Home Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
Article Open Access

Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene

  • Rana Shabbar EMAIL logo , Aqil Mousa Almusawi and Jaber Kadhim Taher
Published/Copyright: April 9, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

The addition of recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) in cement mortar is a key to enhancing buildings’ insulation and reducing energy consumption. The main objective of this study is to improve the thermal conductivity of lightweight mortar (LWM) by using the EPS. Also, to overcome the segregation problem when increasing the EPS proportion by more than 70% by volume, slurry sand was used. To achieve that, more EPS waste is required to produce an LWM with less cement and natural resources (sand) content. The effect of different percentages and particle sizes of the EPS either virgin or grated on the workability, density, compressive, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity were investigated by using the EPS with the range of 0, 75, 80, and 85% by mortar’s volume. The results exposed that LWM with grated EPS waste had greater physical and mechanical properties than with EPS beads because it has low void content and suitable distribution. In addition, mortar with 85% grated EPS had similar properties than that with 75% EPS beads. Accordingly, EPS should be grinded to increase its volumetric percentage in the mixture. Also, electron microscopy was used as an integral technique to study surface morphology between mortar components and the EPS.

Keywords: lightweight mortar; thermal conductivity; recycled expanded polystyrene waste; mechanical properties; slurry sand

1 Introduction

Plastic waste is considered a serious environmental threat to modernistic civilization [1]. The problem which was related to waste management became more relevant in the frame of a sustainable model to reuse waste materials and reduce energy consumption [2]. The construction industry is considered one of the activities which consume high raw materials and large waste production [3,4,5] especially the widespread use of plastics in construction and building applications [6]. A great act has been achieved in the reuse of plastic waste such as polyethylene terephthalate bottles, polyvinyl chloride pipe, high-density polyethylene, shredded and recycled plastic waste [7], polycarbonate, expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam [8], and polyurethane foam [9]. EPS is considered an insulation material that has high load-bearing capacity, low weight, effective barrier against water, long lifespan, and fast and economical construction. It can be used in varying applications due to its lightweight that provides high impact resistance and excellent thermal insulation [10]. EPS beads have closed-cell structures with 98% air which is considered a commercial insulation material [11]. EPS requires new technologies to reduce its environmental negative impact [12,13,14]. Therefore, recycling operations are considered important to enhance the sustainability of a material that is converted into a new resource known as a secondary raw material mixture [6]. EPS concrete is a lightweight and environmentally friendly material that has suitable properties for energy conservation and produces an eco-friendly composite by partial or full replacement of the natural aggregate. EPS concrete is extensively used to produce varying structural elements depending on the required density and strength [15]. Earlier studies focused on the use of the EPS as aggregates in mortar/concrete for structural and non-structural implementations. Many researchers investigated the mechanical properties of EPS lightweight concrete [16,17,18,19].

Ferrándiz-Mas and García-Alcocel [20] investigated the physical and mechanical properties of the Portland cement mortars (conventional sand) with different particle sizes and percentages of the EPS. The particles size were smaller than 1 mm (grated), 3 mm and more than 3 mm whereas, the percentage (0, 30, 50 and 70)% was used. The results revealed that there was a significant drop in density and mechanical properties with an increase in the EPS content and size. With 70% of the EPS, it is observed that there was a non-homogeneous ingredient (segregation) in its ingredients which could refer to the use of conventional sand that was controlled by adding additives. Tittarelli et al. [21] studied the effect of recycled EPS (average diameter is 4 mm) on the properties of lightweight mortar (LWM). Virgen or recycled EPS was used with a replacement volume ratio of 33, 66, and 100% for sand volume. According to the findings, there was a significant decrease in density and mechanical properties, along with a rise in EPS content. With the use of EPS waste, thermal conductivity was significantly improved with a cost savings of more than 25%. Allahverdi et al. [22] produced green lightweight reactive powder concrete (RPC) using ground granulated blast furnace slag as a replacement for quartz powder and containing EPS beads with different percentages of 15, 30, and 45%. The results showed that the compressive strength of the RPC decreased with increasing EPS volume which may be due to the voids and non-uniform distribution of the EPS beads in the matrix. Also, Petrella et al. [6] analyzed the properties of cement mortars with recycled (EPS). The cement mortars were prepared by partial/total replacement of the conventional sand with different grain and size distribution of the EPS. The water absorption of cement composites declined with the presence of EPS. Specimens with a particle size of EPS ranging from 2 to 4 mm and 4 to 6 mm revealed the greatest results in terms of hydrophobicity and no water penetration in the inner surface, caused by the low surface energy of the organic aggregate with suitable particle distribution. Mohammed and Marei [23] examined the influence of recycled EPS on the mechanical properties of concrete. EPS was used as a coarse aggregate to enhance the environment with the content of 0, 10, 15, 20, 35, 45, and 55%. The results showed there was a reduction in density, compressive, and tensile strength which referred to the brittleness of the recycled EPS compared with the reference mix (coarse aggregates). The development of the porous geopolymer mortar in energy-efficient, noise diffusion in buildings and absorptive rainwater pavements was searched by Qadir et al. [24]. The EPS beads were added to the concrete mix by 15, 30, and 45% of volume. They obtained that up to 45% of porous mortar can comply with the non-loadbearing building elements such as outside walls partitions and for porous mortar with EPS up to 30% is applied for rainwater absorptive pavement.

Previous studies did not overcome 70% of the EPS volume fraction in the mortar [20,21]. Accordingly, the goal of this research is to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of LWM with commercial virgin beads and recycled grated EPS in the range of 75–85% by volume to produce ultra-LWM for non-structural applications. Also, the segregation problem is considered an essential issue that previous studies could not cover [20,21]; therefore, in this current study, the segregation problem and achieving homogeneous consistency of EPS mortar with high content were proposed by using slurry sand which acts together with the cement paste to fill the structural voids between the EPS particles. So, the dry density, compressive, flexural strength, and thermal conductivity were studied. In addition, an electron microscope was used to examine the surface morphology of the specimens with various EPS percentages and particle sizes.

2 Experimental details

2.1 Materials

2.1.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement, type I with a 7-day compressive strength of 32.3 MPa satisfying Iraqi Organization of Standards, 5 [25] was employed as the cementitious material for all mixes. The chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the cement are listed in Tables 1–3.

Table 1

Chemical properties of ordinary Portland cement

Chemical properties Test result I.Q.S. No. 5
Component (%)
SiO2 21.63 —
Al2O3 5.28 —
Fe2O3 4.42 —
CaO 60.03 —
MgO 3.18 Max. 5.0
SO3 2.37 Max. 2.8
Loss in ignition 1.56 Max. 4.0
Total 99.47 —
Insoluble results 0.54 Max. 1.5
Table 2

Physical properties of ordinary Portland cement

Physical properties Test result I.Q.S. No. 5
Setting time Initial (min) 117 Min. 45
Final (h) 2.25 Max. 6
Fineness 2,820 Min. 2,300
Table 3

Mechanical properties of ordinary Portland cement

Mechanical Compressive strength 3 days 22.3 MPa Min. 15
7 days 32.3 MPa Min. 23
Mechanical Properties
Soundness % 0.31
Compressive strength 3 days 22.3 MPa Min. 15 MPa
7 days 32.3 MPa Min. 23 MPa
Residue % 90 days 6.18
180 days 0.53

2.1.2 Sand

Slurries are a special class of liquids that contain suspended particles in water. In this study, slurry fine aggregate (average diameter less than 90μ) was used as indicated in Figure 1a.

Figure 1 The mortar and particle size of the EPS; (a) The slurry sand of the mortar. (b) Size distribution of the EPS: virgin with size distribution less than 2 mm and grated EPS with size less than 0.5 mm.
Figure 1

The mortar and particle size of the EPS; (a) The slurry sand of the mortar. (b) Size distribution of the EPS: virgin with size distribution less than 2 mm and grated EPS with size less than 0.5 mm.

2.1.3 EPS

Virgin EPS beads (commercially spherical shaped) with a size distribution of less than 2 mm. The recycled EPS (grated) was obtained from local industries such as food containers, instruments packaging, and EPS insulation board which was ground into granular with sizes less than 0.5 mm. They have the same bulk density (0.017 g/cm3) but are different in percentage enter and intra-particle voids, as revealed in Figure 1(b). Virgin EPS (V75, V80, V85%) and grated EPS (G75, G80, G85%) by volume were consumed to obtain LWM with moderate strength and thermal insulation.

2.1.4 Superplasticizer

High water-reducing ADMIX CF 570 (synthetic polymer) complies with ASTM C494M [26] which was utilized as a superplasticizer for all mixes to decrease water content and reduce the segregation phenomenon.

2.2 Mix design

Cement, water, and superplasticizer were mixed for 1 min. Then, the slurry sand ingredient was added gradually to obtain a homogeneous fine mortar and mixed for 2 min. The EPS (Virgin beads or recycled (grated) was added to the fine cement mortar. Seven mixes were prepared; the first mix was represented as a control (0% EPS) and the others were prepared with different content of the ESP (75, 80, and 85%) as demonstrated in Table 4. Water-to-cement ratio and slurry sand-to-cement ratio were constant at 0.45 and 2, respectively. The superplasticizer quantity was controlled to sustain approximately constant workability for all different samples, as defined by ASTM C143M-15a C [27]. A flow table test was used to determine the superplasticizer content by which can obtain workability with the values of 80 ± 5 mm. Figure 2(a) and (b) illustrates the LWM specimens with virgin and grated EPS used.

Table 4

Mix proportions of LWM mixtures

Mix number kg/m3 Slump test (mm)
Cement Sand Water Superplasticizer EPS
Virgin Grated
Control (0% EPS) 651 1,302 293 — — — 80
LWM-V75% 165 330 74.3 1.98 12.7 — 79
LWM-V80% 132 255 59.4 2.64 13.6 — 76
LWM-V85% 99 198 44.6 2.97 14.4 — 80
LWM-G75% 165 330 74.3 1.98 — 12.7 79
LWM-G80% 132 255 59.4 2.64 — 13.6 76
LWM-G85% 99 198 44.6 2.97 — 14.4 80
Figure 2 The EPS mortar used: (a) EPS mortar with virgin polystyrene beads and its expected distribution and (b) EPS mortar with grated polystyrene and its expected distribution.
Figure 2

The EPS mortar used: (a) EPS mortar with virgin polystyrene beads and its expected distribution and (b) EPS mortar with grated polystyrene and its expected distribution.

2.3 Testing of concrete specimens

To measure the physical and mechanical properties of the LWM, an average of three specimens was calculated. Cubes of 100 mm were used to calculate the compressive strength by BS EN 12390-3 [28], and prisms of 40 mm × 40 mm × 160 mm were used to investigate the flexural strength according to BS EN 12390-5 [29]. A small cylinder of 25 mm diameter and 125 mm height was used to determine the thermal conductivity of the LWM specimens. Figure 3 shows the EPS mortars with virgin and grated polystyrene. For the thermal conductivity test, samples were prepared by drilling a 3 mm diameter and 100 mm long centre hole using a steel bar similar to the sensor bar dimensions (probe) of the KD2 pro thermal properties analyser. As shown in Figure 4, the top surface of the cylindrical specimens was cleaned and flattened to ensure adequate contact with the sensor foot. In this study, the density of the specimens was calculated as a measured, designed, and theoretical density. The measured density was determined by dividing the mass of the specimen by its volume [30], whereas the designed density was calculated according to the rule of mixture [31]. Furthermore, the theoretical (sold) density was evaluated as there were no air spaces (inter and intra voids) between the particles [32].

Figure 3 Different specimens for EPS mortars with virgin and grated polystyrene.
Figure 3

Different specimens for EPS mortars with virgin and grated polystyrene.

Figure 4 The KD2 po thermal properties analyses with the specimen during the test.
Figure 4

The KD2 po thermal properties analyses with the specimen during the test.

2.4 Optical microscope observations at the surface of the LWM specimens

The cross-sectional photographs of the LWM sample were captured by using an advanced metallurgical microscope as shown in Figure 5. The manual microscope manufactured by the KJ Group; model EQ-MM500T-USB with a resolution of 5.0 M pixels was used to disclose the detailed microstructure of an LWM with varying EPS size and composition.

Figure 5 Advanced metallurgical microscopes.
Figure 5

Advanced metallurgical microscopes.

3 Results and discussion

The effect of the EPS on the density, compressive, flexural strength, thermal conductivity, and fracture surface morphology of the LWM was measured and discussed as follows:

3.1 Density

By partial replacement of the LWM binder with virgin and grated EPS beads (75, 80, and 85%) are characterized in Figure 6. In the reference samples (no EPS), the theoretical (sold) density of the LWM (without voids) was equal to the designed density. The experimental density of the sample was the lowest as a result of their air voids when the water was evaporated. Compared to the reference specimens, the 75, 80, and 85% grated EPS LWM, the density decreased by 25, 32, and 40% respectively whereas, it declined significantly by 47, 54, and 61%, respectively, when virgin EPS beads were used as the same percentage. Therefore, it was noted that the density of the LWM with grated EPS was greater than with virgin beads by 30, 32, and 35%, respectively, for mortar containing 75, 80, and 85% EPS. Mortar with grated EPS has fewer voids than virgin beads which could refer to its shredded and ingress of the cement mortar into the enter voids of the EPS bead which agrees with Ferrándiz-Mas and García-Alcocel results. As a result, the designed density (calculated by using the bulk density of EPS) was lower than the measured density because of the enter and intra-particle voids filled by the cement mortar. If the air voids in the cement mortar are assumed constant for each mix, the difference between the theoretical and designed density represents the total void content (enter and intra particle), whereas the difference between the designed and measured density represents the closed voids content (enter particle). The behaviour of the theoretical densities of mortar for the same proportion with virgin and grated EPS was 1.02 g/cm3 (absolute density) while the designed density was around 0.017 g/cm3.

Figure 6 Measured, designed, and theoretical density of LWM with different EPS content.
Figure 6

Measured, designed, and theoretical density of LWM with different EPS content.

3.2 Compressive strength

The results of the compressive strength with grated EPS revealed an increase in strength compared to that with virgin beads for the same mix (Figure 7). The compressive strength of LWM was reduced by 70, 77, and 81% for mortar with 75, 80, and 85% of grated EPS, respectively. However, it declined by 84, 87, and 88% for the same mortar proportion virgin beads. This expected decrease in compressive strength was agreed with other research [21,33]. It is concluded that the particle size and its content (volume replacement level) had a significant effect on mortar strength and porosity. LWM with grated EPS had greater compressive strength than virgin EPS by 46, 42, and 38% for mortar containing 75, 80, and 85%, respectively, due to its low void content, suitable distribution, and no segregation phenomenon.

Figure 7 Compressive strength of LWM with varying EPS content.
Figure 7

Compressive strength of LWM with varying EPS content.

It was observed that there is no brittle failure such as reference specimens and a compressible mode of failure was detected due to the EPS compressibility. Also, there was no adhesion between cement paste with EPS beads which could result from the rough surface of the grated EPS and its failure path may be longer than samples with EPS beads. The resistance of EPS mortar was proportional to the mortar density which increases when the intra-particle voids and filled with all the enter particle voids by the cement matrix. Consequently, the mechanical bond between the EPS particles and cement paste will be enhanced [34]. However, the lowest strengths were with virgin beads which reopped to 3.66 and 3.26 MPa for mortar with 80 and 85% EPS, respectively, which is still acceptable for some construction purposes (non-bearing wall).

3.3 Flexural strength

The flexural strength of the different LWM tends to reduce with increasing the EPS content as indicated in Figure 8. A small decline in strength was observed for LWM with grated than virgin beads. When grated EPS was used by 75, 80, and 85% by volume, the flexural strength decreased by 22, 30, and 51%, respectively. For the same mix proportion, when the virgin EPS beads were added, the strength declined by 51, 53, and 58%, respectively. This behaviour could be due to the increment of voids and debonding over the interface zone between the slurry sand mortar and the EPS (especially with the bead particles) agreed to Liu and Chen [35]. Mortars containing virgin beads had a greater amount of entire particle voids than samples with grated EPS. This focuses on the variances between these two types of waste EPS. The size of the voids has a great impact on the flexural strength due to the concentration of stresses over these voids. Also, it was observed that there was no deterioration (separation) in the specimen even when it began to bend because of the compressibility of the EPS (grated or beads) [36].

Figure 8 Flexural strength of LWM with different EPS content.
Figure 8

Flexural strength of LWM with different EPS content.

3.4 Thermal conductivity

Thermal conductivity refers to the material’s ability to conduct heat through its ingredients. The variation in thermal conductivity of LWM with EPS addition produced using grated and virgin EPS is indicated in Figure 9. The greatest reduction in thermal conductivity was for mortars with 85% EPS which may be due to the reduction in its density because of the EPS particles (air voids) and its distribution. This explains the strong relation characterization between thermal conductivity with density. The EPS in LWM causes a significant reduction in its thermal conductivity.

Figure 9 Thermal conductivity of LWM with varying EPS content.
Figure 9

Thermal conductivity of LWM with varying EPS content.

When grated EPS was used by 75, 80, and 85% volume, the thermal conductivity decreased by 73, 78, and 82%, respectively. For the same mix proportion, when the virgin EPS beads were added, the thermal conductivity declined by 85, 87, and 93, respectively. This results in accord with the results of Kaya and Kar [37]. The thermal conductivity of the grated EPS was greater than with virgin EPS which is explained by the fact of the ability of the EPS beads to resist heat transferring in its composite because it has cellular closed voids [38].

As a result, the LWM with slurry sand had suitable mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength) with grated EPS. The physical properties of mortar (density and thermal conductivity) had been modified with virgin beads as a result of its lower density and thermal conductivity.

3.5 Surface methodology

The microscopic photograph of the LWM with grated and virgin EPS is shown in Figure 10. Generally, mortar is characterized by dense and homogeneous microstructure with low macro and microporosity [39]. Through the microscope photographs, it was observed that the incorporation of the EPS beads into the mixture might introduce more macro air voids, especially into the mixture with virgin EPS beads [6] as shown in Figure 10(a). These air voids can significantly affect the properties of the mortar, especially the compressive strengths. However, in Figure 10(b), the lowest enter particle voids of the grated EPS which was responsible for the higher strength than an LWM with virgin EPS beads. Slurry sand could inter and fill the voids between the EPS particles which can enhance the mechanical interlocking between the slurry sand and the EPS particle.

Figure 10 EPS distribution inside LWM as (a) virgin beads and (b) grated.
Figure 10

EPS distribution inside LWM as (a) virgin beads and (b) grated.

4 Conclusion

The lightweight EPS-cement mortar composites can be used in the building industry as a non-structural component, in indoor and outdoor applications such as panels and partitions. Moreover, conglomerates can be considered environmentally sustainable composites because they can be produced with recycled raw materials (EPS) which are cost-effective. Recycled and grated EPS were used in the LWMs and their mechanical, thermal, and microstructural properties are investigated.

  1. Using the slurry sand can permit to filling of the intra-particle voids enhancing the mechanical properties and decreasing a segregation problem.

  2. The specimens with grated EPS had greater bulk density than those with virgin EPS beads and their values declined as the EPS increased.

  3. Mortar containing grated EPS has greater mechanical properties (compressive and flexural strength) than the mortar which contains EPS beads and their values dropped with increasing the EPS content.

  4. The physical properties and thermal conductivity of the LWM with recycled EPS beads were greater than grated EPS which was due to its voids size and distribution.

  5. LWM with 85% grated EPS had similar properties to that with 75% EPS beads due to its low void content.

  6. The results of the surface fracture revealed a compact and tight interfacial bonding between the EPS and matrix.

  7. It is observed that grated EPS presented better results than EPS beads which could be due to its lower voids. Also, it is considered a waste material that can increase its consumption, whereas beads are considered a raw material of the EPS before manufacture.

5 Recommendations

  • It is recommended to study the mechanical and physical properties of the LWM when it exposes directly to fire.

  • It is recommended to exceed the EPS beads percentage over 85% by using another manufacture process; where steel or plastic mesh will be used, then inject the flowable cement mortar to fill the voids between the EPS beads.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the technician support from the faculty of Engineering, at the University of Kufa.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

[1] Almusawi A, Lachat R, Atcholi K, Bi ST, editors. Manufacturing and characterisation of thermoplastic composite of hemp shives and recycled expanded polystyrene. AIP Conference Proceedings. Lyon, France: AIP Publishing LLC; 2017.10.1063/1.5016784Search in Google Scholar

[2] Akçaözoğlu S, Atiş CD, Akçaözoğlu K. An investigation on the use of shredded waste PET bottles as aggregate in lightweight concrete. Waste Manag. 2010;30(2):285–90.10.1016/j.wasman.2009.09.033Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[3] Ossa A, García JL, Botero E. Use of recycled construction and demolition waste (CDW) aggregates: A sustainable alternative for the pavement construction industry. J Clean Prod. 2016;135:379–86.10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.088Search in Google Scholar

[4] Petrella A, Petruzzelli V, Ranieri E, Catalucci V, Petruzzelli D. Sorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II) from single-and multimetal solutions by recycled waste porous glass. Chem Eng Commun. 2016;203(7):940–7.10.1080/00986445.2015.1012255Search in Google Scholar

[5] Petrella A, Cosma P, Rizzi V, De Vietro N. Porous alumosilicate aggregate as lead ion sorbent in wastewater treatments. Separations. 2017;4(3):25.10.3390/separations4030025Search in Google Scholar

[6] Petrella A, Di Mundo R, Notarnicola M. Recycled expanded polystyrene as lightweight aggregate for environmentally sustainable cement conglomerates. Materials. 2020;13(4):988.10.3390/ma13040988Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[7] Asokan P, Osmani M, Price ADF. Improvement of the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced plastic waste powder filled concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2010;24(4):448–60.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.017Search in Google Scholar

[8] Saikia N, de Brito J. Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review. Constr Build Mater. 2012;34:385–401.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.066Search in Google Scholar

[9] Fraj AB, Kismi M, Mounanga P. Valorization of coarse rigid polyurethane foam waste in lightweight aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2010;24(6):1069–77.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.010Search in Google Scholar

[10] Ramli Sulong NH, Mustapa SAS, Abdul Rashid MK. Application of expanded polystyrene (EPS) in buildings and constructions: A review. J Appl Polym Sci. 2019;136(20):47529.10.1002/app.47529Search in Google Scholar

[11] Mohammad R, Yasin M. Strength and durability assessment of self-compacted lightweight concrete containing expanded polystyrene. Mater Struct. 2015;48(4):1001–11.10.1617/s11527-013-0210-6Search in Google Scholar

[12] Singh N, Hui D, Singh R, Ahuja IPS, Feo L, Fraternali F. Recycling of plastic solid waste: A state of art review and future applications. Compos Part B: Eng. 2017;115:409–22.10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.013Search in Google Scholar

[13] Lopez G, Artetxe M, Amutio M, Alvarez J, Bilbao J, Olazar M. Recent advances in the gasification of waste plastics. A critical overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2018;82:576–96.10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.032Search in Google Scholar

[14] Rajaeifar MA, Abdi R, Tabatabaei M. Expanded polystyrene waste application for improving biodiesel environmental performance parameters from life cycle assessment point of view. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2017;74:278–98.10.1016/j.rser.2017.02.032Search in Google Scholar

[15] Nikbin IM, Golshekan M. The effect of expanded polystyrene synthetic particles on the fracture parameters, brittleness and mechanical properties of concrete. Theor Appl Fract Mech. 2018;94:160–72.10.1016/j.tafmec.2018.02.002Search in Google Scholar

[16] Chen B, Fang C. Mechanical properties of EPS lightweight concrete. Proc Inst Civ Eng – Constr Mater. 2011;164(4):173–80.10.1680/coma.900059Search in Google Scholar

[17] Sadrmomtazi A, Sobhani J, Mirgozar MA, Najimi M. Properties of multi-strength grade EPS concrete containing silica fume and rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater. 2012;35:211–9.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.049Search in Google Scholar

[18] Kramar D, Bindiganavile V. Impact response of lightweight mortars containing expanded perlite. Cem Concr Compos. 2013;37:205–14.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.10.004Search in Google Scholar

[19] Granata MF. Pumice powder as filler of self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2015;96:581–90.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.040Search in Google Scholar

[20] Ferrándiz-Mas V, García-Alcocel E. Physical and mechanical characterization of Portland cement mortars made with expanded polystyrene particles addition (EPS). Materiales de construccion. 2012;62(308):547–66.10.3989/mc.2012.04611Search in Google Scholar

[21] Tittarelli F, Giosuè C, Mobili A, di Perna C, Monosi S. Effect of using recycled instead of virgin EPS in lightweight mortars. Procedia Eng. 2016;161:660–5.10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.728Search in Google Scholar

[22] Allahverdi A, Azimi SA, Alibabaie M. Development of multi-strength grade green lightweight reactive powder concrete using expanded polystyrene beads. Constr Build Mater. 2018;172:457–67.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.260Search in Google Scholar

[23] Mohammed H, Marei A. Concr Recycled EPS Granules. 2020;2321–9939.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Qadir G, Rashid Y, Hassan A, Mahmoud Vall E, Saleh S, Salim K. Development and mechanical testing of porous-lightweight geopolymer mortar. Buildings. 2020;11(1):1.10.3390/buildings11010001Search in Google Scholar

[25] IOS. Iraqi Organization of Standards, 5: Portland Cement. National Centre for Construction Laboratories and Researches; 2019.Search in Google Scholar

[26] ASTM. ASTM-C- 494 -05: Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete. The American Society for Testing and Materials; 2005.Search in Google Scholar

[27] ASTM. ASTM C143/C143M-15a: Standard Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete. The American Society for Testing and Materials; 2015. p. 4.Search in Google Scholar

[28] BS-EN. BS EN 12390-3: Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimens: British Standards Institution (BSI); 2019.Search in Google Scholar

[29] BS-EN. BS EN 12390-5: Testing hardened concrete. Flexural strength of test specimens: British Standards Institution (BSI); 2009.Search in Google Scholar

[30] BS-EN BS. EN 678: Determination of the dry density of autoclaved aerated concrete. 94th edn. British Standards Institution (BSI); 2017.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Yerbolat G, Amangeldi S, Ali MH, Badanova N, Ashirbeok A, Islam G. editors. Composite materials property determination by rule of mixture and monte carlo simulation. International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing (ICAM). IEEE; 2018.10.1109/AMCON.2018.8615034Search in Google Scholar

[32] Hall C, Hamilton A. Porosity–density relations in stone and brick materials. Mater Struct. 2015;48(5):1265–71.10.1617/s11527-013-0231-1Search in Google Scholar

[33] Miao L, Wang F, Han J, Lv W, Li J. Properties and applications of cement-treated sand-expanded polystyrene bead lightweight fill. J Mater Civ Eng. 2013;25(1):86–93.10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000556Search in Google Scholar

[34] Haghi AK, Arabani M, Ahmadi H. Applications of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads and polyamide-66 in civil engineering, Part One: Lightweight polymeric concrete. Compos Interfaces. 2006;13(4–6):441–50.10.1163/156855406777408575Search in Google Scholar

[35] Liu N, Chen B. Experimental study of the influence of EPS particle size on the mechanical properties of EPS lightweight concrete. Constr Build Mater. 2014;68:227–32.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.062Search in Google Scholar

[36] Hasan AS, Ali OM, Hussein AA. Comparative study of the different materials combinations used for roof insulation in Iraq. Mater Today: Proc. 2021;42:2285–9.10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.317Search in Google Scholar

[37] Kaya B, Kar F. Thermal and mechanical properties of concretes with styropor. J Appl Math Phys. 2014;2(06):310–5.10.4236/jamp.2014.26037Search in Google Scholar

[38] Torres ML, García-Ruiz PA. Lightweight pozzolanic materials used in mortars: Evaluation of their influence on density, mechanical strength and water absorption. Cem Concr Compos. 2009;31(2):114–9.10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.11.003Search in Google Scholar

[39] Milling A, Mwasha A, Martin H. Exploring the full replacement of cement with expanded polystyrene (EPS) waste in mortars used for masonry construction. Constr Build Mater. 2020;253:119158.10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119158Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2023-10-04
Revised: 2024-01-19
Accepted: 2024-01-25
Published Online: 2024-04-09

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0592
Keywords for this article
lightweight mortar; thermal conductivity; recycled expanded polystyrene waste; mechanical properties; slurry sand
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 17.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0592/html
Scroll to top button