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New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly

  • Abdullah Jabar Hussain , Zainab S. Al-Khafaji EMAIL logo and Iman Q. Al Saffar
Published/Copyright: February 3, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

The present investigation adopts a new method to recycle the oils. The used and recycled lubricants were compared to fresh oil. Accordingly, an investigation was carried out to evaluate the viscous shear of different oil grades at each certain temperature using the Walther formula of the viscosity–temperature relationship. The investigation indicates acceptable and fair results in front of a technical point of view and environmental improvement by reducing pollution. The results show lower viscosity of the recycling oil than the used oil, which affects the viscous shear as it is directly proportional to the velocity gradient and the fluid’s viscosity at ascertaining temperature. In the present investigation, alum (Al2(SO4)3(H2O)18) was used, which gives good precipitation according to the practical results mentioned in this work. The used oils of grades 5w20, 5w30, and 10w30 under consideration are collected from the local internal combustion engines. Both kinematic viscosity and viscous shear for 10w30 oil grade record the highest values, and 5w20 records the lowest values for all oil types (fresh, recycled, and used oil).

Keywords: fresh oil; lubricant; recycled oil; recycling; viscous shear

1 Introduction

The lubricant is a fluid used in different fields. It is not limited to internal composition engines, gearboxes, profile bore bearings, thrust bearings, transformers, cooling equipment, lifting apparatuses, hydraulic systems, power plants, and transmission equipment. In the rotating part, the lubricant maintains sufficient film to support the load designed by engineers [1]. However, any rapture in the film will, in turn, cause significant wear and friction, resulting in metal wear between the matching surfaces in addition to hydrocarbon resulting from the operating condition of the engine, which in turn needs to replace the lubricants for a certain period of working [2].

The used engine lubricants are one first. Environmental pollutants must be treated well to overcome such situations with fair, reasonable, and responsible management. The used lubricant causes huge damage, especially when dumped into the ground, water streams, and sewers, which will cause drastic contamination of the surface, groundwater, and soil [3,4]. Moreover, recycling engine lubricant in other fields rather than lubrication will reflect other benefits and fields like concrete mixture to improve workability, asphalt mixture to improve performance, and reuse the recycled oil by adding the recommended additive. Besides reducing the cost of removing oil from wastewater treatment plants from the industrial zone, a significant positive effect on the environment will occur either in the ground or in water [5].

The management and disposal of waste materials have emerged as a paramount issue in contemporary society, driven by the imperative to safeguard the natural environment. Due to the finite nature of global reserves of fossil fuels, extensive endeavors are being undertaken to explore alternative carbon sources for the purpose of fuel production. The majority of research studies documented in the literature regarding the pyrolysis of waste materials have primarily concentrated on solid wastes derived from various sources [6], as well as utilized tires [7] and plastic waste [8].

The utilization of lubricating oils in diverse applications is experiencing a rise in prevalence owing to its significant significance. Petroleum-derived base oils presently constitute approximately 97% of the overall lubricant production [9,10]. The repurposing of waste lubricant oils into chemical feedstock or fuel oil could potentially serve as a viable solution for safeguarding the environment against perilous waste. Nevertheless, the inclusion of heteroatoms, such as sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, and bromine, within waste lubricant oil presents significant challenges for its subsequent utilization as a fuel or in any other application. The advancement of appropriate methodologies and catalyst/sorbent systems for the elimination of heteroatoms is an essential stage [11,12].

The previous study concentrates on four methods to recycle the used lubricant collected from the automotive engine. Acid/clay treatment, distillation/clay, acid treatment, and activated charcoal/clay treatment methods indicate improvement in the viscosity of recycled lubricant compared with fresh oil [13], and the best results were obtained by acid/clay treatment. When lubricating oil’s service life for a certain application has expired, corrosion is unavoidable, but most of the oil stays in good quality and can be regenerated. There were a variety of physical and chemical methods used to extract the used crude. Any properties of regenerated lubricating oils can be changed by adding appropriate methods into the material, resulting in finished oil with properties like virgin oil. Furthermore, modern environmental law prohibits their discharge into any surface, water, bay, ocean, or sewerage system. Several researchers have investigated this topic, as follows.

Centrifugation separates wax and oil, according to Li [14]. Chill speeds greater than 100 times utilized in traditional processes could be used to reach broad capacity. The greatest initial settling rate and wax compaction were achieved with plate-type crystals. Utilizing modifiers, crystal needles may be converted into aggregates to improve centrifugation performance. According to Scapin et al. [15], processing used mineral oils was a critical void in environmental conservation. The lubricating oils in mineral oils from petroleum are not fully absorbed during use; thus, a procedure for recovery is needed to reuse them.

Furthermore, national environmental law prohibits their disposal in any form of surface, water, bay, ocean, or sewerage system. The traditional therapy for used oils has shown several problems in the recovery phase. The ionizing radiation method is well-known in handling industrial effluents for its high performance in degrading organic compounds and removing metals and radicals.

Rincon et al. [16] have identified the formulation of a composite solvent to recover base oil from utilized lubricant oil using the correct variety of components and formulations. Methyl-ethyl-ketone (MEK) and 2-propanol are the two single components of the composite solvent. The strongest extraction findings were achieved when the single solvents were combined at a 3 g/g propanol/MEK ratio. Nevertheless, as with this solvent, metals and oxidation compounds may not be removed. To solve the issue, a very limited amounts of KOH (from 1 to 7 g/(kg of solvent)) have been applied to the composite solvent, and the impact on extraction yields and oil quality has been calculated. The most effective KOH amount was 2 g/(kg of solvent). The vacuum distilled oil pretreated with this solvent (2-propanol/MEK at a weight concentration of 3 g/g with 2 (g of KOH)/(kg of solvent)) had been identical to virgin oil, making it ideal for producing new lubricants.

Boughton and Horvath [17] examined how utilized oil management affects global, regional, and local levels. Using oil as a commodity has localized and geographic effects in several countries due to the internationally dispersed structure of fuel markets. This article quantifies and describes the human health and environmental drawbacks of management choices. This analysis aimed to use a lifecycle assessment (LCA) methodology to evaluate and compare each management process’s environmental effects and advantages in a commodity end-of-life scenario.

Hettinger [18] discovered that numerous lubricants, including crankcase oil, hydraulic transmission fluid, and the like, were needed to produce different automobiles and other machines that used internal combustion engines. These lubricants are regularly drained and discarded from the engine since they are dusty, have produced an unwanted acidity, and have produced a certain amount of sludge, both of which reduce the lubricating capacity of the substance to the point that it is necessary to replace it with new lubricant.

Dense propane was utilized as a solvent for the continuous countercurrent processing of base oil from waste lubricant oil, according to Rincon et al. [19]. The research found the optimal processing conditions for separating base oil appropriate for formulating new lubricants while removing waste-oil impurities, including oxidation products and metallic compounds from waste oil. Experiments were carried out for 6 h in a 1.7 m extraction column with a current of 30 kg/cm and an oil flow rate of 0.5 g/min. Factors including solvent/utilized oil proportion, column packaging, and column temperature differential have also been studied. Kim et al. [20] used a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methodology to conduct kinetic experiments on the pyrolysis of waste vehicle lubricating oil at heating speeds of 50, 100, and 200°C/min in a stirring batch reactor. At each heating point, the key area of waste vehicle lubricating oil decomposition has been 400 and 460°C. The level of conversions calculated the subsequent kinetic parameters, like activation energy. The activation energies ranged from 281.78 to 447.66 kJ mol at conversions between 0.11 and 0.96, with a reaction order of 1.35.

According to Linnard and Roush [21], the Phillips re-reforming method combines chemical dementalization with hydrotreatment to generate high yields of base oils from waste lubes. Effective re-reforming of automotive drain oils is as feasible as it is essential, such as recycling aluminum and fresh print, regenerating catalysts, and repurposing wastepaper. Utilized oils should also be considered investments rather than liabilities. Phillips Petroleum Company invented PROP, an innovative oil refining technology that restores utilized lubricating oils to their original condition. PROP accomplishes this through potentially hazardous acids or solvents and vacuum distillation. Waste oil feedstock does not need to be pretreated. The method incorporates patented chemical dementalization with hydrotreatment to achieve high yields of base oil with efficiency comparable to the original oil’s base oil blending stocks before the usage, from which the waste oil evolved.

The slip at the boundary wall and the internal friction in the liquid lubricant layers are the basic postulates in treating real fluids. The real fluids resist flow, and this resistance is due to internal friction between the lubricant molecules, which gives important physical properties of the real fluid termed viscosity and viscous shear; therefore, as the real liquid lubricant produced from the world oil reserve, which summoned researchers to concentrate on recycling the lubricant oils using different treatment methods to remove the existing hydrocarbon and fine particles of wear metals in addition to other contaminations. The present investigation adopts a new method to recycle the oils. The present study focuses on the most important characteristic of lubricant named, viscosity, which reflects drastically on the viscous shear at a certain temperature. Viscosity is strongly dependent on the temperature to evaluate the working condition.

2 Experimental method

The used oil collected from the local internal combustion engine and selected at the end of its operational life, and the work material and procedure are as follows:

  • One liter of different grades of used oil 5W20, 5W30, and 10W30.

  • Fine filter.

  • Local clays in Iraq called (mud khaoh) are classified as bentonite, which is cheap and available in the market. Bentonite is composed of polysilicates, mainly from hydro-silicate with phyllosilicate. The possibility of replacing magnesium and iron replaces aluminum, as well as the presence of alkaline elements. The khaoh clay is either free or ground in the following forms, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Different khaoh clay forms.
Figure 1

Different khaoh clay forms.

Its chemical composition is described as listed in Table 1:

( Naca ) 03 ( AlMg ) 2 Si 4 O 10 ( OH ) 2 ⋅ n ( H 2 O ) .

Table 1

Chemical composition of khaoh mud

Composition Molecular weight = 549.07 g/mol
Sodium 0.84%Na 1.13%Na2O
Calcium 0.73%Ca 1.02%CaO
Aluminum 9.83%Al 18.57%Al2O3
Oxygen 64.11 % O
Silicon 20.46 % Si 43.77 % SiO 2
Hydrogen 4.04 % H 36.09 % H2O

Empirical Formula: Na0.2Ca0.1Al2Si4O10(OH)2(H2O)10

  • Aluminum alumina (alum) as shown in Figure 2.

    Alum compounds are useful in a range of industrial processes. It is soluble in water, has an acidic taste, is astringent, sweet to sweet, reacts with acids, and crystallizes according to the octahedron. When the heating continues, the crystallization water can be extracted, the salts then become slag and fermented, and the last thing that remains is the non-crystalline powder.

  • The viscometer measures the viscosity of the used oil and recycling oil at 40 and 100°C, while the fresh oil’s viscosity at the above temperature is given according to ASTM 445.

Figure 2 Alum’s stone and powder that utilized in the experimental work.
Figure 2

Alum’s stone and powder that utilized in the experimental work.

Initially, each oil is used in a separate flask and filtered with a soft filter two times. A new filter is used each time to isolate the output with separate flasks. Then, to dispose of part of the hydrocarbon, we use the well-grounded Iraqi clay (khaoh) (Na0.2Ca0.1Al2Si4O10(OH)2(H2O)10). The next step is to dissolve the alum (Al2(SO4)3(H2O)18) for 10 min in the used oil. According to the type Now, the result is recycled oils, and compared with used oil and fresh oil, viscosities are measured in the same condition at 40 and 100°C for used and recycled lubricants. Then the results are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 The used oil before and after applying alums for recycling oil.
Figure 3

The used oil before and after applying alums for recycling oil.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Field statistical observations

A simple statistical study was conducted to identify the quantities of oil consumed during a month and the year for light and heavy engines in Iraq dumped in the soil or sewage pipes. The dumps of nearby residential neighborhoods cause great pollution and huge economic losses, which requires the study and development of recycling different oils to eliminate pollution and use it again in other tasks.

As an example, collected from Iraq for the used oil in automotive engines only, the number of cars in Iraq is 3,000,000, and assume each engine conserves 5 l per 15 days, i.e., 10 l/month. The total number of 3,000,000 cars will consume 30,000,000 l/month, which is a significant amount. If we add the diesel engine, the production vehicle, and the reciprocating and gas turbine power plant, the above figure will be more than five times the above quantity. Because of this, oil recycling is significant for both land and economic protection.

If we consider the infrastructure projects in Iraq, and not limited to sewage, water plants, concrete foundations, and asphalt, then adding the oils produced by recycling to these activities will be considered plasticizer, which increases the ability to work and improve performance 2. The normal addition of 5 l/m3 will contribute to improving the specifications of concretes or asphalt. The infrastructure projects in Iraq consume more than 2 million m3, which means that more than 10,000,000 l of recycled oil can be used instead of contributing to pollution of the environment and reusing by adding the necessary additives.

3.2 Viscosity–temperature relationship

In the liquid lubricant, the rising temperature will cause a decrease in viscosity because the molecular collision occurs within the transfer of momentum between the layers. So, the momentum is transmitted fast as the temperature increases, reducing the viscosity level. Poiseuille (1840) was the first to offer a formula for viscosity with temperature [22], and was the source of several other expressions in this field [22]. The widely used Slotte, Vogel's, and Walter's formula provide the foundation for the ASTM viscosity–temperature relationship chart. In 1992, Hussain et al. proposed a new expression to describe the viscosity of liquid lubricant [23].

As Walter’s formula adopted as a basis of the ASTM chart, it will depend on finding the viscosity of different oils at different temperatures ranging from 10 to 100°C, through the known values of viscosities at 40 and 100°C. The well-known Walter’s expression is as follows:

log ( V + 0.7 ) = A − B log ( T ) ,

where V is the kinematic viscosity, A and B are constants; their values depend on the grade of oil and its conditions, and T is measured in K0 (C0 + 273.15). A and B will be obtained through two known values of kinematic viscosity at 40 and 100°C as per documented values (ASTM D445), as shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Different oil’s viscosity at different temperatures

SAE grade 5W20 5W30 10W30
Viscosity @ 100°C cSt 8.9 11.0 10.1
Viscosity @ 40°C cSt 49.8 61.7 63.2

The dynamic viscosity (µ) will be less than kinematic viscosity (V) by 10–15% obtained from Walter’s formula as the density of the lubricating oil varies between 0.85 and 0.90, as shown in Table 3. Moreover, the covert centipoise to (Pascal Second) multiplies the resulting centipoise by 0.001. Pascal’s second (Ns/m2) is the unit of dynamic viscosity, also known as the absolute viscosity of the fluid. It is the fluid’s internal resistance to flow.

Table 3

Kinematic viscosity m2/s for different oil types

NO Constant 5W20 5W30 10W30
F R U F R U F R U
1 A 8.06815 7.93174 7.96753 7.64529 7.55239 7.56685 8.20039 8.10359 8.06296
2 B 3.14008 3.08329 3.08859 2.9615 2.92226 2.91957 3.18292 3.14211 3.11733
T(K) 5W20 5W30 10W30
F R U F R U F R U
1 283.15 216.474 224.261 300.518 261.712 273.214 361.256 306.728 320.414 421.519
2 293.15 123.9 129.137 167.916 151.599 158.706 204.457 168.171 176.178 226.441
3 303.15 76.2178 79.7909 101.097 93.9873 98.5784 124.151 99.7578 104.698 131.842
4 313.15 49.8 52.3 64.8 61.7 64.79 80 63.2 66.4 82.12
5 323.15 34.2299 36.0283 43.783 42.5124 44.6707 54.2112 42.3128 44.4774 54.1391
6 333.15 24.5559 25.8852 30.9324 30.5214 32.0796 38.3442 29.6792 31.2005 37.4483
7 343.15 18.2668 19.2746 22.6978 22.6952 23.8538 28.1336 21.6554 22.7612 26.9816
8 353.15 14.0152 14.7971 17.2033 17.3914 18.2754 21.3017 16.3404 17.1683 20.1287
9 363.15 11.0418 11.6613 13.406 13.6771 14.3673 16.5726 12.6891 13.3252 15.4708
10 373.15 8.9 9.4 10.7 11 11.55 13.2 10.1 10.6 12.2

F = fresh oil, R = recycle oil, U = used oil.

The kinetic viscosity of used engine oil can be increased due to oxidation or contamination. Simultaneously, it may also be decreased due to alum, which precipitated the debris and part of hydrocarbon compared to standard fresh oil; this agreed with Abro et al. [24] indicated in the results at different temperatures. As the temperature increased, the viscosity deviation decreased between the used, recycled, and fresh oil as shown in Figures 4–6.

Figure 4 The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (5W20).
Figure 4

The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (5W20).

Figure 5 The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (5W30).
Figure 5

The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (5W30).

Figure 6 The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (10W30).
Figure 6

The relationship between viscosity and temperature for fresh (F), Recycle ®, and used (U) oil type (10W30).

3.3 Relationship between viscosity and viscous shear

Viscosity is a property of the liquid lubricant, while the other results from this property when some force is applied to this fluid to move it. Viscous shear depends on the viscosity, as shown in Table 4 and Figures 7–9. The higher the viscosity, the higher the shear stress developed between the layers at any certain temperature so that the shear will vary at any certain temperature contour. Newton states in his law of viscosity that the shear is proportional to the strain rate (dK/dt)

T = μ ( d K / d t ) ,

where Ƭ is the shear stress and µ is the dynamic viscosity. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density (ρ) is called kinematic viscosity (V) m2/s considering the state of moving Newtonian fluid in small ∆t and small y in the direction of motion, then

d K / d t = d u / d y .

Therefore, the shear equation will be rewritten as follows:

T = μ d u / d y .

For steady flow, the viscous shear (Ns/m2) is constant at any certain temperature contour; considering the velocity gradient as K T (1/s), the shear can be written as follows:

T = μ × K T .

Table 4

Viscous shear (Ns/m2) results as a function of K T

NO T (K) 5W20 K T 5W30 K T 10W30 K T
F R U F R U F R U
1 283.15 0.19483 0.20183 0.27047 0.23554 0.24589 0.32513 0.27606 0.28837 0.37937
2 293.15 0.11151 0.11622 0.15112 0.13644 0.14284 0.18401 0.15135 0.15856 0.2038
3 303.15 0.0686 0.07181 0.09099 0.08459 0.08872 0.11174 0.08978 0.09423 0.11866
4 313.15 0.04482 0.04707 0.05832 0.05553 0.05831 0.072 0.05688 0.05976 0.07391
5 323.15 0.03081 0.03243 0.0394 0.03826 0.0402 0.04879 0.03808 0.04003 0.04873
6 333.15 0.0221 0.0233 0.02784 0.02747 0.02887 0.03451 0.02671 0.02808 0.0337
7 343.15 0.01644 0.01735 0.02043 0.02043 0.02147 0.02532 0.01949 0.02049 0.02428
8 353.15 0.01261 0.01332 0.01548 0.01565 0.01645 0.01917 0.01471 0.01545 0.01812
9 363.15 0.00994 0.0105 0.01207 0.01231 0.01293 0.01492 0.01142 0.01199 0.01392
10 373.15 0.00801 0.00846 0.00963 0.0099 0.0104 0.01188 0.00909 0.00954 0.01098

F = fresh oil, R = recycle oil, U = used oil.

Figure 7 The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (5W20).
Figure 7

The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (5W20).

Figure 8 The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (5W30).
Figure 8

The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (5W30).

Figure 9 The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (10W30).
Figure 9

The relationship between viscosity and viscous shear for fresh (F), Recycle®, and Used (U) oil type (10W30).

The shear between the layers of the under-consideration lubricant increases for higher-grade oil and higher dynamic viscosity at certain different temperatures and is observed at low temperatures. While at high temperatures, the viscosity decreases drastically, and compensation occurs between dynamic viscosity and velocity gradient in the level of viscous shear. The simple statistical study confirms the validity of the present research, as oil recycling also benefits the environment. Increased opportunities for consumers to recycle oil lessen the likelihood of dumping used oil on lands and waterways. For example, one gallon of motor oil dumped into waterways can pollute one million gallons of water [24,25].

4 Conclusions

This investigation has shown that used engine oil can be recycled using alum and clay (khaoh). This method produces recycling oil. Optimum conditions for recycling used engine oil using this method are room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The procedure is simple and effective. Also, it can be reused in cars’ engines after adding the required additives.

Depending on the obtained results, there is a significant difference between used oil and both recycled and fresh oil for all selected oil’s types (5W20, 5W30, and 10W30)

  • At low temperatures, oil grade (5W20) records the lowest kinematic viscosity value for used oil, while with increasing the temperature, the differences in kinematic viscosity value between (fresh and recycled) oil and used oil disappeared, and kinematic viscosity value reduced significantly.

  • At low temperatures, oil grade (10W30) records the highest viscous shear value for used oil, while with increasing temperature, the differences in viscous shear value between (fresh and recycled) oil and used oil disappeared, and viscous shear value reduced significantly.

Acknowledgments

The Ministry of Higher Education, University of Baghdad, and Al-Mustaqbal University are gratefully acknowledged (Grant number: MUC-E-0122)

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: The most datasets generated and/or analysed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-03-30
Revised: 2023-08-09
Accepted: 2023-09-01
Published Online: 2024-02-03

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
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  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
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  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
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  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
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  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
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  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
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  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0521
Keywords for this article
fresh oil; lubricant; recycled oil; recycling; viscous shear
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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