Startseite Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
Artikel Open Access

Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant

  • Ayat Mahdi Kadhim EMAIL logo , Saad Abu-Alhail Arab und Ammar Salman Dawood
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 1. März 2024
Artikel downloaden (PDF)
Veröffentlichen auch Sie bei De Gruyter Brill
Manuskript einreichen Informationen für Autor*innen
Open Engineering
Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

Due to the disposal of different wastewater into the water bodies, the rate of surface water pollution is increasing. The virginia initiative plant (VIP), one of the most efficient and economical wastewater treatment systems, was assessed. The experiments were carried out by a laboratory-scale VIP system used for this study, with a flow rate of 100 L/day and a solid retention time rate estimated at 10 days. The system works on three different ratios for internal rotation (100, 150, and 200%) and three for external rotation (80, 90, and 100%), and the effective volumes were 20, 40, and 60 L for anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic reactors, respectively. The results showed that the VIP system achieved the best removal efficiency of organic matter represented by COD, phosphorous, and ammonia (86, 94, and 93%, respectively). The impact of internal and external rotation ratios was tested by removing COD, phosphorous, and ammonia. The percentages of internal rotation significantly affect the biological removal of nitrates. The relationship between them is inverse, while the percentages of external rotation significantly impact the biological removal process of phosphorus. The relationship between them is positive, whereas the internal and external rotation percentages did not considerably affect the efficiency of removing both ammonia and COD. According to the research results, internal and external rotation ratios enhanced the removal efficiency of phosphorus and nitrates. The VIP system proved to be an effective method for domestic wastewater treatment with a flow conforming to Iraqi standards for draining wastewater with all organic matter, phosphorous, and nitrogenous compounds to rivers.

Keywords: VIP; biological phosphorous removal; internal rotation; external rotation; returned sludge; biological nutrient removal

1 Introduction

In recent years, the discharge of nutrients into the environment has been controlled to meet new nutrient discharge standards for municipal wastewater treatment systems. Conventional activated sludge systems allowing biological nutrient removal from various anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic reactor combinations are developed. Municipal and industrial discharge of nitrogen and phosphate increases the eutrophication of rivers, causing severe environmental damage; this is especially true when wastewater contains nitrogen, which causes algae and aquatic plants to grow more rapidly in rivers. Stricter regulations have been applied to reduce nitrogen and phosphate discharges to rivers to reduce eutrophication [1,2,3,4,5]. Removal of nitrogenous compounds from wastewater involves two processes: nitrification and denitrification. There are two mechanisms involved in nitrification. Ammonia transforms to nitrite, and then nitrite transforms to nitrate using autotrophic bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter bacteria. Denitrification, generally, includes two processes: heterotrophic and autotrophic [6,7,8]. External and internal rotation of wastewater in many processes results in high denitrification yields. Several challenges associated with the nitrification process have hindered optimum nitrogen removal. External rotation is generally related to the presence of an external carbon source, and it is necessary for wastewater treatment to achieve high efficiency to reduce nitrogen concentrations. As a result, nitrogen is not effectively removed from wastewater due to problems with the internal and external rotation ratio [9,10]. This study used a modified virginia initiative plant (VIP) advanced treatment process containing anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic reactors to remove nitrogen from domestic wastewater for optimum nitrification. Then, in an anoxic reactor, nitrate is converted to N2 gas by denitrification. The study’s primary objectives are (1) studying the efficiency of the performance of the VIP system in removing organic compounds, phosphorous, and nitrogen and (2) studying the effect of both the internal and external rotation ratios on the efficiency of the system.

2 Materials and method

One of the essential things in laboratory work is the design of the size and type of reactors used in the system. The laboratory-scale VIP used in this study is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The reactors are made of aluminum with a thickness of 4 mm, and the safety height has been determined (FB of 10 cm) to prevent the reactor contents from overflowing to the outside during the system’s operation, whose dimensions are shown in Table 1.

Figure 1 VIP process.
Figure 1

VIP process.

Table 1

Design parameters of the system

Type Size Time Height Width Length
Reactor L Hydraulic retention time (h) (m) (m) (m)
Anaerobic 20 2 0.25 0.2 0.4
Anoxic 40 2 0.3 0.25 0.5
Oxic 60 4 0.4 0.3 0.6

The plastic sedimentation tank consisted of a cylindrical basin at the bottom of a minor conical assembly intended to collect sedimentary sludge. To reduce the disturbance caused by water entering the sedimentation tank, the bay has been supplied with a unique inlet made of plastic and rubber for feeding the settlement tank with mixed liquor from the aeration tank. For the rotation system, two types were used: the first is external, in which the activated sludge is returned from the secondary sedimentation tank to the biological reactors. As for the second (internal) system, the mixture is produced from the aerated zone to the anoxic and from the anoxic zone to the oxic zone in biological reactors operating with the VIP system. Three percentages of external rotation sludge have been approved, 80–90–100% of drainage entering the system, and three proportions of the rotation sludge mixture internally are 100, 150, and 200% of the internal discharge. All procedures are expressed in Figures 2 and 3.

Figure 2 Laboratory model of the VIP system.
Figure 2

Laboratory model of the VIP system.

Figure 3 Flowchart of the process of this study.
Figure 3

Flowchart of the process of this study.

The external rotation system, which works to return the sludge from the sedimentation tank to the anoxic reactor, consists of small pumps connected to a flow meter. The flow meter is set to the amount of discharge that must be pumped during the day, making it possible to determine the quantity and proportion of sludge returned from the settling tank to the anoxic reactor. As for the internal rotation system, which is related to biological reactors and works with the VIP system to return the mixture from an oxic reactor to an anoxic reactor and from an anoxic to an anaerobic reactor, this operation is also controlled by pumps and flow meters. The diffuser aeration method was used because it is easier and more efficient than other methods [11]. The anaerobic and anoxic reactor were equipped with mechanical mixer to ensure continuous mixing of mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS). External rotation ratio returned to anoxic reactor to supply it with sufficient microbial biomass necessary for biological treatment. IR ratio is attributed to the rise in nitrate (NO3-N) available for nitrification. Both IR and ER are typically expressed as a percentage of the influent wastewater Q. Qr/Q depends on the type of activated sludge system. The mass balance for the variable is shown in below equations:

(1) Q in C in − Q out C + r = d ( c · v ) d t = v d c d t + c d v d t ,

(2) d v d t = Q in − Q out ,

(3) Q in ( C in − C ) + r = v d c d t ,

(4) Q in v ( C in − C ) + r v = d c d t ,

where Q in is the influent flow rate (m3/day), Q out is the effluent flow rate (m3/day), C in is the influent concentration (mg/L), C is the effluent concentration (mg/L), r is the rate of reaction (mg/L/day), V is the liquid volume (m3), t is the time (day), IR is the internal recirculation ratio, and ER is the external recirculation ratio.

3 Experimental conditions

The wastewater in this study was collected from the discharge point of the maintenance hole in Wasit City, south of Iraq. As shown in Table 2, the main sewage characteristics of the constituents used in this study were compared with the universal concentration of domestic wastewater. It is evident from parameters such as biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS) that the wastewater of Wasit City is of medium strength. During this study, DO concentrations were kept high at three mg/L in the oxic tank to provide the oxygen necessary for biological treatment.

Table 2

Wasit sewage properties compared with a domestic sewage universal concentration

Pollutants (mg/L) Mean value of raw wastewater (mg/L) Concentration of international sewage [12]
Low Medium High
BOD 200 110 190 350
COD 420 250 430 800
Ammonia 28 12 25 45
TN 45 20 40 70
TP 6 4 7 14
TSS 265 120 210 400
TDS 450 270 500 860

3.1 Reactor startup and operation

VIP operates on a three-cycle external rotation ratio during the startup phase. For each of the three internal rotation ratios, the work continues for 1 year to provide sufficient time to accumulate it in each case after taking samples. The VIP system operated 24 h per day, and the examinations were performed 5 days per week to ensure that the biological treatment system was optimal.

4 Result and discussion

Removal of nitrogenous compounds (nitrates).

Figure 4 shows that the relationship between the internal rotation rate and the concentration of nitrates in the outflow water is reversed. The reason for this is the increase in the amount of nitrates available for the denitrification process due to the rise in the volume of the nitrate-rich liquid mixture circulated from the aerobic reactor to the anoxic reactor that combines with a water rich in organic matter to maintain the optimum condition for the growth of non-autotrophic bacteria heterotrophs that denitrify and use nitrates as an electron acceptor instead of oxygen.

Figure 4 The relationship between internal rotation and nitrate concentration in the outflow water.
Figure 4

The relationship between internal rotation and nitrate concentration in the outflow water.

Figure 5 shows that the relationship is also inverse between the concentration of nitrates in the outflow water and the rate of external rotation; that is, the concentration of nitrates decreases with the increase in the external rotation rate. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that the process of external rotation brings more active biomass to the test system than the previous one. These objects are considered the central element in the treatment system. They can feed back on the nutrients (organic, nitrogenous, and phosphorous compounds) at a rate greater than primary microorganisms in the experimental system [13].

Figure 5 The relationship between external rotation and nitrate concentration in the outflow water.
Figure 5

The relationship between external rotation and nitrate concentration in the outflow water.

4.1 Removal of phosphorous compounds

From Figure 6, the phosphorus removal efficiency increases with an increase in the internal rotation rate. This phenomenon is attributed to the increase in the amount of nitrate (NO3-N) available for the denitrification process that occurs by the PAOs bacteria due to the increase in the volume of the nitrate-rich liquid mixture rotation which combines with the flow of water rich in PAOs bacteria to increase the growth rate of the PAOs bacteria and their absorption of phosphorus in the anoxic reactor by using nitrate as an electron acceptor instead of oxygen, and then increase the rate of acetate absorption by PAOs bacteria and form polyhydroxyalkanes, and increase the rate of phosphorus release in the anaerobic reactor, and then increase phosphorus removal efficiency in the anoxic and oxic reactors.

Figure 6 The relation between internal rotation ratio and phosphorous removal efficiency %.
Figure 6

The relation between internal rotation ratio and phosphorous removal efficiency %.

From Figure 7, the efficiency of phosphorus removal increases with the increase in the percentage of external rotation. This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that the external rotation process brings more active biomass than its predecessor to the experimental system, and these organisms are the main components of the treatment system. They can feed again on nutrients (organic, nitrogenous, and phosphorous compounds) at a greater rate than previously existing microorganisms. This indicates that by increasing the percentage of external rotation, the rate of nitrification increases and that the ideal ratios for RAS are 80–100% [14,15,16]. So, we conclude from the above relationships that the phosphorus removal efficiency increases with an increase in the external rotation ratio.

Figure 7 The relation between external rotation ratio and phosphorous removal efficiency %.
Figure 7

The relation between external rotation ratio and phosphorous removal efficiency %.

4.2 Removal of organic compounds represented by COD

The effect of varying the internal and external rotation ratios on the efficiency of the COD was studied. It is noted from Figures 8 and 9 that the COD removal efficiency is not affected by an increase or decrease in both the internal and external recycling ratios, and the differences are not apparent due to the convergence of COD removal efficiencies.

Figure 8 The relation between internal rotation ratio and COD removal efficiency %.
Figure 8

The relation between internal rotation ratio and COD removal efficiency %.

Figure 9 The relation between external rotation ratio and COD removal efficiency %.
Figure 9

The relation between external rotation ratio and COD removal efficiency %.

All nutrient removal and organic matter percentage at each reactor are mentioned in Table 3, which express the effect of internal rotation ratio and external rotation ratio nutrient removal and COD in the VIP system

Table 3

Result of the VIP system

Case Pollutant Influent (mg/L) Anaerobic Anoxic Oxic Effluent
ER 80% COD 251.4 147.5 71.8 52.1 35.42
IR PO4-P 1.324 17.58 11.5 0.13 0.1
100% NH4-N 27.4 21.6 11.5 2.1 2.076
NO3-N 0.804 0.1 0.32 10.8 10.81
ER 80% COD 266 151.1 64 51.2 37.2
IR PO4-P 1.356 17.62 4.1 0.1 0.077
150% NH4-N 31 21.5 9.6 2.2 2.42
NO3-N 1.026 0.12 0.9 8.1 8.13
ER 80% COD 242 152.3 61.2 51.9 34.12
IR PO4-P 1.722 17.8 0.6 0.91 0.087
200% NH4-N 30 22.19 5.9 2.22 2.34
NO3-N 0.87 0.13 2 7.4 7.41
ER 90% COD 263 122 69.1 51.8 36.05
IR PO4-P 1.476 15.35 1.3 0.12 0.1
100% NH4-N 27.4 17.7 11.4 1.9 2.11
NO3-N 0.876 0.131 0.4 10.1 10.15
ER 90% COD 267 123 64.1 52 37.45
IR PO4-P 1.722 15.8 0.8 0.1 0.091
150% NH4-N 28.8 18.4 7.6 2.2 2.29
NO3-N 0.898 0.11 1.1 7.8 7.82
ER 90% COD 268.4 127.3 60.9 51.9 37.65
IR PO4-P 1.796 15.8 0.3 0.089 0.086
200% NH4-N 27.8 17.9 6 2.18 2.24
NO3-N 0.86 0.2 2 7.4 7.416
ER 100% COD 267 105.1 67.8 52.2 37.45
IR PO4-P 1.534 13.3 1.1 0.12 0.1
100% NH4-N 27.4 16.8 10.98 2.14 2.11
NO3-N 0.858 0.19 0.35 9.45 9.45
ER 100% COD 255.6 110.2 62.9 51.85 35.05
IR PO4-P 1.746 13.5 0.69 0.092 0.091
150% NH4-N 29 17.2 9.1 2.21 2.33
NO3-N 0.894 0.1 1.1 7.3 7.316
ER 100% COD 264 11.3 61 51.95 36.27
IR PO4-P 1.796 13.6 0.1 0.08 0.083
200% NH4-N 29.2 16.4 7 2.23 2.34
NO3-N 0.868 0.18 2.05 6.92 7

4.3 Efficiency of the VIP system in removing nitrates

The VIP is one of the most essential biological treatment systems due to low operation cost, reduces sludge production, and is excellent in wastewater treatment nutrients and COD removal. Setup includes an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic treatment sequence for removing phosphorus, nitrification, denitrification, and organic carbon. It has the best removal efficiency of organic matter represented by COD, phosphorous, and nitrogen in ammonia form (85.7, 93.5, and 92.4%), respectively, while meeting the outflow water of Iraqi standards for draining waste water with all organic and phosphorous compounds and nitrogen to river, as shown in Table 4.

Table 4

Study results were compared with Iraqi determinants of wastewater discharge to rivers [16,17]

Number Test Iraq determinants Study result
1 BOD5 40 7
2 COD 100 35
3 TSS 60 2
4 PO4-P 3 0.3
5 NO3-N 11.2 6.5
6 PH 6–9.5 7.8

4.4 Comparison with other anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic studies

A comparison was made for the efficient removal of the present research with that of other anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic biological removal processes, as shown in Table 5. Based on the results of this study, the efficiency removal of COD was near to that in the study by Wang et al. [18,19], while it was far from that in the study by Li et al. [20]. In the present study, the efficiency removal of TP was near to that in previous literature [19,20], while it was far from that in the study by Li et al. [20]. There was a significant difference in ammonia removal efficiency between this study and the studies shown in Table 5.

Table 5

Comparison of removal efficiency of the present research with other anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic studies

Reference Year Removal efficiency (%)
COD Ammonia TP
Zhang et al. [18] 2016 81.25 80.30 96.61
Zheng et al. [19] 2021 88.7 77.1 93
Li et al. [20] 2022 91.57 80.20 92.68
This study 2023 85.7 92.4 93.5

5 Conclusion

  1. When the internal rotation ratio increases from 100 to 150%, nitrate removal efficiency is increased by four times as much as by increasing the percentage from 150 to 200%. The relationship between nitrate removal and the internal recycling rate becomes insignificant when the internal rotation ratio increases by more than 150%.

  2. It was found that the relationship between the efficiency of phosphorous removal and both the internal and external rotation ratios is linear, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.75.

  3. The relationship between the efficiency of removing ammonia and COD with both internal and external circulation ratios is not significant, and the efficiency of ammonia removal or COD is not significantly affected by an increase or decrease in both the internal and external rotation percentages.

  4. The experimental VIP system achieved a rate of material removal efficiency of organics represented by COD and phosphorous represented by phosphates and ammonia of 85.7, 93.5, and 92.4%, respectively, with the outflow water meeting Iraqi standards for draining wastewater with all organic and phosphorous compounds and nitrogen to rivers.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

[1] Xiao K, Zhou L, He B, Qian L, Wan S, Qu L. Nitrogen and phosphorus removal using fluidized carriers in a full-scale A2O biofilm system. Biochem Eng J. 2016;115:47–55. 10.1016/j.bej.2016.08.004.Suche in Google Scholar

[2] Wang D, Xu Q, Yang W, Chen H, Li X, Liao D, et al. A new configuration of sequencing batch reactor operated as a modified aerobic/extended-idle regime for simultaneously saving reactor volume and enhancing biological phosphorus removal. Biochem Eng J. 2014;87:15–24. 10.1016/j.bej.2014.03.009.Suche in Google Scholar

[3] Abu-Alhail S, Lu X. Experimental investigation and modeling of innovative five-tank anaerobic-anoxic/oxic process. Appl Math Model. 2014;38(1):278–90. 10.1016/j.apm.2013.06.019‏.Suche in Google Scholar

[4] Mahdi K, Abu-Alhail S, Dawood A. Performance of the anaerobic baffled reactor for primary treatment of rural domestic wastewater in Iraq. Open Eng. 2022;12(1):859–65. 10.1515/eng-2022-0346.Suche in Google Scholar

[5] Hassan S, Dahlan I. Anaerobic wastewater treatment using anaerobic baffled bioreactor: A review. Open Eng. 2013;3(3):389–99. 10.2478/s13531-013-0107-8.Suche in Google Scholar

[6] Leyva-Díaz J, Muñío M, González-López J, Poyatos J. Anaerobic/anoxic/oxic configuration in hybrid moving bed biofilm reactor-membrane bioreactor for nutrient removal from municipal wastewater. Ecol Eng. 2016;91:449–58. 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.03.006.Suche in Google Scholar

[7] Naseer R, Abualhail S, Xiwu L. Biological nutrient removal with limited organic matter using a novel anaerobic–anoxic/oxic multi-phased activated sludge process. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2016;20(1):11–21. 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.09.002‏.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Mielcarek A, Rodziewicz J, Janczukowicz W, Bryszewski K. Effect of acetic acid on denitrification and dephosphatation process efficiencies in sequencing batch biofilm reactor. J Ecol Eng. 2018;19:176–80. 10.12911/22998993/89659.Suche in Google Scholar

[9] Yan X, Han Y, Li Q, Sun J, Su X. Impact of internal recycle ratio on nitrous oxide generation from anaerobic/anoxic/oxic biological nitrogen removal process. Biochem Eng J. 2016;106:11–8. 10.1016/j.bej.2015.11.005.Suche in Google Scholar

[10] Ignatowicz K, Smyk J. The influence of a selected external carbon source on the share of COD fractions and the speed of denitrification processes. J Ecol Eng. 2020;21(8):57–63. 10.12911/22998993/127255.Suche in Google Scholar

[11] Drewnowski J, Remiszewska-Skwarek A, Duda S, Łagód G. Aeration process in bioreactors as the main energy consumer in a wastewater treatment plant. Review of solutions and methods of process optimization. Processes. 2019;7(5):311. 10.3390/pr7050311.Suche in Google Scholar

[12] ZDOHCP Z. Textile industry wastewater discharge quality standards: Literature review. (Leaders in Advancing Environmental Responsibility); 2016.Suche in Google Scholar

[13] Karia G, Christian R. Wastewater treatment: Concepts and design approach. (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd); 2013.Suche in Google Scholar

[14] Park S, Dho H. Analysis of A2O process in wastewater using statistical techniques. Int J Civ Eng Technol (IJCIET). 2018;9(8):120–9.Suche in Google Scholar

[15] Zhou Y, Zhou J, Yu J, Huang X, Niu X, Tsang YF. Improved integrated anaerobic–anoxic–oxic system for landfill leachate treatment using domestic wastewater as a carbon source: Performance study and optimization. Process Saf Environ Prot. 2023;174:997–1002. 10.1016/j.psep.2023.05.012.Suche in Google Scholar

[16] Lei S, Zhang J, Hu B, Zhao J, Yang W, Shi B, et al. Improving nutrients removal of Anaerobic-Anoxic-Oxic process via inhibiting partial anaerobic mixture with nitrite in side-stream tanks: Role of nitric oxide. Bioresour Technol. 2023;382:129207. 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129207.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] Mohammed S, Thamir A. Evaluating the performance of the A2O system for removing nutrients from municipality wastewater. Al-Rafidain Eng J (AREJ). 2019;24(2):12–24.10.33899/rengj.2019.164334Suche in Google Scholar

[18] Zhang M, Yang Q, Zhang J, Wang C, Wang S, Peng Y. Enhancement of denitrifying phosphorus removal and microbial community of long-term operation in an anaerobic anoxic oxic–biological contact oxidation system. J Biosci Bioeng. 2016;122(4):456–66. 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.03.019.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] Zheng K, Li H, Wang S, Wang Y, Li A, Feng X, et al. Enhanced proteins and amino acids production based on ammonia nitrogen assimilation and sludge increment by the integration of bioadsorption with anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAO) process. Chemosphere. 2021;280:130721. 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130721.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] Li J, Zheng L, Ye C, Zhou Z, Ni B, Zhang X, et al. Unveiling organic loading shock-resistant mechanism in a pilot-scale moving bed biofilm reactor-assisted dual-anaerobic-anoxic/oxic system for effective municipal wastewater treatment. Bioresour Technol. 2022;347:126339. 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126339.Suche in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2023-10-04
Revised: 2023-11-11
Accepted: 2023-11-15
Published Online: 2024-03-01

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0565
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
VIP; biological phosphorous removal; internal rotation; external rotation; returned sludge; biological nutrient removal
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Jetzt anmelden und 20% sparen
Institutioneller Zugang
Wie funktioniert Authentifizierung?
Haben Sie eine Idee, wie wir unsere Website verbessern können?
Bitte schreiben Sie uns.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Heruntergeladen am 18.9.2025 von https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0565/html
Button zum nach oben scrollen