet / S dry × 100 ,

where % TSR is the indirect tensile strength ratio, S wet is the average ITS for moisture-conditioned samples (kPa), and S dry is the average ITS for un-conditioned samples (kPa).

7 Permanent deformation testing

Rutting is one of the main problems with flexible pavements because of increased pressure, heavy axle loads, and high summer temperatures. In this study, the HMA plates are compacted using roller compacting equipment. According to BS EN 12697-33 [31], at a temperature of 60°C, compacted plates of 300 × 400 × 50 mm were created for each type of mixture with an optimum binder content and (18–22%) air content. The surface of the asphalt mixture specimen is rolled over by a steel wheel (with the required size) bearing an additional force of 705 N (158 pounds). The test temperature is 60°C for all slab specimens to simulate the climatic conditions and the high temperature, especially in Iraq, to which the pavement is subjected during service. The test specimen can be pushed back and forth in a horizontal position under the loaded steel wheel using the wheel-tracking apparatus. When the required number of cycles or the rut depth exceeded the maximum permissible depth, the testing apparatus automatically stopped, if the maximum permitted rutting depth (20 mm) is achieved before reaching 10,000 cycles (20,000 passes). All test details are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 Slab specimens preparation by a roller compactor device.
Figure 5

Slab specimens preparation by a roller compactor device.

8 Results and discussion

8.1 Effect of CF on Marshall stability

According to Marshal’s test results, 4.9% bitumen was found to be the optimum percentage for the control mix. At this percentage, a different content of CF was added to the mixture. Figure 6 shows the effect of adding CF on Marshal stability. It can be seen that the stability increased with the increase in CF until 0.4% of CF. Adding 0.4% boosts the stability by 48% from 10.3 to 15.2 kN. This enhancement in stability can be attributed to the fact that the fibers could create an adhesion network between the mixture components. It is expected that this improvement will lead to a decrease in the rutting susceptibility and plastic deformation of the pavement. However, the mixture of 0.6% CF showed a slight decrease in stability. This could be the result of decreasing the contact area between the aggregate when there is a significant amount of CF. Therefore, adding 0.4% of CF to the mixes can be considered an ideal CF content to achieve higher stability.

Figure 6 Impact of the addition on stability.
Figure 6

Impact of the addition on stability.

8.2 Effect of CF on Marshall flow

It is clear from Figure 7 that Marshall flow significantly decreases by 23% by utilizing CF with the mixes. The decrease in flow values is a reflection of how proper asphalt mixtures can tolerate settlements and changes in subgrade without causing cracking. Also, the flow value reflects the rutting parameter. It may also be deduced that these mixtures sustain pavement for more extended periods without deforming because of traffic load. The presence of fibers helps to restrain the movement of the asphalt binder and aggregates, resulting in a more rigid and less flow-prone mixture. The decrease in flow due to the addition of CF is often accompanied by an increase in Marshall stability. This means that the mixture becomes more resistant to deformation and rutting, providing better structural integrity and longevity to the pavement. However, although the stability decreased at 0.6%, the flow continued to decrease. High percentages of CFs in the mixture can displace the asphalt binder, reducing the overall asphalt content. A decrease in the asphalt binder content can negatively affect the workability and compaction of the mixture, leading to a decrease in both flow and stability.

Figure 7 Impact of the addition on flow.
Figure 7

Impact of the addition on flow.

8.3 Effect of CF on the density of the mixture

Test results shown in Figure 8 indicate that an increase in CFs resulted in a reduction in the value of bulk density. This can be attributed to the decrease in the contact points between the aggregates when adding a large amount of CF to the mixture. The geometry and length of the CFs can affect AV%. Longer fibers may create larger voids. During the compaction process, CF can influence the distribution of particles and air within the mixture. Improper compaction may result in air voids being trapped within the composite and a reduction in unit weight. It is important to carefully balance the amount to achieve the intended benefits without compromising other crucial mix properties, such as workability and compatibility.

Figure 8 Impact of the addition on unit weight.
Figure 8

Impact of the addition on unit weight.

8.4 Effect of adding CF on air voids (AV%)

Figure 9 illustrates that the increase in CF content causes a significant increase in AV% by 13%. The rise in CF percentage may cause an increase in air voids since higher temperatures increase the viscosity of the asphalt binder, which prevents it from filling the voids and compacting the particles of the asphalt mixture. The AV% obtained for various CF content levels is within the acceptable limit for asphalt mixtures.

Figure 9 Impact of the addition on air void.
Figure 9

Impact of the addition on air void.

8.5 Effect of adding CF on Marshall stiffness (stability/flow)

Marshall quotient (MQ) evaluates the ability of the material to withstand shear forces and permanent deformations. The ratio of stability to flow, which describes the ability of the asphalt mixture to resist deformation under the given load, is known as mixture stiffness. This investigation also computed MQ values to assess each mixture’s resistance to deformation. Figure 10 indicates that when CF increases, stiffness increases until it reaches its maximum value of 0.4% CF. The stiffness of modified mixtures is greater than that of the original. Finally, CF improves the rigidity of the combination by roughly 92.4% by adding 0.4% of CF to the mixture. CFs have several advantages, including high stiffness and high tensile strength. The presence of CF in the asphalt mixture provides additional structural reinforcement. It can enhance the overall strength and stability of the road surface.

Figure 10 Impact of the addition on stiffness.
Figure 10

Impact of the addition on stiffness.

8.6 Effect of adding CF on ITS

ITS results are shown in Table 4 and Figures 11 and 12. It can be seen that ITS exhibits an increase in an increase from 731 to 1,379 kPa, representing an 89% improvement. By adding 0.6% CF to an asphalt mixture, the resistance of the mixes to the tensile stresses was increased. Therefore, the bonding characteristics between the bitumen and aggregate can be significantly improved by including CF as a reinforcement. In other words, CF-prepared mixtures offer more cohesive strength than control mixtures. “Figure 8” illustrates the relationship between TSR and various mixture types. Because of the rise in CF content, the asphalt mixtures’ Indirect Tensile Strength Ratio values have been rising steadily. The TSR percentage for the 0.6% CF mixture is 96.5. CFs act as reinforcement within the asphalt binder, providing additional strength and resistance to cracking when subjected to tensile stresses.

Table 4

The improvement obtained with modifications in the ITS test

Modifications ITS dry (kPa) ITS wet (kPa) TSR (%)
Conventional 731 621 84.9
0.2% CF 809 701 86.6
0.4% CF 967 851 88
0.6% CF 1,379 1,331 96.5
Figure 11 ITS values for conditioned and unconditioned.
Figure 11

ITS values for conditioned and unconditioned.

Figure 12 Impact of the addition on moisture damage.
Figure 12

Impact of the addition on moisture damage.

8.7 Effect of adding CF on permanent deformations of asphalt mixtures

The rut depth value for modified asphalt mixes has been reduced, as observed in “Figure 13”. The particles absorb the lighter portions of the asphalt binder, resulting in viscous gels that allow asphalt to coat the aggregate particles efficiently. The inclusion of CF in reinforcing asphalt mixtures greatly enhanced rutting performance. The addition of CF can increase the modulus or stiffness of the asphalt mixture. This improved stiffness can help distribute load more effectively and reduce the tendency for rutting. The fibers act as a reinforcement, limiting the permanent deformation by restraining the movement of aggregate particles and maintaining better overall stability.

Figure 13 Impact of the addition on rut depth.
Figure 13

Impact of the addition on rut depth.

In summary, the addition of CF to a mixture can result in a stronger, and stiffer composite material with improved mechanical properties. However, it is essential to consider the trade-offs, such as the higher cost of CF, when determining its suitability for specific applications.

9 Conclusions

This study looked into how CF additions affected the performance characteristics of HMA. The main conclusions are listed below:

  1. According to the findings of the Marshall stability and flow experiments, adding CF to asphalt mixtures increases their stability by 48% while lowering their flow values by 23%. As a result, mixes with CF had high MQ values of 92.4% by adding 0.4% of CF to the mixture.

  2. The use of CF additive considerably improved the durability and cohesiveness ability of asphalt mixtures. The indirect tensile strength ratios of the specimens indicated that mixes had a high moisture resistance to water damage. As a reinforcement addition, CF has improved the adhesion between the aggregate and asphalt in the mixture, as evidenced by the high moisture resistance. The TSR percentage for the 0.4% CF mixture is 88%.

  3. According to the results of this study, adding CF improves the performance characteristics of asphalt pavement; CF can be used in practical implications for designing a better performance and safety pavement.

  4. The inclusion of CF in reinforcing asphalt mixtures by 0.4% greatly enhanced rutting performance as the rut depth decreased by 50%.

  5. For future work, it is recommended to consider the amount of CF carefully. It should be determined based on the specific needs of the project and the required technical specifications. It is recommended to start with a low percentage and increase it gradually based on the results obtained. Moreover, it is also recommended to use adjuvants to help achieve a homogeneous CF distribution within the mixture.

  1. Funding information: Also, I declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization, as well as no conflict of interest with anyone related to the subject of the manuscript or any competing interest.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-05-31
Revised: 2023-07-27
Accepted: 2023-08-05
Published Online: 2024-01-24

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  41. Erratum
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  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
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  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
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  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
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  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
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  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
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  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
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  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0507
Keywords for this article
carbon fiber; reinforcing; durability; moisture resistance; rutting resistance
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
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