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Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy

An erratum for this article can be found here: https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2023-0101
  • Raad Suhail Ahmed Adnan ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Iman Adnan Annon ORCID logo , Sundus M. Noori and Dauod Selman Dauod ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: April 8, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

The transformation of shape-memory alloys to high-temperature shape-memory alloys can be achieved through either the addition of alloying elements or heat treatment. However, heat treatment is more effective in improving the properties of the alloys. This research paper explores the impact of annealing on the mechanical and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys. The alloys were first cast, homogenized, and then machined before being aged at temperatures of 250, 300, and 350°C, and finally air-cooled. The results showed an increase in transformation temperature and recovery strain, as well as shape memory effect, and a decrease in hardness. Moreover, there was an increase in yield stress and strain. In conclusion, aging was found to improve the shape memory properties and mechanical properties better than thermomechanical treatment and some alloying elements.

Keywords: shape memory alloys; heat treatment; mechanical properties; shape memory effect

1 Introduction

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) have been in high demand since the beginning of the century for their applications in fields ranging from biomedical to actuators. They are considered smart materials that can be improved and modified [1]. The SMA’s mechanical and shape memory properties can be improved by adding alloying elements [2,3,4] or by using heat treatment methods such as annealing, aging, thermomechanical, etc. Cu-based SMAs are in demand due to economic reasons, and they are manufactured by casting or powder metallurgy. Although they are hard, they can be machined by EDM machines. Researchers like Abbass et al. [5] have studied the effect of heat treatment on the martensitic transformation of Cu-based shape memory alloys, and they found that it increases the hardness and decreases elongation. Aksu Canbay and Karagoz [6] found that aging increases the transformation temperatures, transformation hysteresis, and successive martensitic transitions. The enthalpy of reverse transformation increases with aging temperature, but it exhibits no systematic dependence on aging time. Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy parameters are affected by aging. Agarwal and Dube [7] found that Heat treatment reduces the alloys’ mechanical properties. It increases the alloy’s hardness. Payandeh et al. [8] studied the effect of heat treatment on the martensitic transformation of Cu-based shape memory alloys with the increase of hardness and decrease of Elongation. Suresh and Ramamurty [9,10] found that The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of the aged samples show an increase in transformation temperatures as well as transformation hysteresis with aging. Both the tensile and the compression responses and their variation with aging were evaluated. With aging, successive martensitic transitions and the DSC thermogram of the aged samples show an increase in transformation temperatures as well as transformation hysteresis. Dagadelen et al. [11] found it was also confirmed that the transformation temperatures increased with thermal treatment temperature and time. In addition, an enthalpy of reverse transformation increased with aging temperature, but it exhibited no systematic dependence on the aging time. Nevin Balo and Neslihan [12] found that the parameters of the Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy are affected by aging. Ivanić et al. [13] found that the heat treatment procedure reduced the alloys’ mechanical properties and increased the hardness of the alloy ness. Yavuzer et al. [14] studied the effect of heat treatment the effects of milling time and heat treatment on the microstructure and wear behavior of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys produced by the mechanical alloying method were investigated. Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys were produced by mechanical alloying in four different durations, Rashidi et al. [15] modified the formed martensite phases and MT temperatures, which is possible by controlling the quenching rate and aging temperature. Damping ability is one of the distinct advantages of these Cu-based SMAs. Too many applications, one of the most common applications of shape memory alloys is in the aviation field specifically airplanes such as the Airbus A320 flaps [16], the drones, and the UMAV since the Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys are more economical than other types, another application is the seismic field, and since the devastating earthquakes in Syria and Turkey, the need for safety systems for old buildings is in high demand. Cu-based SMAs are the best choice for non-medical applications such as these systems because they have a low cost compared to other shape memory alloys such as nitinol or iron-based shape memory alloys [17]. So an anti-earthquake system is required for the safety of old and historic buildings, and Cu-based shape memory alloys are the best choice. This article aims to study the effect of low-temperature heat treatment (250, 300, and 350°C) on mechanical properties by applying compression, hardness tests, and shape memory properties for the Al–Cu–Ni SMA.

2 Experimental work

2.1 Melting and casting

The materials were pure Cu wires (99.99%), Al foils (99.99%), and Ni powder (99.99%), and the metals were melted and cast at 1,200°C in an induction furnace under argon atmosphere, then homogenized at 950°C for 30 min, and quenched in ice brine solution; the alloys were subjected to a heat treatment performed at 250, 300, and 350°C for 4 h and then air-cooled in carbonate furnace as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Heat treatment furnace.
Figure 1

Heat treatment furnace.

2.2 Machining

They machined in an EDM wire cutting machine into two ASTM-E9 specimens 1.4 mm in diameter and 28 mm in height for compressive test and thermomechanical coupling with a tiny specimen for DSC and another for HV hardness of 14 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness, as shown in Figure 2. Also, specimens for SEM were ground and polished, and etching was performed with (FeCl3·6H2O + HCl + Methanol) for 4 min. The alloys were then categorized depending on treatment as shown in Table 1.

Figure 2 (a) SEM and (b) compression specimens.
Figure 2

(a) SEM and (b) compression specimens.

Table 1

Categorization of the alloys

Alloy Temp. (°C)
A1 —
A2 250
A3 300
A4 350

2.3 Chemical composition and X-ray diffraction

Chemical composition was performed by an AVE 3000 data analyzer. Table 2 shows the results of the analysis. Also, the XRD test was performed by a Shmidzoo 6,000 device as shown in Figure 3.

Table 2

The result of the chemical analysis

Element Cu Al Ni
Percentage (%) Rem 14 4.5
Figure 3 X-ray diffraction device.
Figure 3

X-ray diffraction device.

2.4 Mechanical properties

The alloys were put into compression test in Instron 9000, as shown in Figure 4, and a thermomechanical test was applied with limit loading and unloading compression test up to 25 KN by a Larray 800 device to calculate the recovery strain, as for Vickers hardness test shown in Figure 5.

Figure 4 Instron 9000 device.
Figure 4

Instron 9000 device.

Figure 5 Hardness device.
Figure 5

Hardness device.

2.5 Diffraction scanning calorimetry

The Diffraction Scanning Calorimetry test was performed by the SATRAN Labsys 300 device as shown in Figure 6. It operates on a range of 700 to −170°C and 25–350°C in both exothermic and endothermic directions.

Figure 6 DSC device.
Figure 6

DSC device.

3 Results and discussion

The results section may be divided by subheadings. It should provide a concise and precise description of the experimental results, their interpretation, as well as the experimental conclusions that can be drawn.

3.1 Shape memory properties

3.1.1 DSC thermogram

Table 2 shows the results of the DSC thermogram of the alloys, with the calculation of equilibrium temperature (T°) from equation (1) [18], Spread (S) from equation (2), and Hysteresis (H) from equation (3) [19]; these equations are necessary to observe the effectiveness of the transformation process.

(1) T ∘ = A f + M s 2 ,

(2) S = A f – A s ,

(3) H = A s – M f ,

A f is the austenite finish temperature (°C), A s is the austenite start temperature (°C), M s is the martensite start temperature (°C), and M f is the martensite finish temperature (°C)

Table 3 shows the results of the DSC Thermogram of the alloys, with the calculation of equilibrium Temperature from equation (1), Spread from equation (2), and Hysteresis from Heat flow (μV) (equation (3)). There is a shift in the transformation temperature, and it is found that the transformation temperature had risen as shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Transformation temperatures for the alloys

Alloy A s (°C) A f (°C) M s (°C) M f (°C) T° H S
A1 129 165 157 100 179 29 36
A2 135 180 123 86 178 49 45
A3 241 301 143 89 286 152 60
A4 246 279 115 89 291 157 33

Also, Figure 7(a–d) shows the thermograms of alloys, and there is a shift in the transformation temperatures to reach outside the domain with a rise in transformation temperature in the same case [9] due to enthalpy changes. Niven Balo and Neslihan [12] attributed that to short aging time and it affected the hysteresis; also, it is caused by the bigger transformation in the martensite phase, and the grain size was shorter and finer, and more austenite phase formation with a very high increase in equilibrium temperature

Figure 7 DSC thermograms for SMA: (a) base alloy, (b) aged at 250°C, (c) aged at 300°C, and (d) aged at 350°C.
Figure 7

DSC thermograms for SMA: (a) base alloy, (b) aged at 250°C, (c) aged at 300°C, and (d) aged at 350°C.

3.1.2 Recovery strain

Recovery strain is the strain at the end point of the unloading stress–strain diagram for shape memory alloys calculated and shows how elastic the alloy is [19].

(4) ∈ = l − l ∘ l ∘ % .

Figure 8 shows the recovery strain for the alloys; there is a decrease in the recovery stain with the rise of aging temperature due to the increase of the austenite phase over the martensite phase as Abbass et al. [5] found after thermomechanical treatment. The same result was found by Dawood and Adnan [20] with more austenite phase after a thermomechanical treatment with less load, compared with adding alloying element shape memory properties which was better than the work of Adnan et al. [3,4] by adding Sn and Ce.

Figure 8 Stress–strain diagram of recovery strain for the alloys.
Figure 8

Stress–strain diagram of recovery strain for the alloys.

Table 4 shows the recovery strain for the alloys; there is a decrease in the recovery stain with the rise of aging temperature due to the increase of the austenite phase over the martensite phase as Abbas et al. [5] found after thermomechanical treatment. Also, the shape memory effect increased to a near super elastic limit, and the Modulus of elasticity for martensite (E M) and austenite (E A) can be calculated as suggested by Lagoudas [21] by taking the slope of a tangent in both martensite and austenite directions; the result showed that the modulus of elasticity was less than what Abbass et al. [5] found when they used thermomechanical treatment due to the increase in the austenite phase was less than this work.

Table 4

Shape memory properties for the alloys

Alloy ε Recovery (%) SME (%) E M (GPa) E A (GPa)
A1 1.39 97 149.54 21.90
A2 0.67 97.5 15.4 3.91
A3 0.5 98.5 2.08 8.34
A4 0.39 99 1.07 5.52

3.2 Mechanical properties

Figure 9 shows the stress–strain of the alloys, and there is an increase in yield stress and maximum compression test with a rise of aging temperature with an increase in strain and a decrease in hardness; this is due to the increase in austenite phase, and also, the short time this was found also in the works by Ivanić et al. [13]; there was also an increase in yield stress and maximum compression stress which indicates the improvement in mechanical properties with rising temperature and the reduction of martensite due to dislocation. Compared with adding alloying elements, mechanical properties were better than those of the work of Adnan et al. [3,4] by adding Sn and Ce.

Figure 9 Stress–strain diagram for the shape memory alloys.
Figure 9

Stress–strain diagram for the shape memory alloys.

Table 5 shows the mechanical properties of the alloys. There is a decrease in Hardness for The Alloys. The effect of time is found also in the study by Sampath [22] and Suresh and Ramamurty [9] with the same treatment time which can be attributed to the fine grain size. Also, since the austenite phase is less hard than martensite and since it is the predominant phase, this behavior of SMA is found in the study by Abbass et al. [5] but hardness results of thermomechanical treatment are less than aging and annealing by Canbay et al. [6] but in the same behavior martensite is a hard phase, comparing the results with the addition of elements in the work of Adnan et al. [3,4].

Table 5

Mechanical properties for the SMAs

Alloy σ y (MPa) σ Max (N/mm2) ε max (%) HV
A1 430 768 12.5 363
A2 738 911 12.64 286
A3 747 939 17.84 253
A4 753 966 20.83 218

3.3 Microstructure

Figure 7(a–d) shows the microstructure of the shape memory alloys. Figure 10(a) shows the base alloy both the martensite phases are in two forms a needle shape (β′) and (γ′) stack shape form in pairs or two pairs as was found in Figure 2(a–d); the martensite base had been decreased with the austenite phase being the predominant phase with the sign of oxidation due to air-penetrated furnace atmosphere.

Figure 10 SEM images for SMA: (a) base alloy, (b) aged at 250°C, (c) aged at 300°C, and (d) aged at 350°C.
Figure 10

SEM images for SMA: (a) base alloy, (b) aged at 250°C, (c) aged at 300°C, and (d) aged at 350°C.

The fine grain size gives an improvement in mechanical properties with small precipitations which can affect martensite and the stacks (ϒ′) are shorter as is the needle shape (β′) phase and affine grains which can improve mechanical properties. There is an oxidation effect is also found in the microstructure in the aged alloys, austenite (β) is found in the aged alloys due to the effect of heat treatment and is the more dominant phase with rising aging temperature; this behavior was also found by Abbass et al. [5] and Dawood and Adnan [20] when they used thermo mechanical treatment.

3.4 X-Ray diffraction

Figure 11 shows the X-ray Diffraction test. The results show the main phases in the Cu-based shape memory alloy as Table 6 shows the formation of the Phases of the alloy the martensite β′ and γ′ in their respective angles

Figure 11 XRD results for the base alloys.
Figure 11

XRD results for the base alloys.

Table 6

XRD phases for base alloys

Alloy 2θ° dm A d°A I/I° (%) Symbol
AlCu3 44.808 1.998 2.021 100
Al19Cu23Ni 46.609 1.947 1.9307 80
Al7Cu23Ni 42.707 2.088 2.114 65

4 Conclusions

From the obtained results it can be concluded that:

  1. Mechanical properties have improved which is because of the reduction in the martensite phase and the increase in austenite phase growth that causes an increase in yield stress and maximum compression stress of the alloys.

  2. Heat treatment has reduced hardness because of the growth of the austenite phase and reduction of the martensite phase better than thermomechanical treatment and the addition of some alloying elements.

  3. Heat treatment has also caused a rise in transformation temperature beyond the limits of the domain of the Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloys with an increase in spread and hysteresis which is better than thermomechanical treatment.

  4. Recovery strain had been decreased with rising aging temperature and the growth of Martensite with better than alloying elements and thermomechanical treatment.

  5. The short time and low temperature of heat treatment reduced the Martensite phase due to dislocation and precipitation.

Acknowledgments

Many thanks to University of Technology – Department of Materials Engineering – Iraq, Laboratory of Strength of Materials, and DSC Lab.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: All data are fully available without restriction.

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Received: 2023-06-20
Revised: 2024-02-25
Accepted: 2024-03-08
Published Online: 2024-04-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0013
Keywords for this article
shape memory alloys; heat treatment; mechanical properties; shape memory effect
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BY 4.0

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