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Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements

  • Wiktoria Loga-Księska EMAIL logo and Justyna Sordyl
Published/Copyright: February 13, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

This work presents the results of the research on the thermal state of the road surface measured by means of a mobile road condition sensor. A 15 km route circumnavigating the city centre and used by urban traffic was taken as the research area. Sixteen test runs were performed under summer and winter conditions. An analysis of the locations at which the rate of change of surface temperature had extreme values between consecutive test runs (which lasted around 25 min) was carried out. Based on that, critical sections of the test route were identified, and thus points characterised by readings deviating significantly from the mean values. Based on the thermal mapping methodology, an analysis of the rate of surface cooling was carried out. It was shown to be characterised by temporal (as well as spatial) non-uniformity. The rate of change of surface and air temperatures was calculated as a function of time, which was equal to −2.22 and −1.97°C/h, respectively. During the analysis, it came to light that hourly intervals represent the optimal frequency for thermal monitoring of a road network. Exceptions to the above are the aforementioned sections selected on the basis of the mobile measurements, in which permanent monitoring of road conditions via ESS stationary systems are recommended.

Keywords: RWIS; RST; urban meteorological protection; thermal mapping; road critical sections

1 Introduction

Road Weather Information System (RWIS) solutions are crucial elements of Intelligent Transport Systems, particularly in the context of ensuring road safety. RWIS operate mainly within automatic measurements performed by stationary weather monitoring stations known as Environmental Sensor Stations (ESS), which perform real-time measurements of – among others – meteorological parameters, the state of the road surface, the depth of the water film, and visibility [1]. Such data, together which meteorological models, serve in forecasting the state and temperature of the road surface [2]. During the winter, systems aiding decision-making, based on data from ESS, can lead to effective and rapid snow removal from roads. In turn, during summer, they can support in the management of heavy traffic. All such endeavours have a direct relationship with the durability of the road surface and road traffic safety. Furthermore, presentation of such information on programmable electronic road signage affords the possibility of year-round traffic management and informing drivers of poor conditions of the road network.

Urban road networks are characterised by high density and concentration of civil engineering installations such as overpasses, bridges, and tunnels. Also typical is the presence of numerous junctions and great differences in traffic flow rates between rush hours and night-time hours. Such factors mean that road conditions in neighbouring sections of roads can be in diametric opposition. For that reason, stationary meteorological networks can be insufficient for effective functioning of an urban RWIS.

Well-functioning urban meteorological protection requires regular collection of high-quality meteorological data from the entire road network. Mobile measurements of road surface temperature (RST) permit continuous information on the actual thermal state of the road surface for selected sections of road infrastructure to be obtained. In the same context, identification of strategically relevant locations, at which road conditions representing a potential threat to traffic can occur, also constitute a useful tool.

2 Literature review and previous work

Knowledge of the RST and the conditions currently prevailing there have been the subject of many studies, due to the direct relationship with road safety and effective road maintenance. Under low temperature conditions, localized icing or retention of precipitation can occur. Norrman et al. [3] showed that 34% of all road traffic accidents are caused by the occurrence of slippery road surfaces.

The majority of published studies are based on RST examinations conducted under winter conditions [4,5,6,7], nevertheless, the impact of high temperatures on road safety during summer is also an important topic. High roadway temperatures caused by the occurrence of heatwaves can lead not only to deformation of the surface but also to tyre deformation – and even to their unexpected rupture [8].

When based only on the indications from the ESS, forecasting road conditions in the entire urban network is only possible with the use of forecasting models. They can be divided into two groups, comprising numerical models and statistical models. Numerical models enable the forecast of RST variability while requiring a mass of input data, including measurement data. There are many examples of applications of numerical models in the literature [4,9,10]. Statistical models based on historical data are more commonly used and easier to implement [11,12]. The most common statistical models encountered in the literature use the regression method and facilitate relatively high-quality forecasts [13,14].

Another trend in research on the variability of RST is the increasingly popular application of mobile measurements using optical sensors and GPS. This method allows real measurement data with the required resolution to be obtained. Apart from the surface temperature, mobile sensors simultaneously register other parameters which are useful in road meteorology, such as relative humidity above the surface, water film depth, precipitation, air temperature, surface condition, and altitude. Examples of such commercial applications are the products RCM411 and MARWIS; a comparison of those devices’ performance has been presented by Brustad et al. [7].

In this work, a MARWIS sensor [15] was used for testing. The research team carried out a quantity of tests assessing the general behaviour and operational accuracy of the sensor. The repeatability of the measurements was confirmed in a series of tests conducted on a section of test route (of length 2.5 km) and the short interval applied between test runs allowed – to a great extent – elimination of the impact of changes in atmospheric conditions and the condition of the road surface on the measurement results. In the final stage of preliminary testing, the impact of driving speed on measured surface temperature values was assessed [16]. Maintaining the velocity in the interval 30–60 km/h did not have a significant impact on the measured parameters, demonstrating deviations in RST measurements to be not greater than in the case of stationary measurements. This work presents the results of research on the rate of change of surface temperature and identifies critical points of the road network in terms of those points’ thermal conditions.

3 Materials and methods

3.1 Measuring device

The MARWIS mobile device used in this study is based on a non-intrusive optical measurement method. The sensor was designed to detect the road surface condition by delivering information concerning RST, dew point temperature, relative humidity above the road surface, water film height, ice percentage, and road status. The MARWIS device can be mounted on any vehicle; the mode of mounting is presented in Figure 1 (more detailed information on the device’s technical specification is presented in Table A1).

Figure 1 Measuring equipment and its mode of mounting on the test vehicle.
Figure 1

Measuring equipment and its mode of mounting on the test vehicle.

3.2 Study area

The test runs were carried out in the city of Bielsko-Biala, which is located in the south of Poland, at the foot of the Beskid Mountains. Passing through the city there are – among others – express, national, and provincial roads and a North-Eastern Bypass. Bielsko-Biala has approximately 170,000 inhabitants. Mean traffic intensity within the city is between 20,000 and 40,000 vehicles per day [17].

The test route (Figure 2) ran along the most important communication arteries serving urban traffic in the North-South and East-West directions, surrounding the very centre of the city. From the east, it ran along provincial road No. 940 and part of national road No. 52, from the southern and western sides of the city, it covered a significant part of the Bielsko-Biala western bypass (provincial road No. 942). The northern section was a connector between road testing runs and consisted of single-lane roads of local character. It is worth noting that national and provincial roads have two lanes, sometimes divided by a strip of greenery. Regarding the entire route and its length, provincial roads accounted for 37.5% of the route (DW 942 and DW 940), national roads for 12.5% of the route (DK 52), and local roads for 50% of the route.

Figure 2 Test route and its altitude profile (map source: OpenStreetMaps).
Figure 2

Test route and its altitude profile (map source: OpenStreetMaps).

3.3 Testing methodology

The measurement vehicle moved at a constant speed of around 50 km/h, the velocity being chosen on the basis of previous research for measurement stability [16]. The test runs, which are the foundation of the following analyses, were performed under winter conditions (with the air temperature reaching sub-zero values) and under summer conditions (with the air temperature reaching 35°C and strong insolation). The mean air temperature was around 0°C during winter testing and around 26°C during summer measurements; no atmospheric precipitation was noted.

Eighteen test runs were conducted (8 under winter conditions and 10 under summer conditions), each individual 15 km test run therein lasted around 25 min. Winter measurements were conducted in March 2021 and in February 2022 during the evening. Summer measurements were performed in July 2022 in three batches corresponding to different times of the day – morning, afternoon, and evening-night. Detailed weather data for specific measurement days and general atmospheric conditions are presented in Table 1. Each test run was assigned a sequence number (No.).

Table 1

Weather conditions observed during test days

No. Test date Measurement start time Mean air temperature (°C) General conditions
1 05.03.2021 19:00 −1.1 Sleety rain
2 06.03.2021 19:00 −3.0 Clear sky
3 08.03.2021 19:00 −2.3 Light snowfall
4 19.03.2021 19:00 0.1 Cloudy
5 21.03.2021 19:00 −3.0 Snow
6 08.02.2022 22:15 3.1 Cloudy
7 22:40 3.0 Cloudy
8 23:05 2.0 Cloudy
9 20.07.2022 14:53 29.8 Sunny
10 15:22 29.5 Sunny
11 15:53 27.0 Sunny
12 20:41 25.0 Clear sky
13 21:07 24.0 Clear sky
14 21:34 23.1 Clear sky
15 22:00 22.4 Clear sky
16 22:27 21.7 Clear sky
17 21.07.2022 08:52 26.4 Sunny
18 11:04 32.4 Sunny

The analysis employed visualization of surface thermal characteristics measurement data based on the linear interpolation method. Analyses of the obtained measurement results were carried out in the R environment, employing the packages ggplot2, ggmap, and osmdata (respectively, 18–20). The application of dedicated libraries permitted enabled spatial ordering of measurement results based on GPS indications and interpolation of RST discrete data. As a result, this permitted the visualisation of point data on a base map in a continuous manner, carrying out comparative analyses and observing the gradual cooling (or heating) of the road surface as a function of time.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 General road temperature statistics

As part of the analysis, descriptive statistics were derived in relation to the recorded surface temperature for each of the runs (Table 1) using boxplots (Figure 3). The whiskers extending out of the boxes represent the reasonable extremes of the data (minimum and maximum values not exceeding a distance of 1.5× interquartile range [IQR] from the median). Points beyond the aforementioned reasonable extreme distances are plotted as outliers. The plot shows a clear difference between winter (No. 1–8) and summer (No. 9–18) runs. Winter journeys were characterised by a small dispersion of the recorded surface temperature values ​​along the route. The IQR in those measurement series was within 0.4–1.1°C, and the median value was close to the centre of the IQR, which suggest the values were close to the normal distribution of recorded RST values. Moreover, for measurements No. 6–8, high homogeneity of the recorded values was noted.

Figure 3 RST boxplot (the black line shows the median value; the height of the box shows the IQR).
Figure 3

RST boxplot (the black line shows the median value; the height of the box shows the IQR).

Under summer conditions, greater dispersion of the recorded temperature values should be expected, due to differences in the thermal state of the road surface caused by the presence of sections with constant shade along the route and others with greater exposure to solar radiation. This is indeed indicated by measurement results No. 12–16, which were carried out in the evening hours (excluding the direct influence of solar radiation) and which were characterised by a much smaller dispersion of the recorded temperature values, with the outlying values closer to the IQR. These measurements also illustrate the gradual cooling of the road surface in subsequent test runs, where the mean RST decreased by about 0.7–1.3°C every 25 min (a decrease of 2.6–4.4% compared to the mean temperature recorded in the immediately preceding test run). Runs No. 9–11 and No. 17 and 18 were performed under conditions of high insolation and high air temperature, which was reflected in the high variability of the RST. It should also be noted that the vast majority of median values were closer to the Q3 quartile, which indicates a slight shift in the distribution towards higher values. Basic RST statistics for all test runs are presented in Table 2.

Table 2

Basic RST (°C) statistics for all test runs

Test run no. Min. Median Max. Q1 Q3 IQR
1 −3.48 −2.24 3.02 −2.62 −1.74 0.89
2 −1.38 0.56 4.01 −0.01 1.12 1.13
3 −0.61 0.87 3.71 0.52 1.26 0.74
4 −1.23 0.55 2.50 0.15 0.91 0.76
5 0.32 1.24 2.77 1.02 1.49 0.47
6 1.68 2.31 3.31 2.12 2.54 0.42
7 1.66 2.21 3.29 2.02 2.43 0.41
8 1.49 2.18 3.02 1.93 2.32 0.40
9 26.74 47.41 51.84 45.77 48.68 2.91
10 27.38 46.59 51.43 44.78 47.89 3.11
11 27.28 45.56 50.78 41.69 46.80 5.11
12 25.61 29.97 31.93 28.99 30.63 1.64
13 25.06 28.47 32.00 27.73 29.27 1.54
14 23.97 27.89 30.18 27.04 28.51 1.48
15 22.84 26.84 29.29 26.00 27.47 1.47
16 23.22 26.16 28.19 25.35 26.69 1.34
17 23.09 31.80 36.26 28.44 33.58 5.14
18 25.22 42.31 46.28 40.46 43.53 3.07

4.2 Critical sections identification based on winter and summer conditions

Tests under winter conditions were based mainly on the analysis of the thermal changes in the road surface occurring when air temperatures fluctuated around 0°C, which may cause a sudden change in road conditions on the road surface. In turn, in the summer series of tests, when the air temperatures reached 35°C and the exposure of the road surface to solar radiation was high, the variability of thermal conditions along the test route was analysed. Conducting measurements under conditions with low and high air temperatures made it possible to identify locations critical from the point of view of road meteorology, where the conditions prevailing on the test route during a given run significantly differ from the mean value. It was noted that the location of these sections is repeatable, both in winter and in summer. Figure 4 shows an overview of the test route in terms of the altitude profile, marking the locations and the frequency of outliers in relation to the RST under summer and winter conditions. Figure 5 shows the locations of the critical sections selected on the basis of the frequency of occurrence of outliers, marked with symbols A, B, and C. Table 3 presents the mean RST registered at the critical sections.

Figure 4 Test route overview in terms of altitude profile, location, and the frequency of noted outliers as regards surface temperature under winter or summer conditions.
Figure 4

Test route overview in terms of altitude profile, location, and the frequency of noted outliers as regards surface temperature under winter or summer conditions.

Figure 5 Locations of selected critical sections (A–C), respectively, for winter conditions (test run No. 6) and summer conditions (test run No. 13) (map source: OpenStreetMaps).
Figure 5

Locations of selected critical sections (A–C), respectively, for winter conditions (test run No. 6) and summer conditions (test run No. 13) (map source: OpenStreetMaps).

Table 3

Median temperature and mean values for selected sections registered for test runs No. 6 and No. 13

Test run Median Mean value for section
A B C
No. 6 (winter conditions) 2.30 3.06 2.83 1.68
No. 13 (summer conditions) 28.47 25.23 25.53 31.43

The position of section A corresponds to a location featuring two tunnels, one following the other. Both the tunnels themselves and the 100 m long section between them are locations at which conditions on the road surface that reduce road safety may occur. Especially in winter, changes in temperature and road conditions which are sudden and surprising for drivers can occur at those locations.

The position of section B corresponds to a location where the test route ran through the lowest points on the route – around 340 m above sea level (Figure 4). In addition, this area is located between two hills and is heavily shaded by the tree canopy above the edge of the road and a dense row of buildings.

The position of section C corresponds to a part of the route that is subject to increased insolation in summer due to the southern exposure of the slope and a lack of buildings and greenery in the immediate vicinity. In winter, in turn, this section is characterised by consistently lower surface temperatures – this is caused by the road running along an embankment, which results in faster cooling of the ground.

4.3 Analysis of the road surface cooling process in summer conditions

The factor that determines the surface temperature to the greatest extent is the degree of sunlight occurring during the day [8]. This is clearly observable in the summer measurement series, both during individual runs (where lower temperatures were observed in the shaded areas), and during the day as the angle of incidence of sunlight on the road decreases. In the period analysed, the highest mean RST was recorded at around 15:00 (run No. 9), amounting to 46.1°C and was approximately 16°C higher than the air temperature. In turn, the largest difference in mean temperatures was observed between the aforementioned test run and the last one performed that same day at around 23.00 (run No. 16). The amplitude of the mean RST change was 20°C. Several series of measurements were planned after sunset under the conditions leading to a lack of variability of the RST caused by the varying influence of insolation. Figure 6 shows the change in the thermals of the road surface recorded in successive runs with a time interval of around 1 h. The mean surface temperature for runs No. 14 and 16 fell in comparison to test run No. 12 (and thus after around 1 and around 2 h, respectively) by 6.9 and 12.6%. Assuming a 25 min interval, the mean temperature drop of the road surface between consecutive runs amounted to approximately 3%. The dynamics of changes in a period of less than 1 h are so small that it is difficult to capture them on a base map – they are difficult for the system operator to assess visually and further analyse (refer to Figures A1–A9).

Figure 6 Thermal maps showing the gradual cooling of the surface, plotted based on measurement data from runs: No. 12 (base), No. 14 (base + 1 h), and No. 16 (base + 2 h) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).
Figure 6

Thermal maps showing the gradual cooling of the surface, plotted based on measurement data from runs: No. 12 (base), No. 14 (base + 1 h), and No. 16 (base + 2 h) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).

Figure 7 Median RST and air temperature as a function of time.
Figure 7

Median RST and air temperature as a function of time.

Figure 8 Boxplot of the difference in surface temperature between consecutive test runs.
Figure 8

Boxplot of the difference in surface temperature between consecutive test runs.

Figure 9 The mean RST difference |ΔT|.
Figure 9

The mean RST difference |ΔT|.

The maps presented in Figure 6 illustrate the gradual process of road surface cooling at hourly intervals, which in this case was the optimal time interval for testing of thermal changes. It is worth noting that cooling down took place unevenly and on a part of the road network the temperature of the road was significantly higher for a long period of time.

4.4 RST changes

In order to analyse the pace of road surface cooling, the data recorded during the longest measurement series were used, showing the change in RST for a period exceeding 2 h (runs No. 12–16). There is a general downward trend in RST. Figure 7 shows the change in the median air temperature and the median RST for the entire route.

The calculated gradient of the fall in the median temperature of the surface is 12.69% greater than the gradient of the fall in median air temperature. Those parameters took values of −2.22 and −1.97°C/h, respectively.

Figure 8 collates the differences in RST calculated for consecutive test runs with reference to the first test run from the series of measurements (No. 12) and thus performed after around 25, 50, 75, and 100 min.

The figure shows uneven cooling of the surface along the entire length of the test route. The median temperature change of the road surface, comparing results from successive test runs with those from the first test run in the measurement series, was, in all cases, within the range −1.2 to −3.9°C. There are certain sections on the test route where the cooling rate is slower – this may be caused, for example, by greater traffic intensity, or by the local microclimate. The range of the difference in temperature changes shows low repeatability over time, but the greatest rate was noted during the first hour of the measurement. The maximum recorded changes in the difference of the temperature of the road surface was within the range 1.96 to −7.29°C.

Figure 9 shows the mean values for the difference in RST measured between consecutive test runs, and the first run of the measurement series (No. 12), for the entire test route and for the sections identified as critical.

Comparing run No. 13 with No. 12 (i.e. to the first 25 min), it can be seen that section C cooled more slowly than in the following intervals. This may be due to the southern exposure of this area, which resulted in an extended period of insolation. Temperature changes of the road surface recorded on sections B and C after approximately 25 min (runs No. 14/12, No. 15/12, No. 16/12) were clearly greater in relation to the mean temperature change along the entire route. The section corresponding to a location with a set of two road tunnels (Section A) was characterised by the lowest temperature variability. The mean temperature change in this section was, without exception, lower than that of the entire route. The measured surface cooling process confirms that the conditions in the selected sections clearly differ from those which are representative for the entire route.

5 Conclusion

During the analyses carried out, three critical sections were identified, where surface temperature readings significantly deviating from the mean values were recorded both in summer and in winter. During summer, at the peak of the day, RST was able to reach values of 20°C higher than the air temperature and reaching even 52°C. On part of the road network, the RST was significantly higher for an extended period of time. This justifies the introduction of monitoring management of road access for heavy vehicles under conditions of high air and road temperatures.

The analysis of data recorded under summer conditions leads to the conclusion that a 3% decrease in the mean RST values between successive runs (i.e. every 25 min) is so small that monitoring at a frequency of more than an hour, would not be economically justified in this case. It is worth noting that the road cooling process was uneven and the proposed interval of one hour provides sufficient resolution to determine the degree and characteristics of variations in RST.

A comparison of the rate of change and the repeatability of RST results enables precise identification of critical sections of the road network. In the context of providing information on road conditions and ensuring road safety, the RWIS city monitoring system should be supported by stationary sensors providing continuous information from all selected critical sections. In the case of those sections, due to the rate of change in the RST, mobile monitoring may not be a sufficient solution. Information on RST should be collected both under conditions of high temperature (well above 0°C) and also when air temperatures are around 0°C. Sections identified as critical should be adequately marked on the road as locations requiring the exercise of special care.

Thermal maps are a tool supporting the effective management of urban roads, but the accuracy of conclusions based thereon depends on the quantity and quality of input data, which must be provided at regular intervals. Obtaining sufficient input data is possible with the use of public transport vehicles for mobile monitoring. In urbanised areas, this guarantees system coverage of the main city communication arteries, and also allows for the constant collection of input information provided at regular intervals.

In the case of the test route employed in this study, the proportion of the road network covered by local urban public transport is 93.5%. During the analysis, it was shown that a 1 h measurement interval is optimal for continuous monitoring of the thermal state of the road surface. Along almost the entire length of the route within the area served by urban public transport, the frequency of scheduled services would facilitate data collection at the required (hourly) intervals.

5.1 Future works

In the course of subsequent work, the authors plan to further develop the concept of supporting the city’s meteorological cover by means of mobile measurements. Planned activities include testing selected public transport lines serving urban communication routes considered critical (due to traffic conditions and the number of passengers), at the required frequency. In the next field tests, a new series of measurements will be carried out (also at other times of the day and at other times of the year), which will extend the spectrum of the observed weather conditions and their impact on the surface temperature. Analysis of the road cooling process will be repeated for winter conditions. The scope of the analysis will be extended to include information on the surface condition, which will allow the identification of areas particularly susceptible to the presence of a water film, black ice, or accumulated snow.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Appendix

Table A1

MARWIS technical data [15]
Figure A1 Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 13 (after 25 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).
Figure A1

Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 13 (after 25 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).

Figure A2 Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 14 (after 50 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).
Figure A2

Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 14 (after 50 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).

Figure A3 Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 15 (after 75 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).
Figure A3

Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 15 (after 75 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).

Figure A4 Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 16 (after 100 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).
Figure A4

Thermal map showing RST difference between run No. 12 and run No. 16 (after 100 min) (map source: OpenStreeMaps).

Figure A5 The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 12.
Figure A5

The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 12.

Figure A6 The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 13.
Figure A6

The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 13.

Figure A7 The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 14.
Figure A7

The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 14.

Figure A8 The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 15.
Figure A8

The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 15.

Figure A9 The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 16.
Figure A9

The percentage of RST occurrence registered during test run No. 16.

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Received: 2022-11-30
Revised: 2023-04-11
Accepted: 2023-04-23
Published Online: 2024-02-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0447
Keywords for this article
RWIS; RST; urban meteorological protection; thermal mapping; road critical sections
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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