Startseite Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection

  • Przemyslaw Lopato , Grzegorz Psuj , Michal Herbko EMAIL logo und Ireneusz Spychalski
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 25. Oktober 2024
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Open Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

Composite materials find increasing applications in modern industry and transport. However, they may lose desirable mechanical properties due to external mechanical excitations, ultraviolet radiation, moisture penetration, or other factors. Therefore, an effective way to assess the condition of materials is necessary. In this article, a nondestructive evaluation of glass fiber-reinforced composite subjected to five-stage static bending is presented. For this reason, pulsed excitation terahertz imaging was utilized, and a data processing/exploration scheme was proposed. The proposed, novel approach consists of an efficient data registration algorithm based on surface approximation (for surface roughness and unevenness elimination) and a parametrization scheme applied for the signals gained from the time response of the glass fiber-reinforced polymer layer. Obtained parameters enable the global description of the evaluated material state and prediction of failure effectively, even in the early stages of destruction.

Keywords: nondestructive testing; terahertz imaging; composite materials; layered structures; deformation; bending

1 Introduction

Polymer composite materials are increasingly prevalent in various structural applications due to their exceptional properties such as high strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance. As these materials are subjected to mechanical loads during service, it becomes critical to ensure their structural integrity through efficient and accurate nondestructive testing (NDT) methods. NDT techniques allow for the assessment of internal states and the detection of potential defects without causing any damage to the material, thus playing a vital role in maintaining safety and reliability.

Several NDT techniques are commonly employed for evaluating polymer composites. Ultrasonic testing (UT) is one of the most widely used methods, relying on the propagation of ultrasonic waves through the material. By analyzing the reflections of these waves from internal discontinuities or boundaries, UT can detect surface, subsurface, and internal defects. This method is extensively used across industries like aviation, energy, and metallurgy, particularly for examining materials such as metals and polymer-based composites [1,2,3].

Digital radiography (DR) is another effective NDT technique, providing enhanced defect detection through digital imaging. Unlike traditional radiography, DR enables more efficient and repeatable inspections, making it suitable for applications in sectors like foundry, automotive, and aviation [4,5].

Laser shearography offers a different approach by using optical techniques to detect subsurface discontinuities. It works by observing surface strain fields and is particularly valued for its high efficiency and ease of automation, making it ideal for use in industries like automotive and shipbuilding [6,7,8,9,10].

Thermography is also a significant NDT method, which involves heating the composite material and analyzing the resulting temperature distribution with thermal imaging cameras. This technique can identify structural defects based on thermal emissivity changes, though it often requires advanced image processing to address surface heterogeneity [11,12,13,14,15].

Recently, terahertz (THz) imaging has gained attention as a promising NDT technique for composite materials. The THz region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between infrared radiation and microwaves [16,17]. THz waves can penetrate these materials with minimal attenuation, providing valuable insights into their internal structure. In addition, THz radiation is nonionizing and safe for biological tissues, broadening its potential applications [18,19]. In recent years, a significant effort has been made to research the use of THz radiation in NDT of composites [20,21].

Despite the advantages, the high cost of THz imaging equipment has limited its widespread use in industrial settings. However, the technique’s ability to detect early-stage damage and provide detailed information about the internal state of materials makes it a valuable tool for research and specific industrial applications.

In this article, the THz inspection will be utilized for the nondestructive evaluation of gel-coated glass fiber composite subjected to static bending.

2 Examined material and measuring system

The subject of the study is the composite structure shown in Figure 1. Part of it is a sandwich composite with a foam spacer, while the external laminates are made of a composite of glass fiber and polymer resin. The sandwich composite transforms into a regular laminate, while the area of interest in this analysis is the area of the nonsandwich laminate (located near the transition) where the highest stresses and the probability of defect occurrence caused by the sample bending process occur, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Photo and schematic view of the material under test (MUT) and its setup during deformation application.
Figure 1

Photo and schematic view of the material under test (MUT) and its setup during deformation application.

The sample was subjected to a five-stage static bending process. It was assumed that five stages were the minimum number that would allow us to notice both very small changes at the beginning of the process and very advanced damage (preventing further work of the element under any mechanical load) at its end. The first stage indicates a nonbending sample, while the fifth stage indicates a condition in which there are visible delaminations and cracks in the resin and delamination of the gel coat. Between individual states, the deformation of the sample was increased and then brought to its basic shape, in which configuration THz measurements were performed. This procedure allows for more uniform measurement conditions (in a flat sample, the focus of the THz beam is at one depth, which is impossible to maintain in a sample deformed by bending – for a given sample, it allows for a uniform signal-to-noise ratio and no blurring of the signal at other depths).

The nondestructive evaluation of MUT was performed using the measuring system, shown in Figure 2. The main element in this system is a time domain THz spectroscope (THz TDS) TeraFlash pro of Toptica. The spectroscope and the connected photoconductive antennas are responsible for excitation and detection in the time domain of picosecond electromagnetic field pulses. The antennas and the system of four curved mirrors (Figure 3) constitute the measuring head that is moved during the inspection. The head allows measurement only in the reflection mode – the THz beam is formed in such a way that after passing through two input mirrors, there is a focal point at the lowest point of the head. If there is a tested material at this point, as a result of reflection, the beam is directed to the system of output mirrors, the task of which is the best possible coupling of the THz beam with the aperture of the PCA – Rx receiving antenna (PCA – photoconductive antenna). The measuring head is attached to the x–y positioning system enabling spatial scanning of the tested material. Control of the measurement process, initial signal processing, and visualization of results are carried out on the measurement computer.

Figure 2 Photo of the measuring system.
Figure 2

Photo of the measuring system.

Figure 3 Simplified scheme of THz measuring head.
Figure 3

Simplified scheme of THz measuring head.

3 Material state assessment algorithm and measurements results

The evaluated material was successively scanned using the system and procedures presented in the previous section. Figure 4 shows an example of a B-scan signal obtained from a single scan along the region of interest (ROI) in the x direction, corresponding to stage 1 of the damage.

Figure 4 Exemplary B-scan measurement result. Time delay is expressed in time steps (1 time step = 78.125 fs; a whole range of time delay shown in the vertical axis is 50 ps) and x position is expressed in space steps (1 space step = 0.25 mm; a whole range of position shown in the horizontal axis is 17.5 mm).
Figure 4

Exemplary B-scan measurement result. Time delay is expressed in time steps (1 time step = 78.125 fs; a whole range of time delay shown in the vertical axis is 50 ps) and x position is expressed in space steps (1 space step = 0.25 mm; a whole range of position shown in the horizontal axis is 17.5 mm).

The beginning of the interaction of the THz pulse and MUT is a straight line for t D = 150, resulting from the reflection of the pulse from the flat gel coat surface. It is also the largest pulse in terms of amplitude, which results from the largest difference between the characteristic impedances of neighboring materials (air and gel coat). The reflection from the gel coat/glass laminate boundary (t D = 280) is no longer as uniform (due to the uneven surface of the laminate covered with gel coat) and is no longer characterized by such a large amplitude as before (due to the smaller change in characteristic impedance of this boundary and smaller energy of the interacting impulse). The reflection from the end of the tested material – the glass laminate/air boundary is the least represented due to its high blur (t D = 480…580) and relatively low amplitude. This is because the pulse recorded in the case of this reflection propagated along the longest path (passing through the material thickness twice – including scattering on the nonhomogeneous structure of the glass fiber). Despite the aforementioned factors reducing the signal-to-noise ratio of the response of individual boundaries between layers, it is possible to determine areas in the signal (time windows) that correspond to the interaction with individual material layers (gel coat and glass laminate). This constitutes the basis for the material condition assessment algorithm developed and presented later.

Examples of measurement signals obtained in the experiment for individual stages of material degradation are shown in Figure 5. In the second stage, very slight (hardly noticeable) changes occur. A clear change is noticeable from stage 3. Then there is a loss of continuity of the gel coat layer (crack visible in the photo), which is reflected in the part of the signal responsible for reflection from the air/gel coat boundary. Changes also begin to appear in the part of the signal corresponding to the interaction with the glass laminate layer. The aforementioned effects within both layers intensify as the experiment continues in stages 4 and 5.

Figure 5 Exemplary B-scan measurement result.
Figure 5

Exemplary B-scan measurement result.

As damage to the gelcoat layer is very easy to detect, either using the THz method or even visually, this work focused on the evaluation of the glass laminate layer, which determines the mechanical and strength properties of the technical infrastructure elements containing the tested connection. The material evaluation algorithm is proposed in Figure 6. The algorithm is designed to statistically evaluate the glass laminate layer, so analysis is mainly required for this layer. Unfortunately, it is hidden behind a layer of gel coat, the condition of which may affect the readings of the laminate layer. Therefore, the first step in the algorithm is to determine the time delay t D resulting from reflection at the air-gel coat boundary. This will be the starting (reference) point for further determination of the time window corresponding to the interaction of the THz pulse with the glass laminate layer. The problem with determining the reference point occurs in the case of severe deformation and delamination of the gel coat, which is shown in Figure 5. A deformed fragment of the gel coat may confuse the procedure of determining the time window and lead to incorrect analysis. Therefore, the proposed algorithm includes a material surface approximation block. It allows the elimination of fast-changing components, leaving only slowly changing components resulting from the actual geometry of the material. The work uses a third-degree approximation polynomial, but the approximating function can be freely selected for various shapes of the material surface, depending on the application. The results of the approximation of the surface of the tested material for individual stages of material degradation are presented in Figure 7.

Figure 6 Material condition assessment algorithm.
Figure 6

Material condition assessment algorithm.

Figure 7 Material surface approximation results – determination of the time delay corresponding to the reflection of the THz pulse from the material surface (gelcoat).
Figure 7

Material surface approximation results – determination of the time delay corresponding to the reflection of the THz pulse from the material surface (gelcoat).

After appropriately determining the reference plane (the air/gel coat boundary, ignoring any local changes in geometry resulting from delamination or cracking of the gel coat), the algorithm proceeds to determine time windows corresponding to the interaction with the glass laminate. The gelcoat/laminate boundary (beginning of the time window) is detected as the center of the peak (position of the maximum value) resulting from the reflection from the aforementioned boundary. The end of the analyzed time window is determined similarly based on the diffuse pulse (resulting from reflection from the laminate/air boundary). Then, for each measurement point (x, y), the signal contained in the time window is parameterized – selected statistical parameters are determined:

  • p 1 – The normalized average peak-to-peak value of the signal calculated over the entire ROI surface for a time window correlated with the response of the glass laminate.

  • p 2 – The normalized minimum signal value calculated over the entire ROI surface for a time window correlated with the response of the glass laminate.

The last part of the proposed algorithm is the assessment of the structure condition based on parameter values. In the first two stages, the material showed no signs of degradation. In stage 2, the applied bending degree was mainly within the elastic range of the stress–strain curve. Starting from stage 3, material degradation in the bending zone begins to be visible both visually and in response to the THz examination. Therefore, the middle value between stages 2 and 3 was adopted as the thresholds of selected statistical parameters determining the degradation state of the bent glass laminate. The method of selecting the threshold value can be determined in many ways and will be the subject of further research. The distribution of selected parameters for various stages of material damage is presented in Figure 8. Parameter p 1 has low values for stages 1 and 2 but starts to increase noticeably in the case of higher stages (3–5), which enables relatively easy detection of the damage state. Parameter p 2 has a quasi-monotonic nature with a steady increase in the whole range of degradation, which enables us to predict the damage state before it happens. Such a combination of information constitutes a reliable tool for material assessment.

Figure 8 Selected parameters (p 1 and p 2) of B-scan signals calculated in region of interest over the time window correlated with response of glass fiber material.
Figure 8

Selected parameters (p 1 and p 2) of B-scan signals calculated in region of interest over the time window correlated with response of glass fiber material.

4 Conclusions

THz imaging with pulsed excitation has great potential for use in dielectric testing of composite materials. Due to certain similarities in the physical phenomena occurring, it is often possible to use (with certain modifications) defect detection methods developed for UT. Moreover, THz inspection in the reflection mode enables noncontact measurements with access to only one side of the test material, which is particularly important in the practice of industrial NDT inspections. The work proposes an algorithm for testing a composite structure made of fiberglass subjected to bending, enabling automatic assessment of the state of the laminate under the gelcoat layer. For this purpose, the approximation of the surface of the tested material was used (enabling the reduction of the impact of deformations/cracks in the gelcoat on determining the time window related to the impact of the glass fiber material) and the statistical analysis of the received B-scan signals.

As a result of the proposed algorithm and the analysis performed, parameters enabling the assessment of the internal condition of the composite material were obtained. Parameter verification, especially of the p 1 parameter, allows for the assessment of whether the material remains within the elastic range–indicating that damage from the bending process is either absent or minimal–or if the material has begun to exhibit irreversible effects from deformation, such as internal cracks in the resin polymer and delamination.

  1. Funding information: This work was conducted within the project “RE-TERA- Reconfigurable THz devices for EM waves manipulation and sensing applications,” co-financed by the Polish National Agency for Academic Exchange (NAWA, Poland) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD, Germany) under the grant no. PPN/BDE/2021/1/00012/U/00001, ID: 57602825.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results, and approved the final version of the manuscript. PL was responsible for the concept of the article, algorithm development, and funding acquisition. PL, MH, and GP were involved in the measurements. GP, MH, and IS were responsible for the preparing a sample and bending/deformation process. All authors wrote and reviewed the manuscript and discussed the results.

  3. Conflict of interest: Author G.P., who is the co-author of this article, is a current Editorial Board member of Open Engineering. This fact did not affect the peer-review process. The authors declare no other conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

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Received: 2024-08-05
Revised: 2024-09-05
Accepted: 2024-09-09
Published Online: 2024-10-25

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0088
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
nondestructive testing; terahertz imaging; composite materials; layered structures; deformation; bending
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BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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