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Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent

  • Ashraf Fakhri Obeid EMAIL logo , Basim Khalil Nile and Maad Farouk
Published/Copyright: February 6, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

A new composite adsorbent was created by activating bentonite, a sludge, to improve its adsorption capability. These innovative adsorbents address sulfate ion pollution in wastewater treatment. Researchers used various techniques to study the composite’s surface structure, chemical, elemental, and mineralogical characteristics. The composite adsorbs over 864 mg/L of sulfate ions from wastewater with an initial concentration of 900 mg/L, demonstrating its high removal efficiency of 96%.

Keywords: composite adsorbent; physical activation; sludge; sulfate ions; wastewater

1 Introduction

Although freshwater resources are scarce globally, water is necessary for life. Half of the world’s population is expected to reside in water-stressed regions by 2025 [1]. Water is necessary for human consumption, industry, and agriculture. It goes without saying that commercial and industrial activities can contaminate water [2]. The literature lists a number of toxins that can be found in groundwater, surface water, and industrial wastewater, including heavy metals [3–6], dyes [7], pesticides [8], pharmaceuticals [9], personal care products [10], hormones [11], viruses [12], radioactive elements [13], phenol-derived compounds [14], and other emerging contaminants [15]. The presence of these compounds in waters and wastewaters is dangerous for the environment and public health and is well documented in the literature [16,17]. In reality, one of our responsibilities as scientists working in the field of environmental chemical engineering is to create the materials, techniques, and technologies that will make it possible to manage, decontaminate, and reuse water. There are a number of water treatment technologies, each with benefits and cons [18]. However, adsorption is the main concern here. Adsorption is a process that involves both a solid phase (the adsorbent) and a fluid phase (in this case, water). The fluid phase contains one or more dissolved contaminants (the adsorbate). As the dissolved contaminants are transferred from the liquid phase to the adsorbent surface, water is purified [19]. Due to its advantages in terms of cost, effectiveness, simplicity of use, flexibility to use a variety of solids as adsorbent materials, and capacity to recover both the adsorbent and the adsorbate, adsorption is currently used to treat water [20–23]. It is crucial to emphasize the competitive and efficient nature of adsorption as a polishing process when pollutants are present in water at concentrations between ng/L and mg/L [24]. According to the literature from 1990 to the present, the crucial elements of being evaluated to apply adsorption for water treatment are the choice, development and characterization of the adsorbent material, the development and optimization of the adsorption mode, the mathematical modeling, the decision and development of the regeneration procedure, and the application in actual samples. Of course, the cost analysis is also quite important. Cost, however, must be taken into account separately for each of the aforementioned criteria. Adsorption charges range from 5.0 to 200 US dollars/m3 of treated water, while prices for the majority of technologies are between 10 and 450 US dollars/m3 of treated water [25]. About 70% of these costs are covered by the adsorbent [26]. The town and affected industries were under tremendous strain as a result of the vast amounts of sludge that were produced during wastewater treatment operations. About 25–65% of the entire operating expense for secondary wastewater treatment is toward treating and disposing of the sludge [27]. Therefore, it is important to identify a sludge disposal option that is both affordable and environmentally friendly. The commercial application of adsorption has been dominated by generic adsorbent primary types such as polymeric adsorbents, molecular sieves of zeolites and carbon, activated alumina, silica gel, and activated carbon. Only a small number of adsorbents, including some zeolites, are produced naturally. The type of adsorbing surface, the pore structure, and the porosity are the features of each adsorbent [28]. The aim of this study was to prepare a low-cost and effective adsorbent. Due to its affordable price and good effectiveness, using clay material sludge and bentonite as an adsorbent (SB) for the removal of sulfate ions is a wise choice. To our knowledge, there are not many studies looking into how clay minerals can remove sulfate ions from solutions. The goal of this study is to use waste and inexpensive materials as an adsorbent to extract SO 4 2 + from wastewater.

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Materials

Dewatered sludge was obtained from the wastewater treatment plant in Karbala city. The bentonite samples were collected from commercial markets. The chemical materials – potassium sulfate, sodium hydroxide, barium chloride, filter paper (Whatman 7.0 cm) – were used to filter the sample solution and distilled water from commercial markets with high purity. The chemical materials are adjusted with pH (HCl) and NaOH bases.

2.2 Preparation of adsorbent

The newly created adsorbent composites underwent physical activation to prepare them. The materials are ground, sludge and bentonite SB composite formed as bentonite is progressively added to the water, and then sludge is added with the addition of water. The materials are then dried in a drying oven for 12 h at a temperature of 105.5°C. For 30 min, the solution is stirred with a magnetic stirrer. The solution is then filtered. The filter is burned in the oven for 2 h at 800°C using filter sheets. Grinding with a grinder is the end result. The mass ratios of bentonite and sludge at 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4 [29] are shown in the flowchart below.

2.3 Batch experiments

To examine the adsorption capabilities of SB for sulfate, batch adsorption tests were conducted. The procedure was carried out in its first state: Ci = 900 mg/L, contact time = 60 min, pH = 7.5, agitation speed = 200 rpm, adsorbent dosage = 0.1 g/50 mL (25°C) at room temperature to ensure uniform mixing. Following that, 0.45 m membrane filters were used to filter the solution. Barium chromate spectrophotometry was used to calculate the sulfate content. Impact of starting concentration: 50 mL of wastewater was mixed with 100 mg of adsorbent using magnetic stirrers [30]. By assuming total dissolution in equation (1), the necessary concentration of sulfate was obtained:

(1) W = C i × V M . wt At . wt ,

where W is the weight of the salt (mg), V is the volume of the solution (L), Ci is the required sulfate concentration (mg/L), M.wt is the salt molecular weight (g/mol), and At.wt is the SO4 atomic weight (g/mol). To prepare the necessary concentration, the solution was diluted in accordance with Equation (2). In addition, 0.1 moles of either HCl or NaOH, depending on the circumstance, were added to each solution to alter its pH [31].

(2) C 1 × V 1 = C 2 × V 2 ,

where C 1 is the solution concentration = 1,000 mg/L, V 1 is the required volume of the solution (L), C 2 is the dilute concentration of the solution (mg/L), and V 2 is the dilute solution volume (L). The change in percent removal value over time can be used to calculate the efficiency of the adsorption process; this equation was used to determine the change in percent removal over time.

(3) R % = ( C o − C e ) / C o × 100 ,

where R is the removal efficiency %, C o is the initial concentration, and C e is the final concentration.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Preparation results

The results of batch experiments to test how well the adsorbent removed sulfate from wastewater showed that, under the initial condition, the optimal mass ratio of SB was 1:1, with an efficiency percentage of 86%, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Removal efficiency of SB composite.
Figure 1

Removal efficiency of SB composite.

3.2 Characterization of the material

3.2.1 Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis

The BET theory, which describes the physical adsorption of gas molecules on solid surfaces, provides a method for calculating a material’s specific surface area [32]. The results of the mixture of bentonite and sludge were 11.2959 and 7.5571 m2/g, respectively. The fact that the specific surface area of composite SB was 22.1282 m2/g shows that the activation process causes the specific surface area to grow from 22.1282 to 42.1283 m2/g. This indicates that an increase in surface area results in a good capacity for adsorption.

3.2.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)

The FT-IR spectra of sludge, bentonite, and SB before and after adsorption show functional groups and modifications. The adsorbents effectively remove sulfate, with peaks at 1042.89, 1036.41, 1029.58, 1036.41, 1007.92, 912–937, and 799.10 cm−1 (Figure 2).

Figure 2 FT-IR spectra of materials and composite before and after adsorption: (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, (c) SB before, (d) and SB after sulfate adsorption.
Figure 2

FT-IR spectra of materials and composite before and after adsorption: (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, (c) SB before, (d) and SB after sulfate adsorption.

3.2.3 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

In Figure 3 the morphology of surface SB is displayed. The pore structure of the SB is compact and uniform, and it has edges, sharp corners, and rough surfaces. SB’s structure and substantial surface area allowed it to serve as an absorbent for further pollution. The particles in this SB are clearly defined and regular. It typically has a lamellar structure.

Figure 3 Images SEM for (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, and (c) SB composite before adsorption and (d) SB composite after adsorption.
Figure 3

Images SEM for (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, and (c) SB composite before adsorption and (d) SB composite after adsorption.

3.2.4 Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS)

From Figure 4 it can be seen that the SB composite contains S and O by EDS spectrum. After modification, the contents of S and O increase dramatically, proving the successful loading of SB composite using the co-precipitation method of synthesis.

Figure 4 EDS spectrum for (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, and (c) SB composite before adsorption and (d) SB composite after adsorption.
Figure 4

EDS spectrum for (a) sludge, (b) bentonite, and (c) SB composite before adsorption and (d) SB composite after adsorption.

3.3 Adsorption results

The goal of this section of the experiment was to evaluate how well the adsorbent removed sulfate from simulated contaminated wastewater. This section shows that the experiments are conducted in various ways (contact time, pH solution, initial concentration, agitation speed, and adsorbent dosage).

3.3.1 Equilibrium time

Finding the amount of time needed to reach equilibrium during batch testing is essential because it shows how long it will take for contaminants to be redistributed between the liquid and solid phases. Monitoring SO 4 + 2 transfer from the liquid phase to the SB composite for contact time no longer than 1 h (60 min) is shown in Figure 5. This figure was attained at the initial conditions of pH = 7.5, 200 rpm of agitation, 0.1 g/50 mL of dosage, and 900 mg/L of cobalt at 25°C. A quick rise in the SB removal percentages is evident right away due to the ready availability of vacant sites for interacting with sulfate molecules [33]. However, a decrease in sorption rate, particularly after 180 min, was linked to the fall in these regions. Since no significant change in sulfate removal can be noticed until 60 min, this period is sufficient to reach “equilibrium” because the sulfate removal efficiency exceeded 90.4% at 180 min [34].

Figure 5 Sulfate removal efficiency effected by time.
Figure 5

Sulfate removal efficiency effected by time.

More than 90% was removed in 1 h. In addition, at contact times greater than 1 h, the concentrations of ions remained relatively constant. Residual ion’s concentrations did not change significantly at the time up to 3 h, yet sorption experiments in other batches were conducted at 1 h.

3.3.2 pH of the solution

Due to its impact on the ionic forms of pollutants and the surface characteristics of adsorbents, solution pH is the primary factor regulating adsorbent adsorption capacity [35]. The pH value has an impact on how ions behave during adsorption because it impacts how the basic and acidic groups of the sorbent interact with its surface structure through protonation and deprotonation. Figure 6 shows that the basic and acidic sorbent groups were protonated and deprotonated, which boosted the removal efficiency (dose = 0.1 g/50 mL, Co = 900 mg/L, contact time = 1 h, T = 25°C, and agitation speed = 200 rpm), have documented a similar phenomenon of increasing the ion’s adsorption when the pH of the solution has increased. The polarity a similar occurrence wherein an increase in the pH of the pH of the solution causes an increase in the ion’s adsorption [36]. It was obvious from Figure 6 that when the pH value rose, the removal efficiency increased, which meant that there was competition between contaminants and H+ ions on the adsorbent surface. The findings indicating the role of pH in the elimination process are similar to those from earlier studies.

Figure 6 Sulfate removal efficiency effected by pH.
Figure 6

Sulfate removal efficiency effected by pH.

3.3.3 Effect of initial SO 4 2 + concentrations

Experimental testing of sulfate removal effectiveness was done at various ion concentrations at the beginning. In these tests, 0.1 g of the adsorbent per 50 mL of a solution, 200 rpm agitation for 1 h, and a pH of 6 were utilized. The starting sulfate concentrations used ranged from 100 to 1,000 mg/L. Figure 7 at mixing time = 1 h, mixing speed = 200 rpm, dose = 0.1 g/50 mL, pH = 6, and T = 25°C represents the ion’s removal efficiency related to the initial ion’s concentrations at equilibrium state. The outcomes demonstrate that the ion removal was greater with the lower initial concentration values. The elimination efficiency fell off as the original concentrations rose. After 100 mg/L, there was no discernible change in the ion concentration. The inability of the ions to interact with the active sites on the adsorbent is what causes this. This finding indicates that sites become energetically less favorable as ion concentrations in the solution grow [37]. The findings indicating the role of pH in the elimination process are similar to those from earlier studies. This decline in the proportion of ions removed could be brought on by an inability of the adsorbent’s active sites to absorb more SO 4 + 2 ions present in the solution. As a result, the percentage of removal was dependent on the initial ion concentration, which is consistent with the idea that monolayer ions formed on the adsorbent’s outer surface.

Figure 7 Sulfate removal efficiency effected by initial concentration.
Figure 7

Sulfate removal efficiency effected by initial concentration.

3.3.4 Agitation speed

In order to study the effect of agitation speed on sulfate removal efficiency from contaminated wastewater, several experiments were carried out at different agitation speeds, ranging from 0 to 250 rpm, with contact time of 1 h, Co = 900 mg/L, dose = 0.1 g/50 mL, pH = 6, and T = 25°C. The removal efficiency of SO 4 2 + before agitation, as shown in Figure 8, was 10%, respectively, and this efficiency increased gradually as the agitation speed increased from 0 to 250 rpm, becoming 97%. This increase is related to the fact that the ion diffusion on the adsorbent surface is improved as the agitation speed increases. So, the binding between the adsorbent sites and sorbate ions in solution is developed, and these ions are effective in transferring to the adsorbent sites [38]. As shown in Figure 8, at an agitation speed of 250 rpm best equilibrium was obtained and higher removal efficiency of SO 4 2 + ions as all adsorbent sites at this speed for uptake sorbate ions are readily available. Also, when the required functional groups for the interaction between sorbate and adsorbent, which are located on the adsorbent surface, have greater availability, the binding capacity is improved, and the processes are rapidly carried out. This is because SO 4 2 + ions encounter resistance as they move from the liquid phase to the solid phase through the boundary layer, and as the rotational speed increases, the degree of adsorbent aggregation decreases, increasing the total amount of adsorbent surface area and raising the ion removal percentage. As a result, rotation causes the boundary layer to thin and the resistance to ion transport to decrease, increasing the rate at which ions move through the solutions.

Figure 8 Sulfate removal efficiency effected by the agitation speed.
Figure 8

Sulfate removal efficiency effected by the agitation speed.

3.3.5 Effect of the adsorbent dosage

Different dosages of the adsorbent, ranging from 0.05 to 0.6, were utilized with a 50 mL ion solution while maintaining the other parameters to determine how the adsorbent dosage influences the sulfate adsorption in batch testing (mixing time = 1 h, mixing speed = 250 rpm, pH = 6, Ci = 900 mg/L, and T = 25°C). Figure 9 shows different amounts of the adsorbent related to sulfate removal efficiency. The sulfate removal efficiency grew because of the increased adsorbent dosage from 0.05 to 0.5 g/50 mL with the fixing of other parameters. The result described above was expected according to the fact that, when the adsorbent dosage in a solution rises, subsequently more active sites are available. In spite of increasing adsorbent dosage, the concentration of sulfate in the solution and its binding to the adsorbent remained constant after the maximal rate of sulfate removal occurred at a dose of 0.5 g of adsorbent [39].

Figure 9 Sulfate removal efficiency effected by the amounts of adsorbents dosage.
Figure 9

Sulfate removal efficiency effected by the amounts of adsorbents dosage.

4 Conclusion

An adsorbent (low-cost local) was modified to create a new composite adsorbent. Physical activation is used. This inexpensive local adsorbent was similarly made by activating bentonite, a sludge. The new composite adsorbent’s adsorption capability increased when compared to the low-cost LC. A major issue in the wastewater treatment sector is fouling caused by sulfate-ion pollution. In this work, scientists created an SB composite and assessed its ability to absorb sulfate ions from contaminated wastewater. The sludge, bentonite, and SB composite’s surface structural morphology, chemical, elemental, and mineralogical characteristics, as well as functional group interaction, were determined using the field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray dispersive, FT-IR, and BTE. To ascertain the effects of solution pH, agitation speed, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial SO 4 2 + concentration, batch adsorption studies were conducted for the use of the innovative SB composite in the removal of sulfate ions from the synthetically tainted wastewater. The experimental findings demonstrated that, at the ideal treatment settings of 250 rpm, pH 6, and 60 min contact time, the new SB composite adsorbed over 864 mg/L of sulfate ions from the model wastewater with an initial concentration of 900 mg/L. High removal efficiency was exhibited by SB = 96%. These findings demonstrate the new composite adsorbent’s enormous potential when used to absorb sulfate ions.

  1. Funding information: The authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-29
Revised: 2023-08-15
Accepted: 2023-09-07
Published Online: 2024-02-06

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0532
Keywords for this article
composite adsorbent; physical activation; sludge; sulfate ions; wastewater
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
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