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Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types

  • Israa K. Abdulhasan , Hasan H. Joni , Tahseen D. Saadoon EMAIL logo and Anmar Dulaimi
Published/Copyright: July 19, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

The efficacy of a pavement system is significantly influenced by the condition of the road pavement. Improving pavement quality is essentially the key to reducing problems with fatigue cracks and rutting on roads. One of its tenets is changing and enhancing asphalt’s performance by use of various additives. One of the plastics having the highest recycling rates across various nations is polyethylene terephthalate, or PET. Since virgin PET (V-PET) and recycled PET (R-PET) cannot currently be analytically separated from one another, numerous indirect approaches have been developed to achieve this. According to one idea, recycling PET causes polymer chains to break, which alters the material’s structural, mechanical, and thermal characteristics. R-PET and V-PET can therefore be distinguished from one another. Temperature and load stress cause asphalt pavement damage, especially rutting. In order to reduce the issue of road rutting, several measures have been implemented, such as enhancing the quality of pavement and improving the procedures used for structural design. In recent years, engineers have shown a growing interest in enhancing the performance of asphalt by incorporating various additives and substituting raw materials with virgin and recycled materials. This approach aims to improve environmental sustainability and reduce the cost of modified pavement mixtures. The purpose of the study is to assess the effect of modifying bitumen of grade 40–50 with V-PET. This study examined the use of V-PET as an asphalt modifier, at varying concentrations of 1, 2, and 4% by weight of asphalt. The study aimed to assess the influence of these concentrations on the performance of asphalt under high temperature conditions. The results demonstrated that the addition of 2% V-PET to the asphalt binder significantly improved the characteristics of the asphalt, resulting in increased resistance to rutting in the pavement.

Keywords: PET polymer; penetration; asphalt cement; ductility; SEM

1 Introduction

The development and maintenance of highways are expensive, yet they are necessary for the country’s economic growth. The highway system is designed to meet the required safety standards while offering the best possible serviceability and structural integrity to handle changing traffic demands. The deterioration of pavement materials has coincided with an increase in traffic-related stress in recent years, causing the pavement to distort more frequently. Furthermore, it is possible that the rheological characteristics of the asphalt binder utilized in Iraqi pavements did not meet the performance grade requirements, particularly in relation to traffic loads and climate. There is a reference to back this up [1].

As a result of the need to improve the performance of the currently available pavement materials, there has been a rise in demand for pavement material layers. Furthermore, the search for new modifiers to enhance asphalt binder ingredients and mixes has been made easier by technical developments and the discovery of innovative materials. As a result, our knowledge of the characteristics and actions of asphalt binders has expanded. A variety of elements might be considered modifiers, such as natural materials, waste materials, industrial byproducts, and carefully designed engineering items [2]. Fillers, recovered rubber products, fibers, and polymer types are some examples of commonly used modifiers [3]. It is possible to modify a large range of thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers [4–7]. The engineering characteristics of a modified bitumen mixture are mostly influenced by the specific components employed for the modification [8].

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a very popular plastic that is widely used in the world for both food-grade applications like manufacturing of water, soft drink, and juice bottles as well as non-food products like packaging for cleaners or cosmetics and fibers for different textile products. Since the manufacturing and shipping costs are high, high-quality recycled plastics are usually more expensive than virgin plastics of the same kind. Furthermore, they are often hard to come by because of long-term agreements, lack of providers, or trouble obtaining an input stream of consistent quality [1]. In the industry, there is a prevalent idea that one can determine the difference between recycled PET (R-PET) and virgin PET (V-PET) by testing R-PET’s material qualities and contrasting them with V-PET’s [9,10].

PET is one of the polymers that can improve the mechanical characteristics of asphalt binders. Many laboratory techniques were used to investigate the physical properties of the original and modified binders.

Prior studies established that using nanomaterials improved the chemical and physical properties of asphalt binder, resulting in enhanced asphalt performance [11,12]. Nur et al. investigated the use of waste polyethylene powder in enhancing rutting resistance performance in concrete mixtures. The findings indicated that incorporating 0.75% of PET by weight of the whole aggregate resulted in improved rutting resistance compared to the typical mixture [13].

Taher and Ismael observed an improvement in stiffness and consistency of nano silica-modified asphalt under various aging conditions compared to unmodified asphalt, thus enhancing the hot mix asphalts resistance to rutting [14].

Notably, these studies found that rutting resistance could be significantly enhanced by the addition of plastic polymers. Additionally, research has validated that the incorporation of plastic improved the mixture’s workability and stability. Further research has demonstrated that the incorporation of waste plastic into asphalt formulations also enhances their resistance to rutting [15–20].

Xu et al. observed that bitumen samples, when treated with 8% waste PET, exhibit enhanced performance in terms of increasing the complex shear modulus and reducing sensitivity to deformation at high temperatures. This modification also improves fatigue cracking resistance, as seen by a low fatigue factor [21].

This research aims to determine the effect of adding virgin PET to basic asphalt on the mechanical properties of asphalt. Therefore, it focuses on finding the changes that occur in the asphalt mixture when using a PET additive.

2 Materials and methods

The current experiment has made use of the asphalt binder (40/50). The attributes of this binder are given in Table 1.

Table 1

Characteristics of asphalt binder

Test Conditions of test Specifications Results Limitations(1)
Penetration 25°C, 0.1 mm ASTM D5 46 40–50
Ductility 5 cm/min ASTM D113 140 >100
Flash point — ASTM D92 Flash 323°C >232°C
Rotational viscosity @ 135°C ASTM D4402 600 Pa s Min. 400
@ 165°C 155 Pa s —
TFOT 163°C, 50 g, 5 h Mass loss 0.222 ≥ 1 ASTM D1754 Penetration >52
Ductility >50
Softening point — ASTM D36 52 —
Specific gravity 25°C ASTM D70 1.03
PI — ASTM D36 −0.7 —

(1)Iraqi Specification’s Standard Limits (SCRB/R9, 2003) [147].

Virgin PET was utilized in the form of powder [2]. Carbon and hydrogen atoms are combined to form PET, a thermoplastic polymer material used to make high molecular weight products. It has outstanding impact resistance, low moisture absorption, and high tensile strength [22] (Figures 1–3).

Figure 1 (1-5) Collection, Cutting, Crushing, Milling, Sieving of the PET respectively.
Figure 1

(1-5) Collection, Cutting, Crushing, Milling, Sieving of the PET respectively.

Figure 2 Preparation of asphalt binder modified with PET.
Figure 2

Preparation of asphalt binder modified with PET.

Figure 3 Work methodology.
Figure 3

Work methodology.

2.1 Preparation of specimens

Particle sizes of PET and asphalt have been combined in a mixer. PET can be blended at a constant 2,000 rpm rotational speed using a manual mixer. The mixing time, which is fixed at 30 min, is the variable in the creation of a homogenous composite material. Most researchers suggest 160°C heating for the asphalt binder. After that, the heated asphalt binder is progressively combined with weighted 1, 2, and 4% PET particles inside a closed steel enclosure and heated for 30 min in an electric oven. Additionally, an evaluation was conducted to determine the rheological and physical properties of the modified asphalt binder [23–27].

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Penetration and softening point

The penetration grade, softening point temperature, and flow temperature of asphalt all affect its consistency. There is a difference in the penetration levels and softening point temperatures when the modified asphalt binder is mixed with the basic asphalt binder, as shown in Figures 4 and 5. Regardless of how the powder was integrated, it was clear that adding PET particles decreased the penetration values and increased the softening point. The addition of 2% PET results in a 15.4% increase in the softening point temperature and an 8.7% decrease in penetration.

Figure 4 Penetration value at different quantities of PET.
Figure 4

Penetration value at different quantities of PET.

Figure 5 Softening point temperature at various percentages of PET content.
Figure 5

Softening point temperature at various percentages of PET content.

The asphalt binder may become stiffer as a result of PET particles diffusing and adhering to it. PET particles have a higher hardness than asphalt binder because of the absorption of PET and the resin’s conversion during the asphalt modification process, which reduces the amount of oily substances in the liquid form. An increased softening point temperature accurately indicates the enhanced stability and durability of the asphalt mixture. It also helps reduce the issue of bleeding, which is frequently faced by flexible pavement projects, particularly in hot regions.

3.2 Penetration index (PI)

The PI is used to determine how sensitive asphalt is to temperature (PI). The temperature susceptibility decreases as the PI value increases. A greater degree of resistance to low-temperature cracking and rutting deformation is indicated by lower temperature susceptibility throughout the summer [28,29]. Figure 6 shows how PI levels and PET content are related. A representative scan that demonstrates the increase in PI values brought about by the inclusion of PET particles is shown. Furthermore, the asphalt treated with PET exhibited a notable decrease in its sensitivity to temperature changes. The addition of PET increases the thermal resistance of the modified asphalt. When building roadway pavements, it is beneficial that the PI stays within the usual range of +2.0 to −2.0 [30].

Figure 6 PI at different quantities of PET.
Figure 6

PI at different quantities of PET.

The ductility of asphalt demonstrates its cohesion. The test is also believed to demonstrate the improved consistency, flexibility, and durability of the upgraded asphalt binder, particularly in its ability to withstand low-temperature cracking. The ductility values with respect to PET content are shown in Figure 7. As the percentage of PET particles increased, the ductility value declined. Furthermore, the use of 2% PET results in a significant reduction in ductility, specifically by 18%. This could be because light volatiles are less prevalent in molten materials.

Figure 7 Ductility at different quantities of PET.
Figure 7

Ductility at different quantities of PET.

3.3 Flash point

The flash point of the asphalt establishes its safety criteria. Figure 8 illustrates the relationship between the percentage of PET addition and the flash point values. The flash point value climbed in tandem with the PET concentration. This could be as a result of the molten phase having fewer light volatile flammable chemicals. Particles made of PET have a significant melting point and is inherently non-combustible, the inclusion of PET enhanced the safety of handling bitumen throughout the mixing phase. In addition, the utilization of 2% PET leads to a notable increase in flash point by 4.3%.

Figure 8 Flash point with different quantities of PET.
Figure 8

Flash point with different quantities of PET.

3.4 Rheological properties and the rotational viscosity

We examined and contrasted the modified and control asphalt binder’s rheological characteristics – including viscosity – with the required standards. The rotating viscosity test is used to verify whether asphalt is suitable for use at high temperatures, particularly while mixing and compacting. As the concentration of PET was adjusted, the temperature-dependent viscosities of the original and modified asphalt binders were measured. Figures 9 and 10 show the relationship between PET content and rotational viscosity in the original and modified asphalt binder. It is obvious that the viscosity of asphalt binder rose as the amount of PET used increased. Additionally, 2% of PET with a penetration grade of 40/50 exhibits greater viscosity compared to standard 40/50 asphalt. The rise in viscosity amounted to a 15% increase.

Figure 9 Viscosity values with different percentages of PET.
Figure 9

Viscosity values with different percentages of PET.

Figure 10 Viscosity and different quantities of PET.
Figure 10

Viscosity and different quantities of PET.

The absorption and dispersion of PET particles within the asphalt binder is responsible for the modified asphalt’s improved stiffness. During the asphalting process, oily materials can be reduced to a molten phase and transformed into resin materials by PET particles because of their absorbent nature. Furthermore, PET particles have a higher hardness than asphalt binder [31–33]. Additionally, regardless of the mixing technique, the viscosity of modified asphalt reduces as the test temperature rises. The rise in viscosity can be attributed to the stiffening impact of plastics, as evidenced by the decline in penetration values. It is also crucial to note that asphalt binders must meet a minimum viscosity requirement of 400 c.p. at 135°C according to the Iraqi standard (SCRB/R9, 2003) [34]. It is important to note that all viscosity readings for asphalt binder treated with PET are higher than the value given in the Iraqi standard.

3.5 Retained penetration after thin film oven test (TFOT)

To determine the asphalt binder’s sensitivity to short-term aging, a TFOT is performed and the penetration retention is measured. The relationship between the concentrations of PET and the percentage of sustained penetration is shown in Figure 11. The maintained penetration percentage decreased when the amount of PET content was increased at a revolution rate of 2,000 rpm. A decrease in the more readily evaporating chemicals in the liquid state can be used to explain this occurrence. The SCRB guidelines forbade any penetration greater than 50%.

Figure 11 Retained penetration with different quantities of PET.
Figure 11

Retained penetration with different quantities of PET.

3.6 Degree of ductility retained during TFOT

After the TFOT, the asphalt’s preserved ductility is used to evaluate its short-term aging [35–38]. The percentage of preserved ductility is directly impacted by the concentration of PET, as shown in Figure 12. It is clear that the percentage of preserved ductility at a 2,000 rpm rotation rate was decreased by the addition of PET. The decrease in the concentration of fatty compounds in the liquid phase may be the cause of this. The remaining ductility was reduced by 25 cm as a result of SCRB’s restrictions [34].

Figure 12 Retained ductility and different quantities of percentage of PET.
Figure 12

Retained ductility and different quantities of percentage of PET.

3.7 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

The microstructure and dispersion quality of the additive in the bitumen were examined using SEM. Figure 13 presents the SEM images for the asphalt modified with PET at 4%. It is clear from the figure that the modifier was uniformly distributed throughout the asphalt binder.

Figure 13 SEM images for asphalt: (a) base asphalt and (b) modified asphalt with PET additives.
Figure 13

SEM images for asphalt: (a) base asphalt and (b) modified asphalt with PET additives.

4 Conclusion

The PET polymer material behaves elastically when molded. Within the limitations of the investigation, the following conclusions were drawn:

  • Regardless of the mixing method used, PET polymer enhances asphalt’s viscosity by increasing its softening point temperature by 15.4% and decreasing the penetration by 8.7% with the addition of 2% PET.

  • The addition of PET polymer to modified asphalt results in an increase in temperature susceptibility (PI). In comparison to the other varieties of asphalt binder, the one containing 2% PET had a higher PI.

  • When PET is added, modified asphalt becomes less ductile. After being mechanically mixed, asphalt treated with 4% PET polymer loses a substantial amount of its ductility, by about 40% of its initial amount.

  • Adding 2% PET polymer by weight improved the modified asphalt binder’s physical properties compared to regular asphalt. This caused an acceptable ductility value, a higher softening point temperature, a lower penetration value, and a higher PI value.

  • PET additions increase asphalt’s high temperature resistance, binder flash point, and bitumen mixing safety in hotter places. Furthermore, the SEM test findings indicated that the base asphalt with a certain percentage of PET additive exhibited a uniform and equally spread composition.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Asphalt Laboratory personnel in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Technology-Iraq for their general assistance in the preparation, production, and testing of the specimens, and also for their support.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. IKA: data collection, experimental lab, data analysis, interpretation, and writing – original draft; HHJ: conception or design, methodology, writing – review and editing, supervision, and resources; TDS: methodology, writing – review and editing, supervision, resources, and visualization; AD: writing – review and editing, supervision, and resources.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-11-17
Revised: 2024-01-25
Accepted: 2024-02-02
Published Online: 2024-07-19

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0595
Keywords for this article
PET polymer; penetration; asphalt cement; ductility; SEM
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

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  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
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  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
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  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
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  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
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  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
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  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
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  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
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  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
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  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
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  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
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  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
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  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
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  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
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  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
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  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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