Home In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
Article Open Access

In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance

  • Safaa Mohammed EMAIL logo and Afrah Hasan
Published/Copyright: June 18, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Construction projects in Iraq suffer from many complex problems. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the most critical factors affecting the performance of Iraqi construction projects, delving into their identification, analysis, and understanding. A comprehensive list of 32 influential factors was compiled through site surveys, interviews with engineers and experts, and a review of previous research. These factors were categorized into eight groups: planning and management, design and engineering, procurement and supply chain, workforce and labor, technology and innovation, environmental and regulatory aspects, site conditions and infrastructure, and external factors. One hundred and ten questionnaires were distributed to project stakeholders, including owners, consultants, and contractors. The results found that the five most important factors affecting performance ranked using the relative importance Index are poor planning, failure to allocate resources properly, unavailability of skilled labor, poor labor productivity, and volatile economic conditions. Based on these results, for solutions to be effective, they must be adapted to the local environment. Project participants must be interested in planning as it is essential to address the same. The skills of project workers must be developed through training programs. Communication with project stakeholders must be coordinated to contribute to the decision-making process.

Keywords: performance; employers; consultants; contractors; RII

1 Introduction

Performance in construction projects can be described as a hit accomplishment of predetermined objectives in the constraints of time, cost, and scope [1]. The construction initiatives significantly affect the financial system of a country like Iraq. In addition, construction projects contribute to economic growth and infrastructure improvement, which is important for the country’s overall improvement [2]. However, Iraq has obstacles with the postponement and termination of construction initiatives, attributed to political determinations, financial turmoil, and month-to-month contractor disbursements [3]. These obstacles negatively affect the country’s economic system.

Several obstacles inherent in construction projects in Iraq substantially influence their ultimate outcomes, whether they succeed or encounter failure. Several research studies have highlighted the main variables that cause task delays, including delays in material delivery, inadequate selection, adverse weather conditions, political choices, and financial challenges encountered by implementing organizations [4]. Furthermore, the risks associated with terrorism and conflicts, the characteristics of the climate, and the absence of regulation have been identified as the most significant obstacles to construction in Iraq [5]. Additionally, change management in construction projects is characterized by its dynamic nature, which may give rise to non-value outcomes such as duplications, unanticipated schedule difficulties, and cost overruns [6]. Assigning work to an incompetent contractor, not applying safety principles, and facing obstacles on the construction site were identified as the most important factors that affect performance in construction projects [7].

The frequent occurrence of failure might lead to an increase in construction costs. It is crucial to identify key performance indicators in order to comprehend the overall effectiveness of construction projects in Iraq. Client satisfaction, profitability, viability, and quality significantly contribute to project success [8]. Moreover, developing effective predictive models for accurate performance estimation is vital in the early phases of engineering management [9]. External factors, including economic, environmental, technological, political, legislative, and force majeure changes, also impact the success of construction projects [10].

The challenges faced by construction projects in Iraq are further exacerbated by post-disaster emergency reconstruction projects, which are influenced by factors such as contractor failure, redesigning of plans, security issues, and weather factors [11]. Additionally, client and project participant satisfaction have been identified as critical factors affecting project success, emphasizing the importance of stakeholder management in construction projects [12]. Proactive measures to manage schedule overruns, such as addressing bureaucracy, security issues, and changes in political and economic conditions, are crucial for successful project completion [13].

Khaleel and Nassar [14] found that the most critical factors affecting labor productivity in Iraqi projects were the availability of materials, climatic conditions, weather changes, religious occasions, number of work groups, work experience, lack of labor supervision, old age, work height, revisions drawings and specifications during construction, and floor sequence.

Studying the factors that affect the performance of projects contributes to the development of the construction industry, as it enables researchers to identify weaknesses and find appropriate ways to address them. Hassan and Yahya [15] embraced the Super Decisions Software Program, incorporating the analytical hierarchy process. This method helps ascertain the relative significance of both primary and secondary criteria. Through this approach, decision-makers can assess suitable design alternatives for external walls to optimize costs. Omaran and Al-Zuheriy [16] created a BIM-VR-CE solution that combines Building information modeling (BIM) and virtual reality technology through Unity 3D. Users can now explore building environments in real time, with the added functionality of selecting cost-effective items for various project elements, providing construction stakeholders with a powerful tool. Al-Zwainy et al. [17] found that the simulation approach was feasible in construction management, especially in cost management topics.

This study focuses on knowing the factors affecting the performance of construction projects in Iraq, and the following sections of this work are organized as follows: Literature review is described in Section 1. Research methods are described in Section 2. Results and discussion are described in Section 3, and finally, the conclusion and recommendation are given in Section 4.

2 Literature review

Several obstacles inherent in construction projects in Iraq substantially influence their ultimate outcomes, whether they succeed or encounter failure. Understanding these factors is essential in the development of strategies that can improve the performance of projects. For instance, the performance of construction projects in Iraq is exceptional, considering the challenges faced in the region. These elements must be understood to formulate workable schemes to enhance project efficiencies. Studies have been conducted in different countries, including Pakistan, India, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt. These give a clue about critical variables that shape project outcomes, recommend solutions toward addressing the challenges, and point out vital elements that determine the success of projects. They offer suggestions on how to overcome these difficulties.

The primary elements contributing to cost overruns in Saudi Arabia were market conditions, design revisions, giving contracts to the lowest bidder, delays, and layout flaws [18]. The usage of contractors under the criterion of the lowest bid exacerbates cost overruns in production initiatives in Saudi Arabia [19]. The consequences underscore the significance of efficient procurement techniques and the impact of contractor selection strategies on project outcomes. Furthermore, research performed in Saudi Arabia has observed several vital aspects that appreciably impact clients’ satisfaction in implementing tasks. These characteristics include financial management, skilled labor usage, the latest technology adoption, influential team members, and time control [20].

A look at investigating the effect of comprehensive excellent management strategies on building initiatives in Pakistan has revealed many giant demanding situations: Challenges linked to clients, uncertainty in client requirements, multiple versions in project scope, and not dividing processes properly [21]; this study aimed to observe the impact of complete satisfactory management structures on undertaking overall performance in Pakistan’s construction industry. The observation mainly specializes in identifying the essential elements that affect challenge effects. Its findings provided vast insights into the problems encountered in Pakistan’s production enterprise and cautioned strategies for enhancing mission management and high-quality control.

Furthermore, it has been underscored that the construction industry is rife with dynamic projects and extensive risk factors, which emphasizes the significance of identifying and managing a multitude of such factors in order to avert project failure [22].

In Iraq, crucial performance measurement factors affecting construction projects have been identified, including client satisfaction, project profitability, project viability, satisfaction of project users, and project quality, underscoring the importance of these factors in assessing project performance [8]. Furthermore, factors such as inadequate working conditions, economic crisis, ineffective management, ineffective design, financial malfeasance, lack of contractor experience, and inefficient scheduling have all contributed to unfinished projects in the Iraqi construction industry [23].

Khairullah et al. [24] addressed challenges in implementing turn-key projects in Iraq, emphasizing their impact on crucial health sector projects. The examination of multi-bed hospital construction through a case study has highlighted the necessity for enhanced project benefits, particularly those that directly impact the well-being of individuals within the healthcare industry. The case study focused on establishing multi-bed capacity hospitals in Iraqi governorates, with a substantial budgetary allocation in the Iraqi federal government budget over the long term. The study makes ten significant contributions to time overrun. These factors include payment delays, inefficiencies in the use of resources, regulatory barriers, and procedural errors. This study combines statistical analysis and interviews to provide essential insights and propose ideas for reducing project completion delays. The instability of exchange rates between the domestic and foreign currency was the most significant factor affecting performance [25].

Effective project planning is critical for the success of construction projects, especially in areas affected by disaster situations such as terrorism, war, and political instability [26]. Adequate planning includes identifying all project activities accurately and developing a high-quality work plan agreed upon by main stakeholders [27]. Resource allocation is another crucial factor, studies have shown that project performance can be improved by increasing resource allocation in construction and construction projects [28]. However, to determine the optimal location of the investment, it will be invested in construction projects, as over-allocation may deteriorate project performance [28].

Inadequate use of BIM for quality management in the construction industry has been identified as a critical area for improvement. BIM technology improves design, construction, and management, making it an effective method for quality control and safety improvement in the construction industry. The underutilization of BIM in quality management suggests that this technology must be widely adopted and integrated into manufacturing processes to improve quality and safety management [29]. Evaluating appropriate rule changes to manage time and efficiency in construction projects is essential, and this analysis can be conducted using a Bayesian decision tree model [30].

Understanding Iraq’s unique socio-economic and political landscape is crucial when addressing challenges in construction projects. A comprehensive evaluation of construction performance factors requires an international perspective, emphasizing the significance of recognizing global challenges in tandem with the specific Iraqi context. This approach enables the identification of more effective strategies for enhancing construction projects within the country.

Section 3 presents the results of a survey undertaken among project employers, consultants, and contractors concerning each party’s opinion about the relevance of these factors. Finally, the study makes various suggestions to bridge the perception-performance gap and enhance project results.

3 Research methods

A questionnaire survey was conducted to gather opinions from employers, consultants, and contractors on factors that affect construction project performance in Iraq. Surveys were dispatched to a randomly selected pool of owners, consultants, and contractors. One hundred and ten questionnaires were disseminated, apportioned as follows: 25 to employers, 35 to consultants, and 50 to contractors. Of these, 61 were returned, yielding a response rate of 55%, with the following distribution: 18 (72%) from employers, 21 (60%) from consultants, and 22 (44%) from contractors as participants. Respondents were tasked with indicating, according to their experiences, the degree of significance attached to each of the 32 identified performance factors, utilizing a five-point Likert scale that ranges from “not important” to “extremely important.”

IBM SPSS version 26 was used, and the reliability test on the data returned a Cronbach’s alpha value of α = 0.93, indicating excellent reliability [24]. The respondents comprised seasoned professionals in construction project management, site engineering, office engineering, and organizational management. This study considered 32 factors believed to impact project performance, categorizing them into eight groups based on the reviewed literature and recommendations from local experts, as shown in Table 1. This study’s primary groups comprised planning and management, design and engineering, procurement and supply chain, workforce and labor, technology and innovation, environmental and regulatory, site conditions and infrastructure, and external factors. The Relative importance index (RII) method was employed to ascertain the perceived relative importance of the identified performance factors among employers, consultants, and contractors. RII was calculated as follows [24]:

(1) R I I = ∑ W A × N ,

where

(2) W = 12 U − 3 m 2 n ( n − 1 ) 2 m 2 n ( n − 1 ) ,

where W is the weight that respondents assigned to each component, which varies from 1 to 5; A is the greatest weight, which is 5; and N is the total number of respondents. In order to determine the level of agreement among employers, contractors, and consultants, we must assess whether there is a significant degree of consensus. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance is a method used to measure agreement among raters. The coefficient indicates the degree of agreement on a scale of zero to one and is calculated using the following equation [31]:

(3) U = ∑ i = 1 n ∑ R 2 .

Table 1

Factors impacting performance (all factors represent lack or unavailability)

Factor group Factors impacting performance References
Planning and management Project planning Alnuaimi and Mohsin [32]
Resource allocation Khairullah et al. [24]
Risk management Khairullah et al. [24]
Communication and coordination Alraie et al. [33]
Design and engineering Design quality AlBarami et al. [34]
Engineering specifications AlBarami et al. [34]
Design changes AlBarami et al. [34]
Compliance with codes and standards AlBarami et al. [34]
Procurement and supply chain Procurement strategy Khairullah et al. [24]
Supplier performance Khairullah et al. [24]
Material availability Khairullah et al. [24]
Logistics and transportation Khairullah et al. [24]
Workforce and labor Skilled labor availability Khairullah et al. [24]
Workforce training and skills Khairullah et al. [24]
Labor productivity Khairullah et al. [24]
Labor relations and disputes Khairullah et al. [24]
Technology and innovation Construction technology utilization Li [29]
BIM and CAD integration Li [29]
Automation and robotics Alraie et al. [33]
Software and tools efficiency Alraie et al. [33]
Environmental and regulatory Environmental compliance Alraie et al. [33]
Permitting and approvals Alraie et al. [33]
Regulatory changes Alraie et al. [33]
Sustainability measures Hussain et al. [35]
Site conditions and infrastructure Site accessibility and conditions Alraie et al. [33]
Geotechnical factors Alraie et al. [33]
Utilities and infrastructure Alraie et al. [33]
Site safety measures Alraie et al. [33]
External factors Economic conditions Hussain et al. [35]
Weather and climate Alraie et al. [33]
Political and legal environment Hussain et al. [35]
Stakeholder involvement Hussain et al. [35]

There are two variables to consider: n represents the number of factors, while m represents the number of groups; i = the factors 1, 2, 3.…, N.

Null hypothesis: H0: There is an insignificant degree of agreement among employers, contractors, and consultants.

Alternative hypothesis: H1: A statistically significant level of consensus exists among employers, contractors, and consultants.

The research method used in this research is indicated in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Research method.
Figure 1

Research method.

4 Results and discussion

4.1 Factors impacting the performance of construction projects

Table 2 presents rank calculation results of the most critical factors that affect the performance of construction projects. Based on the table, the five most important factors, according to the perceptions of the employer, consultant, and contractors, are project planning, resource allocation, availability of skilled labor, labor productivity, and economic conditions. All three, owners, consultants, and contractors, consider project planning as the most important performance factor. Among all factors, it holds the highest rank with a relative index. (RII) = 0.918 for employers, 0.914 for consultants, and 0.918 for contractors, but equal to 0.908 for all responses. Our results were in agreement with that of Saeed [36], while Mpofu et al. [37] ranked it fifth.

Table 2

Summary of the computed RII values and their corresponding ranks as perceived by the three respondent groups

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor All responses
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Planning and management Project planning 0.889 1 0.914 1 0.918 1 0.908 1
Resource allocation 0.878 3 0.905 2 0.873 4 0.885 2
Risk management 0.744 19 0.829 12 0.764 19 0.780 18
Communication and coordination 0.778 12 0.848 9 0.827 8 0.820 9
Design and engineering Design quality 0.822 7 0.876 5 0.809 11 0.836 7
Engineering specifications 0.789 10 0.857 8 0.791 14 0.813 10
Design changes 0.711 26 0.829 12 0.827 8 0.793 13
Compliance with codes and standards 0.767 14 0.876 5 0.818 10 0.823 8
Procurement and supply chain Procurement strategy 0.756 16 0.790 19 0.736 23 0.761 21
Supplier performance 0.744 19 0.790 19 0.764 19 0.767 20
Material availability 0.833 6 0.857 8 0.836 6 0.843 6
Logistics and transportation 0.811 8 0.762 26 0.791 14 0.787 14
Workforce and labor Skilled labor availability 0.856 4 0.895 3 0.882 2 0.879 3
Workforce training and skills 0.744 19 0.819 15 0.791 14 0.787 15
Labor productivity 0.889 2 0.867 6 0.873 5 0.875 4
Labor relations and disputes 0.800 9 0.800 17 0.818 10 0.807 11
Technology and innovation Construction technology utilization 0.744 19 0.819 15 0.782 17 0.784 17
BIM and CAD integration 0.689 27 0.771 24 0.691 27 0.718 26
Automation and robotics 0.589 32 0.714 29 0.609 32 0.639 32
Software and tools efficiency 0.656 29 0.743 28 0.718 25 0.708 28
Environmental and regulatory Environmental compliance 0.633 31 0.667 32 0.627 30 0.643 31
Permitting and approvals 0.756 16 0.790 19 0.755 21 0.767 19
Regulatory changes 0.656 29 0.752 27 0.664 29 0.692 29
Sustainability measures 0.644 30 0.686 31 0.618 31 0.649 30
Site conditions and infrastructure Site accessibility and conditions 0.778 12 0.829 12 0.791 14 0.800 12
Geotechnical factors 0.733 23 0.705 30 0.709 26 0.715 27
Utilities and infrastructure 0.778 12 0.771 24 0.736 23 0.761 22
Site safety measures 0.744 19 0.819 15 0.782 17 0.784 16
External factors Economic conditions 0.856 5 0.838 10 0.882 3 0.859 5
Weather and climate 0.711 26 0.781 21 0.682 28 0.725 25
Political and legal environment 0.733 23 0.771 24 0.718 25 0.741 24
Stakeholder involvement 0.722 24 0.771 24 0.755 21 0.751 23

The employers have ranked resource allocation in the third position. The consultants ranked it in the second position, and the contractors in the fourth position, but all respondents ranked it in the second. The employers have ranked skilled labor availability in the fourth position. The consultants ranked it in the third position, and the contractors in the second position, but all respondents ranked it in the third position. The employers have ranked labor productivity in the second position. The consultants ranked it in the sixth position, and the contractors in the fifth position, but all respondents ranked it in the fourth position.

In contrast, Mpofu et al. [37] ranked it seventh in the United Arab Emirates. The employers have ranked economic conditions in the fifth position. The consultants ranked it in the tenth position, the contractors ranked it in the third position, and all respondents ranked it in the fifth position. Our results are inconsistent with the findings of Mpofu et al. [37].

The variation in the results with earlier Iraq-based studies affirms the assertion that poor performance causes were country-specific [37] and time-related [32].

Table 3

Top five factors that impact the performance of construction projects

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Planning and management Project planning 0.918 1 0.914 1 0.918 1
Planning and management Resource allocation 0.878 3 0.905 2 0.873 4
Workforce and labor Skilled labor availability 0.856 4 0.895 3 0.882 2
Workforce and labor Labor productivity 0.889 2 0.867 6 0.873 5
External factors Economic conditions 0.856 5 0.838 10 0.882 3

Table 3 represents the five most important factors impacting project performance, comparing the rankings by employers, consultants, and contractors using the Relative Importance Index (RII). Project planning is ranked highest by all groups with RII values of 0.918 (employers and contractors) and 0.914 (consultants). Resource allocation ranks third (0.878) for employers, second (0.905) for consultants, and fourth (0.873) for contractors. Skilled labor availability ranks fourth (0.856) for employers, third (0.895) for consultants, and second (0.882) for contractors. Labor productivity shows more variation: second (0.889) for employers, sixth (0.867) for consultants, and fifth (0.873) for contractors. Economic conditions rank fifth (0.856) for employers, tenth (0.838) for consultants, and third (0.882) for contractors. The differences in ranking reflect each group's unique perspectives and priorities based on their roles and experiences in project management.

As shown in Table 4, the planning and management aspect has been ranked as the most critical factor by respondents belonging to all three categories – employers, consultants, and contractors. The RII score for employers is 0.822, for consultants is 0.874, and for contractors is 0.845. This group is crucial for all parties involved due to its high impact on projects [23]. The employers ranked the workforce and labor group second with an RII score of 0.822. The consultants ranked it third with an RII score of 0.845, while the contractors ranked it second with an RII score of 0.841. Unsurprisingly, the workforce and labor group is of utmost importance to contractors since they believe that employee competence development and work satisfaction significantly impact their productivity, cost, and time performance.

Table 4

Summary of the RII and rank of major groups affecting construction project performance

Factor group Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Planning and management 0.822 1 0.874 1 0.845 1
Design and engineering 0.772 4 0.860 2 0.811 3
Procurement and supply chain 0.786 3 0.800 4 0.782 4
Workforce and labor 0.822 2 0.845 3 0.841 2
Technology and innovation 0.669 8 0.762 7 0.700 7
Environmental and regulatory 0.672 7 0.724 8 0.666 8
Site conditions and infrastructure 0.758 5 0.781 6 0.755 6
External factors 0.756 6 0.790 5 0.759 5

Sections 4.1.1–4.1.8 discuss the ranking of factors in groups, as presented in Table 2.

4.1.1 Group 1: planning and management

Table 5 summarizes the RII and ranking of planning and management factors. All four planning and management factors, project planning, resource allocation, risk management, and communication and coordination, assumed equal importance for the employer, consultant, and contractor because of the significant adverse effects they faced due to the lack of poor planning and management [23].

Table 5

Summary of RII and rank of planning and management factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Planning and management Project planning 0.889 1 0.914 1 0.918 1
Resource allocation 0.878 2 0.905 2 0.873 2
Risk management 0.744 4 0.829 4 0.764 4
Communication and coordination 0.778 3 0.848 3 0.827 3

4.1.2 Group 2: design and engineering

Table 6 summarizes the RII and ranking of design and engineering factors. The employers and consultants have ranked design quality in the first position. However, this factor has been ranked third by the contractors. Our results are inconsistent with the findings of Mpofu et al. [37]. This factor has been seen to be more critical for employers and consultants because employers and consultants are typically design, architecture, and engineering experts. They are trained to focus on aesthetics, functionality, and compliance with codes and standards. Contractors, while skilled in construction techniques, may have different expertise in design principles.

Table 6

Summary of RII and rank of design and engineering factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Design and engineering Design quality 0.822 1 0.876 1 0.809 3
Engineering specifications 0.789 2 0.857 3 0.791 4
Design changes 0.711 4 0.829 4 0.827 1
Compliance with codes and standards 0.767 3 0.876 2 0.818 2

The employers have ranked engineering specifications in the second position. The consultants have ranked it in the third position, and the contractors in the fourth position. Engineering specifications are more important for an employer than others because the employer’s vision and objectives for a project are reflected in the engineering specifications, which include the desired functionality, performance standards, and quality levels. Employers want to ensure that the final result meets their needs and expectations.

The employers have ranked design changes in the fourth position. Consultants also ranked it fourth, while contractors ranked it first. This factor is more critical for the contractors because contractors are typically contracted to execute the work according to the approved design. Any design changes may require them to modify plans, order new materials, reassign labor, or even demolish and rebuild certain elements. This situation may result in extra expenses, postponements, and difficulties in coordinating. While design changes may incur additional costs for the employer, they are not typically responsible for the physical implementation. Consultants may need to revise their plans, but this is usually a less resource-intensive task compared to executing the changes.

The employers have ranked compliance with codes and standards in the third position. The consultants ranked it in the second position, and the contractors in the second. This factor is more critical for contractors and consultants because the immediate responsibility for ensuring compliance during construction lies with the contractor. Both consultants and contractors are crucial in ensuring that the design and construction processes meet regulatory requirements. While ultimately accountable for compliance, employers rely on their team (including consultants and contractors) to execute the project under regulatory standards.

4.1.3 Group 3: procurement and supply chain

Table 7 summarizes the RII and ranking of procurement and supply chain factors. The employers have ranked procurement strategy in the third position. The consultants ranked it in the second position, and the contractors in the fourth position. While procurement strategy is essential for all parties, consultants often play a more direct role in advising on and developing the strategy due to their expertise in procurement processes. Employers have a significant stake in the decision-making process, as it impacts project outcomes, risks, and control. While not typically responsible for selecting the strategy, contractors must adapt to the chosen approach and participate effectively in the procurement process.

Table 7

Summary of RII and rank of procurement and supply chain factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Procurement and supply chain Procurement strategy 0.756 3 0.79 2 0.736 4
Supplier performance 0.744 4 0.79 3 0.764 3
Material availability 0.833 1 0.857 1 0.836 1
Logistics and transportation 0.811 2 0.762 4 0.791 2

The employers have ranked supplier performance in the fourth position. It has been ranked by the consultants and contractors in the third position. This factor is equally essential for contractors and consultants, as consultants are often responsible for overseeing the quality of work and materials on a construction project, including evaluating suppliers’ performance to ensure that they meet the specified standards and requirements. Contractors rely heavily on suppliers to provide construction materials and equipment. The performance of suppliers directly affects the contractor’s ability to meet project milestones, deadlines, and quality requirements.

According to employers, consultants, and contractors, material availability ranks first, making it the most critical performance factor. This agreement between all target groups is because it directly impacts project timelines, budgeting, quality, and compliance with codes and standards. Delays or unavailability of materials can lead to financial losses, project delays, and potentially even legal repercussions, making it a key concern for employers, consultants, and contractors.

Employers and contractors have ranked logistics and transportation in the second position and consultants in the fourth. While logistics and transportation are essential for all parties, employers and contractors are more directly involved in managing and executing these aspects due to their roles in overseeing the construction process. While aware of the importance of logistics, consultants primarily focus on design and planning, leaving the implementation of logistics and transportation to the employer and contractor.

4.1.4 Group 4: workforce and labor

Table 8 summarizes the RII and ranking of workforce and labor factors. Consultants and contractors ranked skilled labor availability in the first position and employers in the second. While skilled labor availability is universally recognized as a critical factor, the parties involved may emphasize it depending on their specific roles and responsibilities in the construction process. For contractors who are directly responsible for the execution, skilled labor availability is of paramount importance. While acknowledging its significance, employers may also consider other factors in their overall assessment of project success. Consultants, primarily focused on design, may prioritize other aspects but still recognize the vital role of skilled labor.

Table 8

Summary of the RII and ranking of workforce and labor factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Workforce and labor Skilled labor availability 0.856 2 0.895 1 0.882 1
Workforce training and skills 0.744 4 0.819 3 0.791 4
Labor productivity 0.889 1 0.867 2 0.873 2
Labor relations and disputes 0.800 3 0.800 4 0.818 3

Labor productivity ranked second for consultants and contractors and first for employers. While labor productivity is essential for all parties involved in a construction project, its significance can vary based on their specific roles and responsibilities. Employers are highly concerned with productivity for cost and timeline reasons. At the same time, consultants are valued for their expertise, and contractors need to manage their labor resources effectively to ensure projects are completed on time and within budget.

4.1.5 Group 5: technology and innovation

Table 9 summarizes the RII and ranking of technology and innovation factors. Employers, consultants, and contractors have ranked construction technology utilization in the first position. This factor is the most important for the three parties because using construction technology is important for all parties involved. It can lead to cost savings, improve project visibility, enhance expertise, optimize designs, increase efficiency and productivity, enhance quality, and improve safety. Embracing these technologies is critical to staying competitive and ensuring successful construction projects.

Table 9

Summary of RII and rank of technology and innovation factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Technology and innovation Construction technology utilization 0.744 1 0.819 1 0.782 1
BIM and CAD integration 0.689 2 0.771 2 0.691 3
Automation and robotics 0.589 4 0.714 4 0.609 4
Software and tools efficiency 0.656 3 0.743 3 0.718 2

The employers and consultant respondents have ranked BIM and CAD integration in the second position, while this factor has been ranked third by the contractors. The difference in rankings between all three parties regarding BIM and CAD integration can be attributed to their varying perspectives and priorities in the construction process. Employers and consultants generally prioritize using BIM and CAD for design and documentation. They see these technologies as crucial for creating accurate and detailed plans for decision-making, project visualization, and coordination among various stakeholders. BIM and CAD integration ensures that the design intent is effectively communicated and implemented during construction.

In addition, contractors may have a different perspective. While they also recognize the value of BIM and CAD in design and coordination, their primary focus often lies in the construction phase. Contractors might emphasize construction scheduling, cost estimation, and on-site coordination more. They might perceive other aspects of the construction process, such as skilled labor availability or material procurement, as more critical to the project’s success.

4.1.6 Group 6: environmental and regulatory

RII and rank of environmental and regulatory factors are summed up in Table 10. All three parties, employers, consultants, and contractors, ranked permits and approvals first. This factor is the most important for the three parties because it is critical for a construction project’s legal and regulatory compliance. Obtaining the necessary permits and approvals ensures that the project adheres to local building codes, environmental regulations, and other legal requirements. With proper permitting, a project may avoid delays and fines, otherwise the project may even be forced to halt construction altogether. Additionally, compliance with permits and approvals helps mitigate risks, enhances safety measures, and fosters a positive relationship with regulatory authorities, ultimately contributing to the project’s overall success and smooth progress. Therefore, it is universally recognized as the top priority by all parties involved in the construction process.

Table 10

Summary of the RII and rank of environmental and regulatory factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Environmental and regulatory Environmental compliance 0.633 4 0.667 4 0.627 3
Permitting and approvals 0.756 1 0.79 1 0.755 1
Regulatory changes 0.656 2 0.752 2 0.664 2
Sustainability measures 0.644 3 0.686 3 0.618 4

4.1.7 Group 7: site conditions and infrastructure

Table 11 summarizes the RII and ranking of site conditions and infrastructure factors. Employers, consultants, and contractors rank site accessibility first. It directly impacts project success and efficiency. For employers, easy access to the site ensures timely completion and minimizes potential delays. It also enhances the safety of the project by facilitating smooth operations. Consultants value site accessibility, enabling them to carry out their work effectively, leading to better design implementation and project outcomes. Contractors prioritize site accessibility because it directly affects their ability to mobilize equipment, labor, and materials efficiently, which leads to improved productivity and cost-effectiveness in project execution.

Table 11

Summary of RII and rank of site conditions and infrastructure factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
Site conditions and infrastructure Site accessibility and conditions 0.778 1 0.829 1 0.791 1
Geotechnical factors 0.733 4 0.705 4 0.709 4
Utilities and infrastructure 0.778 2 0.771 3 0.736 3
Site safety measures 0.744 3 0.819 2 0.782 2

4.1.8 Group 8: external factors

Table 12 summarizes the RII and rank of external factors. All three parties, employers, consultants, and contractors, have ranked economic conditions as crucial. This factor holds the first position because it significantly affects the feasibility and profitability of any construction project. For employers, Iraq’s economic stability directly impacts the financial viability of their investments. Consultants monitor economic conditions because they affect market dynamics, material costs, and the availability of skilled labor. A stable economy fosters a more predictable and conducive environment for planning and executing construction projects. Contractors are susceptible to economic conditions as they directly influence the costs of labor, materials, and equipment. A stable economy allows contractors to make accurate cost estimations, manage budgets effectively, and maintain profitability throughout the project lifecycle. Employers ranked stakeholder involvement third, consultants ranked it fourth, and contractors ranked it second. This factor is more critical for contractors than others because contractors are directly involved in the execution and implementation of projects. Their success and profitability often hinge on the smooth progression of construction activities. Therefore, active stakeholder involvement ensures that expectations, requirements, and potential challenges are communicated and addressed promptly, leading to fewer disruptions, improved coordination, and a higher likelihood of project completion on time and within budget. Strong stakeholder involvement can also enhance contractors’ reputations, increasing opportunities for future projects and potential referrals. While stakeholder involvement remains crucial for employers and consultants, their roles may be more focused on planning, design, and oversight, with less direct involvement in the day-to-day operations. As a result, they may perceive stakeholder involvement as needing to be more immediately critical to project execution.

Table 12

Summary of RII and rank of external factors

Factor group Factors impacting performance Employer Consultant Contractor
RII Rank RII Rank RII Rank
External factors Economic conditions 0.856 1 0.838 1 0.882 1
Weather and climate 0.711 4 0.781 2 0.682 4
Political and legal environment 0.733 2 0.771 3 0.718 3
Stakeholder involvement 0.722 3 0.771 4 0.755 2

4.2 Level of agreement between groups that responded

To determine inter-rater agreement among employers, contractors, and consultants, Kendall’s coefficient of concordance is used as a measure of agreement among raters (Equation (3)). For planning and management, design and engineering, procurement and supply chain, workforce and labor, technology and innovation, environmental and regulatory, site conditions and infrastructure, and external factors, and all groups together, it was observed that the p-values (Sig.) were less than α = 0.05 (α is the level of significance). This result means the null hypothesis, H0, is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis, H1, is accepted. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a significant agreement among employers, contractors, and consultants regarding the factors affecting the performance of construction projects in Iraq.

4.3 Comparison of the results with previous studies

The study conducted in Iraq identified several factors influencing project performance, including poor planning, improper resource allocation, lack of skilled labor, low labor productivity, and unstable economic conditions. These findings align with previous research. For instance, Enshassi et al. highlighted strikes, material-related factors, lack of materials, and delays in materials delivery as causes of time delays in construction projects [31]. Similarly, Saeed [36] emphasized the significance of adequate construction planning, accurate estimation, and improved communication between construction parties in reducing poor business performance. Furthermore, Waheeb and Andersen [11] found that redesigns, change orders, and plan changes were significant causes of construction project failure, which resonates with the current study’s findings.

However, some studies present differing perspectives. For example, Al Balkhy et al. [38] highlighted the contractors’ lack of proper planning and scheduling as a reason behind project delays, poor performance, and low labor productivity in Jordan, contrasting with the emphasis on resource allocation and economic conditions in the current study. Additionally, Kazar et al. [39] suggested that agile project management approaches could eliminate adverse effects on project performance, such as quality defects and schedule variances, which provides a different approach for addressing project performance issues compared to the factors identified in the Iraq study.

The factors influencing project performance identified in this study are supported by various previous studies, particularly regarding the impact of poor planning, resource allocation, and labor productivity. However, there are also contrasting perspectives, such as the emphasis on agile project management and the role of contractors in project delays, which provide alternative viewpoints on addressing project performance issues.

5 Conclusion and recommendations

Analysis of factors affecting construction projects in Iraq shows that several essential factors significantly impact project performance. A comprehensive list of 32 influential factors was compiled through site surveys, interviews with engineers and experts, and review of previous research. These factors were categorized into eight groups: planning and management, design and engineering, procurement and supply chain, workforce and labor, technology and innovation, environmental and regulatory aspects, site conditions and infrastructure, and external factors. One hundred and ten questionnaires were distributed to project stakeholders: owners, consultants, and contractors to measure the impact of these factors. The hypothesis test was carried out to confirm the agreement between the consultants, contractors, and owners about factors affecting performance. It was concluded that the factors that had the main impact on Iraqi construction projects included poor planning, failure to allocate resources properly, unavailability of skilled labor, poor labor productivity, and volatile economic conditions, all of which provide valuable insights into the main factors that affect performance in the construction sector. The information collected from this study will serve in practical and academic fields. From a practical standpoint, the information obtained will help select public project leaders and team members to identify potential influencing factors on performance where the necessary measures will be taken into account. It will help foreign companies find the necessary measures to confront the causes of poor performance in the Iraqi environment. From an academic standpoint, this study presented some insights and concepts related to project management, especially poor project performance.

The following steps are recommended to be adhered to improve the performance of construction projects in Iraq:

  1. The study emphasizes the need for management planning, which involves the development of a well-thought-out implementation plan to minimize delays and increase overall productivity while focusing on effort.

  2. The skills of project workers must be developed through training programs.

  3. Resource allocation, which includes financial, human, and physical resources, must be determined using advanced programs, models, and equations.

  4. Facilitate cooperation among the involved entities throughout the project by regularly convening meetings. This practice fosters cohesive decision-making and strategic planning to accomplish project deliverables, considering task interdependencies. Such an approach mitigates the likelihood of straying from the designated budget and schedule while concurrently improving the management of project documents.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. SM responsible for conceptualization, methodology design, data collection, conducted statistical analysis and contributed to writing the original draft. AH provided overall guidance, reviewed and approved the methodology, and offered critical feedback throughout the research process.

  3. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

References

[1] Castro MS, Bahli B, Barcaui A, Figueiredo R. Does one project success measure fit all? An empirical investigation of Brazilian projects. Int J Managing Proj Bus. 2021 Apr;14(3):788–805.Search in Google Scholar

[2] Faris H, Gaterell M, Hutchinson D. Investigating underlying factors of collaboration for construction projects in emerging economies using exploratory factor analysis. Int J Constr Manag. 2022 Mar;22(3):514–26.Search in Google Scholar

[3] Al Hadithi BI. An investigation into factors causing delays in highway construction projects in Iraq. In MATEC web of Conferences 2018. Vol. 162. EDP Sciences; p. 02035.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Aljamee HK, Naeem SM. The benefits of applying project management methodology on project delay: A study in construction projects in Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020 Mar 1. Vol. 745, Issue. 1, IOP Publishing; p. 012155.Search in Google Scholar

[5] Abramov IL, Alzaidi ZA. Assessing of sustainable construction quality in Iraq under conditions of risk factors. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2023 Sep 1. Vol. 1232, Issue. 1, IOP Publishing; p. 012041.Search in Google Scholar

[6] Park M, Peña‐Mora F. Dynamic change management for construction: Introducing the change cycle into model‐based project management. Syst Dyn Rev: J Syst Dyn Soc. 2003 Sep;19(3):213–42.Search in Google Scholar

[7] Faeq HZ, Khaleel TA. Determine the most important construction risks and know the degree of their impact on construction projects in Iraq. Int J Saf Secur Eng. 2023 Oct;13(5):933.Search in Google Scholar

[8] Zamim SK. Identification of crucial performance measurement factors affecting construction projects in Iraq during the implementation phase. Cogent Eng. 2021 Jan;8(1):1882098.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Ali ZH, Burhan AM, Kassim M, Al-Khafaji Z. Developing an integrative data intelligence model for construction cost estimation. Complexity. 2022 Sep;2022.Search in Google Scholar

[10] Jing W, Naji HI, Zehawi RN, Ali ZH, Al-Ansari N, Yaseen ZM. System dynamics modeling strategy for civil construction projects: The concept of successive legislation periods. Symmetry. 2019 May;11(5):677.Search in Google Scholar

[11] Waheeb RA, Andersen BS. Causes of problems in post-disaster emergency reconstruction projects – Iraq as a case study. Public Work Manag Policy. 2022 Jan;27(1):61–97.Search in Google Scholar

[12] Kärnä S, Junnonen JM. Benchmarking construction industry, company and project performance by participants’ evaluation. Benchmarking: Int J. 2016 Oct;23(7):2092–108.Search in Google Scholar

[13] Chenena IS, Kazar G. Proactive prevention model to manage construction time delays in developing countries. Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Derg. 2022 Jun;13(2):379–91.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Khaleel T, Nassar Y. Identification and analysis of factors affecting labour productivity in Iraq. In MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 162. EDP Sciences; 2018. p. 02032.Search in Google Scholar

[15] Hassan A, Yahya M. Cost optimization for public school building projects during design stage using value engineering. In MATEC Web of Conferences. Vol. 162. EDP Sciences; 2018. p. 02033.Search in Google Scholar

[16] Omaran SM, Al-Zuheriy AS. Integrating building information modeling and virtual reality to develop real-time suitable cost estimates using building visualization. Int J Eng. 2023 May;36(5):858–69.Search in Google Scholar

[17] Al-Zwainy FM, Amer R, Khaleel T. Reviewing of the simulation models in cost management of the construction projects. Civ Eng J. 2016 Nov;2(11):607–22.Search in Google Scholar

[18] Allahaim FS, Liu L. Causes of cost overruns on infrastructure projects in Saudi Arabia. Int J Collab Enterp. 2015;5(1–2):32–57.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Alzara M, Kashiwagi J, Kashiwagi D, Al-Tassan A. Analysis of cost overruns in Saudi Arabia construction projects: A university case study. J Adv Perform Inf Value. 2018 Jul;10(1):84–101.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Alshihre F, Chinyio E, Nzekwe-Excel C, Daniel EI. Improving clients’ satisfaction in construction projects: The case of Saudi Arabia. Built Environ Proj Asset Manag. 2020 Oct;10(5):709–23.Search in Google Scholar

[21] Afzal N, Hanif A, Rafique M. Exploring the impact of total quality management initiatives on construction industry projects in Pakistan. PLoS one. 2022 Sep;17(9):e0274827.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Iqbal S, Choudhry RM, Holschemacher K, Ali A, Tamošaitienė J. Risk management in construction projects. Technol Econ Dev Econ. 2015 Jan;21(1):65–78.Search in Google Scholar

[23] Al Musawi L, Naimi S. The management of construction projects in Iraq and the most important reasons for the delay. Acta Logistica. 2023 Mar;10(1):61–70.Search in Google Scholar

[24] Khairullah NH, Hilal MA, Burhan AM. Main delay factors of implementation EPC construction projects in Iraq. J Eng. 2023 Oct;29(10):195–207.Search in Google Scholar

[25] Alhamami BR, Nassar YS, Qendeel LM. Feasibility studies and their effects on the success or failure of investment projects “Najaf governorate as a model”. Open Eng. 2023 Sep;13(1):20220467.Search in Google Scholar

[26] Wang X, Wang S, Song X, Han Y. IoT-based intelligent construction system for prefabricated buildings: Study of operating mechanism and implementation in China. Appl Sci. 2020 Sep;10(18):6311.Search in Google Scholar

[27] Zwikael O. Critical planning processes in construction projects. Constr Innov. 2009 Oct;9(4):372–87.Search in Google Scholar

[28] Faniran OO, Love PE, Li H. Optimal allocation of construction planning resources. J Constr Eng Manag. 1999 Sep;125(5):311–9.Search in Google Scholar

[29] Li Y. Research on the application of BIM technology integration method in the design and construction of intelligent building. Adv Educ Human Soc Sci Res. 2022;1(3):393.Search in Google Scholar

[30] Hassan Z, Ibrahim AM, Naji H. Evaluation of legislation adequacy in managing time and quality performance in Iraqi construction projects – a Bayesian decision tree approach. Civ Eng J. 2018 May;4:993.Search in Google Scholar

[31] Enshassi A, Mohamed S, Abushaban S. Factors affecting the performance of construction projects in the Gaza strip. J Civ Eng Manag. 2009 Jan;15(3):269–80.Search in Google Scholar

[32] Alnuaimi AS, Mohsin M. Causes of delay in completion of construction projects in Oman. In International Conference on Innovations in Engineering and Technology 2013 Dec 25; 2013. p. 267–70.Search in Google Scholar

[33] Alraie AA, Ali Kadhum AM, Shabbar R. Causes of change orders in the cycle of construction project: A case study in Al-Najaf province. Open Eng. 2022 Dec;12(1):799–807.Search in Google Scholar

[34] AlBarami MA, Thiruchelvam S, Ibrehem AS. Factors affecting the client’s performance in the public construction projects: Case study of Oman. Int J Sustain Constr Eng Technol. 2020 Nov;11(2):248–55.Search in Google Scholar

[35] Hussain S, Fangwei Z, Siddiqi AF, Ali Z, Shabbir MS. Structural equation model for evaluating factors affecting quality of social infrastructure projects. Sustainability. 2018 May;10(5):1415.Search in Google Scholar

[36] Saeed YS. Cost and time risk management in construction projects. Tikrit J Eng Sci. 2018 Mar;25(1):42–8.Search in Google Scholar

[37] Mpofu B, Ochieng EG, Moobela C, Pretorius A. Profiling causative factors leading to construction project delays in the United Arab Emirates. Eng Constr Archit Manag. 2017 Mar;24(2):346–76.Search in Google Scholar

[38] Al Balkhy W, Sweis R, Lafhaj Z. Barriers to adopting lean construction in the construction industry—The case of Jordan. Buildings. 2021 May;11(6):222.Search in Google Scholar

[39] Kazar G, Almhamdawee A, Tokdemir OB. Potential benefits of agile project management in improving construction project performances: A case study of Iraq. J Constr Eng Manag Innov (Online). 2022 Apr;5(2):64–76.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-01-05
Revised: 2024-02-17
Accepted: 2024-03-04
Published Online: 2024-06-18

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0006
Keywords for this article
performance; employers; consultants; contractors; RII
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 4.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2024-0006/html
Scroll to top button