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Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction

  • Mohammed A. Abdulaziz EMAIL logo , Mohammed J. Hamood , Mohammed Y. Fattah and Thamir K. Aal-Azawee
Published/Copyright: March 2, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Through the past few months, our world witnessed and is still suffering from several severe earthquakes in different places around the globe like Turkey, Syria, and Morocco. Therefore, the seismic activity domain grew the center of attention for researchers, engineers, and even regular people. The most significant topics in this field that must be taken into consideration are soil–structure interaction (SSI) and structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI). The term SSI refers to the connection among structure, foundation, and soil while the term SSSI refers to the link among adjacent structures with the soil. Formerly, these subjects were not taken into account through the numerical and analytical methods utilized for the dynamic analysis of the seismic response of the structures (i.e., the effect of soil was ignored), and this matter led to disastrous costs that included loss of lives and properties. This article intends to offer an inclusive helpful knowledge of some significant factors that were not taken into consideration in the previous studies and can be utilized in the field of seismic analysis and design for minimizing the possible risks of earthquakes particularly the heavy ones by defining the SSSI behavior of adjacent structures due to these factors. To accomplish this goal, a sequence of seismic examinations via a shaking table system will be performed taking into consideration the impact of soil media. These tests will inspect the effect of the structure’s orientation and distance between them on the dynamic response of two close steel structures predicating on sand soil. The orientations selected here are of two types: the first one is parallel to direction of the earthquake wave and the second one is perpendicular to direction of the earthquake wave. Each orientation will contain three tests of three distances: close distance, medium distance, and far distance. Two novel small-scale multi-degrees of freedom steel models of three storeys are utilized in this study. Test results illustrated that the diversity of buildings orientation with distances has a significant effect on the SSSI behavior of the neighboring buildings. It is seen that the orientation perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake wave offered maximum impact on the dynamic responses at the far distance while the parallel orientation gave ultimate effect at the medium distance.

Keywords: soil–structure interaction; structure–soil–structure interaction; seismic analysis; adjacent structures

1 Introduction

The structure, the foundation, and the soil constitute the soil–structure interaction (SSI) system which has to be realized well because of its valuable significance for the dynamic response of the structure. According to the structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) system, it is related to the interconnection of responses between adjacent buildings through the soil. There are many issues related to the seismic activity especially with the cases of SSI and SSSI that face the world such as existence of jammed residential complexes, industrial buildings, car parking buildings, and many other types of buildings that may lie in seismic zones. These buildings might be constructed a long time ago and they may not have any necessary actions that could provide protection against the earthquakes and they also might not be bound to earthquake engineering codes, the situation that could cause catastrophic consequences when any seismic activity occurs in these zones. This domain contains several aspects such as building height, soil type, foundation type, distance between buildings, building orientations, and many other aspects that must be studied and have to be taken into account to give a thorough awareness for investigating and analyzing the seismic reaction of the neighboring buildings for evading the hazards of earthquakes. Generally, crowding of buildings arises as a result of short distances between any two adjacent buildings besides different building orientations, and sometimes these distances do not surpass a few meters. It is noticed that some of the studies conducted regarding the field of SSI and SSSI are experimental and the majority are theoretical. The employment of the finite element method in dynamic SSI has some restrictions which emerge when it is performed for the purpose of modelling of an infinite field in case of not doing anything to avoid artificial reflections at the mesh border; the outcomes will contain errors in them. Several artificial limitations have been introduced to control reflections [1,2].

In this section, we will exhibit the experimental and theoretical studies executed on situations of neighboring structures which took into account some of the aspects mentioned above. According to the experimental studies, for investigating the dynamic reaction of a single steel structure model with another one close to it, Hosseinzadeh and Nateghi [3] studied the influences of SSI on them via shaking table tests. To inspect the findings of SSSI on the reaction of steel-aluminum building model, Aldaikh et al. [4] also performed a test consisted of two steps using shaking table. The first step included testing the steel model when it was embraced by one building model and the second step involved testing the same model when it was embraced by two model buildings through undergoing dynamic excitation.

Jabary and Madabhushi [5] conducted geotechnical centrifuge experiments and reiterated closely spaced domestic structures in an environment of urban nature prone to seismic input motions so as to examine dynamic SSSI between two adjacent sway structures. They considered structures with external damping mechanisms by two situations: the first situation was with the damping system and the second situation was without the damping system through tuned mass damper formations. Kirkwood and Dashti [6] identified how the building separation and ground motion properties impact the neighboring structures’ response; these structures were based on a layered, liquefiable soil profile. Barrios et al. [7] implemented impulse loads and simulated ground motions to investigate the dynamic counterresponse of adjacent single degree of freedom models via a laminar box filled with sand. Their examinations contained models of various fundamental frequencies and slenderness.

For the purpose of examining the effect of SSSI on the responses of structures, Ngo et al. [8] executed a series of dynamic geotechnical centrifuge tests on aluminum structure models. He and Jiang [9] executed a substructure shake table test based on the branch mode method so as to assess the mechanism and techniques of equipment–adjacent structure–soil interaction (EASSI) under a seismic excitation. They presented three substructures of the EASSI system which included the equipment–single structure, the foundation soil, and the neighboring structure. While implementing the investigation examinations, they also took into account equipment’s mass ratio, frequency ratio, and relative location of the main structure.

In relation to the theoretical studies, Behnamfar and Sugimura [10] examined the dynamic reaction of a real-world building adjacent to another twin structure which were subjected to earthquake time histories. One of these buildings related to Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, was the structure under investigation. They arranged the structures to detect the acceleration of the earthquake. The documented data were used to validate the analytical concept. They also utilized the recorded free-field motion as input to estimate the acceleration spectrum of the base and roof levels. The twin neighboring buildings were modeled through a two-dimensional boundary element method.

Yahyai et al. [11] inspected the impact of SSI on the seismic action of two neighboring 32-storey buildings with time period, base shear, and displacements. The study examined the influences of various distances between these buildings besides several soil types which were soft clay, sand, and compacted sand. ANSYS 5.4 program was used to model the buildings via a 2D frame. The built model consisted of soil, foundation, and structures. To investigate the behavior of similar buildings by seismic stimulations, Naserkhaki and Pourmohammad [12] implemented a numerical study of the influence of SSI and SSSI. For this purpose, they demonstrated the buildings as shear structures. Moreover, they simulated the soil through a discrete model of a viscoelastic half-space susceptible to seismic acceleration. In addition, they generated building motion equations via analytical methods with the cases of fixed base (FB), SSI, and SSSI and the solution was done numerically.

Farghaly [13] constructed two adjacent three-dimensional structures of varied heights, these structures were built on several types of soil and connected through viscous dampers. Then, he evaluated them with a special layout in plane to examine their structural responses. To execute this study, he applied three diverse soil types and he also used a three-dimensional Winkler model to introduce them so as to give a compelling representation of the adjacent buildings’ behavior. SAP2000n program was utilized to introduce the system. Wang [14] conducted a numerical examination on the dynamic through-soil interaction between an underground station and joining pile-supported surface structure on viscous-elastic soil layer subjected to vertically incident S (shear) wave for the sake of checking the dynamic behavior and the collaborating effect on seismic response of the contiguous surface structure and underground structure. ANSYS software was used to execute this investigation in the frequency domain.

Bybordiani and Arici [15] concentrated on the interactions between adjoining structures in a two-dimensional ambience. To accomplish this aim, they create building clusters on the viscoelastic half-space by properly building complete finite element building models of 5, 15, and 30 storeys. The interaction between the structure and the soil was also taken into consideration in this study.

Ada and Ayvaz [16] inspected the consequences of the SSSI on the performance of flanking frame structures. For this goal, they considered the effect of the subsurface soil on the exertion of the structures with 3, 6, and 12 storeys and compared it with the FB situations. After that, they investigated the acceleration and basement storey drift ratios of the structures to identify the significance of the closeness of the varied contiguous structures. They took into consideration some parameters such as the orientation of the structures, the clear distance between the structures, seismic motion, the stiffness of soil, and the number of storeys in the building. To evaluate the soil with structures tending to seismic stimulus, they performed the direct approach of the finite element technique.

To investigate the dynamic SSSI, Gan et al. [17] numerically studied three nearby structures with foundations of pile-raft type placed in an east–west orientation in a viscoelastic half-space subjected to seismic motivation. The orientation of the building configuration was parallel to the path of the earthquake stimulus. They used the approach of the Davidenkov model of the skeleton curve of the soil to represent the soil act. Moreover, the viscous-spring artificial boundary was also utilized. They took into account structure kinds, structure heights, the clear spacing between structures, and the first natural periods of structures.

Regarding the related works aforementioned and referring to the study of Abdulaziz et al. [18], it can be seen that there is a shortage of examination of some important parts including the inspection of seismic effects of distance variability with respect to different orientations of the structures. Thus, the aim of this article is to study these aspects using two novel structural models capable of predicting the SSSI behavior of neighboring buildings specifically in cases of clustering buildings prone to earthquakes. The most significant matter of this investigation is to check the compatibility range between our results and the prior studies performed in this field so as to give a comprehensive awareness of vital information in the domain of SSI and SSSI that may be useful for the next researchers and the specialists in earthquake engineering to determine the negative and positive sides of these aspects that must be considered in the future for design and analysis purposes necessary for preventing expected seismic threats.

2 Experimental work

2.1 Preparation of model

This study includes designing and constructing structure frame models made from carbon steel using a similitude factor of 1/46. This factor was selected in accordance with the dimensions of the soil container and shaking table. These models involve two similar three-storey frame structures as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The details of the frame structure are indicated in Table 1. All the structural models were merged mechanically through carbon steel with a mass density of 7581.76 kg/m3 and a modulus of elasticity of 185,833 MPa.

Figure 1 Typical scheme of three-storey building frame.
Figure 1

Typical scheme of three-storey building frame.

Figure 2 Fabricated steel building frames used in the study: (a) examined three-storey building and (b) three-storey building.
Figure 2

Fabricated steel building frames used in the study: (a) examined three-storey building and (b) three-storey building.

Table 1

Details of the study models

Member Cross-section type Dimensions
Foundation Plate section 6 mm thickness
Beam Box section 12.7 mm × 12.7 mm, 0.8 mm thickness
Column Pipe section 10 mm diameter, 1 mm thickness
Slab Plate section 1 mm thickness

2.2 Soil and boundary condition preparation

To achieve the concept of SSSI, actual soil has to be utilized in the study. Therefore, we used soil of dry sand type taken from the Al-Ukhaidir desert in Karbala city that lies in the west of Iraq as shown in Figure 3. The properties of the soil are 1731.2 kg/m3, 36°, and 0 for dry mass density, angle of friction, and cohesion, respectively. Regarding the boundary conditions, a soil container of dimensions 0.9 × 0.9 × 0.6 m3 was made via aluminum sections of dimensions 40 × 80 mm2 with a thickness of 3 mm. The majority of preceding research linked to seismic experiments contained application of usual metal containers stuffed with rubber or any material of elastic nature to prevent reflected waves through the dynamic examination. According to our investigation, we employed steel sliders of dimensions 12 × 16 mm2 between the aluminum sections to evade the reflecting wave issue and also to represent the actual behavior of soil through allowing it to move freely in the path of the dynamic stimulation.

Figure 3 Test soil.
Figure 3

Test soil.

2.3 Testing process

To execute the seismic investigation, a shaking table system was fabricated and merged for this aim as illustrated in Figure 4. This system is constituted of a shaking table of dimensions 1 × 1 m2 and an electric actuator that is able to activate the shaking table using an electric servo valve and a controller. This system is functioned through special software programmed in the input computer and it also can be fed with data from recorded time history of previous earthquakes by an electrical signal sender linked to the input computer as illustrated in Figure 5. It is worth mentioning that the shaking table system needs a three-phase electricity to be able to trigger the actuator. Different types of sensors were used in this investigation to observe the structure responses. These sensors included soil pressure sensors, linear variable differential transformer, rotation sensors, and accelerometers as shown in Figure 6. The data acquired from these sensors were gathered using a data acquisition collector connected to a data receiver inside a desktop computer. Then, these data were exhibited on a monitor as shown in Figure 7. According to the dynamic stimulus used in this research, we used a local time history data of a prior earthquake with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of about 0.1 g, which happened in Ali Al-Gharbi town in Maysan city which lies in the south of Iraq in 2016 as stated in Figure 8. The procedure was implemented for two cases: a three-storey building with a similar adjacent building in an orientation parallel to direction of the earthquake and the same buildings were used in an orientation perpendicular to direction of the earthquake as exhibited in Figure 9. Each case of the procedure was performed in three distances; d/a = 1, d/a = 2, and d/a = 3. where d is the clear distance between foundations, and a is half of the foundation width. The sensors were attached to one of the symmetrical buildings to study the effects of the other model on it.

Figure 4 Merging and installing procedure of the shaking table.
Figure 4

Merging and installing procedure of the shaking table.

Figure 5 Ambience of the shaking table tests.
Figure 5

Ambience of the shaking table tests.

Figure 6 Different types of sensors employed for structure responses.
Figure 6

Different types of sensors employed for structure responses.

Figure 7 Data acquisition system.
Figure 7

Data acquisition system.

Figure 8 Time history of Ali Al-Gharbi earthquake.
Figure 8

Time history of Ali Al-Gharbi earthquake.

Figure 9 Test process. (a) Three-storey vs three-storey building in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction. (b) Three-storey vs three-storey building in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.
Figure 9

Test process. (a) Three-storey vs three-storey building in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction. (b) Three-storey vs three-storey building in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.

3 Test results

To ensure precise and logical outcomes and due to the soil type, the soil container was evacuated and reloaded again after each test for the sake of maintaining soil density from altering as a consequence of the seismic excitation. Figures 10–17 illustrate the results of the dynamic behavior of the three-storey building model.

Figure 10 Comparison of building top acceleration response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.
Figure 10

Comparison of building top acceleration response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.

Figure 11 Comparison of building top displacement response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.
Figure 11

Comparison of building top displacement response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.

Figure 12 Comparison of foundation rotation (rocking motion) response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.
Figure 12

Comparison of foundation rotation (rocking motion) response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.

Figure 13 Comparison of soil pressure response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.
Figure 13

Comparison of soil pressure response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation parallel to the earthquake direction.

Figure 14 Comparison of building top acceleration response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.
Figure 14

Comparison of building top acceleration response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.

Figure 15 Comparison of building top displacement response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.
Figure 15

Comparison of building top displacement response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.

Figure 16 Comparison of foundation rotation (rocking motion) response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.
Figure 16

Comparison of foundation rotation (rocking motion) response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.

Figure 17 Comparison of soil pressure response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.
Figure 17

Comparison of soil pressure response of a three-storey building against a similar adjacent building with different distances in an orientation perpendicular to the earthquake direction.

In reference to Figures 10 and 14, it can be seen that the acceleration behavior of the three-storey building due to the presence of the similar adjacent building with all the distances is different for one orientation compared to the other one. According to the orientation that is parallel to the earthquake direction, it is noticed that the maximum PGA was recorded for the intermediate distance (d/a = 2) with a value of 0.184 g. On the other hand, the results indicated that PGA had its maximum value of 0.25 g at the farthest distance (d/a = 3) with respect to the orientation that is perpendicular to the earthquake direction. Generally, the response mode of the wave for all situations is relatively low and stable during the first 20 s. Then, the PGA for all cases occurred approximately at the time range of 20–22 s. After that, the wave trend became steady in the range between 0.1 and −0.1 g. Eventually, it is shown that all the wave responses are decreased when passing second 60 to become in the range of 0.05 and −0.05 g until the completion of the earthquake wave.

According to Figures 11 and 15, the displacement behavior of the building had a similar proclivity for both orientations as in the acceleration behavior mentioned above. The topmost displacement was 3.88 cm for the case of parallel orientation at d/a = 2, while the highest value of displacement for the case of perpendicular orientation was 4.22 cm at d/a = 3. It is worth noting that the displacement response mode for all distances tends to be ascending specifically around second 57 according to the parallel orientation. On the contrary, the trend of the perpendicular orientation appears to be steady along the earthquake wave duration.

Referring to Figures 12 and 16 and as indicated earlier for the behavior of acceleration and displacement, the situation here is almost the same whereas the maximum values of foundation rotation (rocking motion) for the parallel and perpendicular were 0.78° at d/a = 2 and 0.85° at d/a = 3, respectively. However, it is noticed that there is a likeness between the responses of the parallel and perpendicular orientations for all the distances except for the time at which the peak rotations occurred. The peak rotation of the parallel orientation took place in second 59 while the other peak rotation happened in second 19.

Regarding Figures 13 and 17, the behavior of the soil pressure curves showed a distinct tendency since the peak soil pressure for the perpendicular orientation was 6.92 kPa at d/a = 1 rather than d/a = 3 like the previous responses, while the other maximum response of the parallel orientation was 8.57 kPa at d/a = 2. The responses of all the cases are almost equal until second 20, and then, the highest responses for all situations happened nearly at second 22. Finally, most of the response curves lowered gradually after second 22 till they became in a steady state condition until the finish of the wave.

4 Conclusions

It is obvious that the effect of buildings orientation in addition to the distance between them has a major influence on the dynamic responses of the buildings. So, the SSSI can be realized whenever there is a change in the buildings' orientation or the related distance between them. Based on the acceleration response comparison, test results illustrated that when the distance between adjacent buildings became farther, the acceleration response was amplified in both orientations. But the maximum PGA recorded was 0.25 g for the case when the orientation was perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake wave at d/a = 3. while the maximum PGA was 0.184 g for the case when the orientation was parallel to the direction of the earthquake wave at d/a = 2.

According to the building displacement response, the situation is similar to the preceding item. The ultimate response for the horizontal movement of the building was 4.22 cm for the case when the orientation was perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake wave at d/a = 3 while the other orientation resulted in a maximum displacement of 3.88 cm at d/a = 2.

Referring to the foundation rotation response comparison, results also showed an identical pattern of the former sections which confirmed that the highest response results from the orientation that is perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake wave at d/a = 3 with a value of 0.85° while the maximum foundation rotation for the case of parallel orientation was 0.78° at d/a = 2.

Regarding the soil pressure behavior, results indicated that there is a different proclivity in this response as compared to the other ones. The ultimate soil pressure value was 8.57 kPa which came from the case when the orientation was parallel to the direction of the earthquake wave at d/a = 2 while the other orientation offered a maximum soil pressure of 6.92 kPa at d/a = 1 (the shortest distance between the buildings).

From the results and conclusion presented above which are based on the agreement with previous studies, it is shown that the orientation and distance factors have a major influence on the dynamic response of the structure especially when the orientation of the buildings is perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake wave, because it offered the maximum response for almost all the responses except for the case of soil pressure response, this outcome is consistent with the one of Gueguen et al. [19] which stated that according to seismic dangers, the most important thing that must be understood is that the areas of large number of buildings can experience adjustments by people such as changing building orientation that can be resulted from altering the design by constructing or demolishing buildings, which may lead to increase or decrease the risk of earthquakes. This gave an indication that the presence of a building next to another one in a line parallel to the direction of the earthquake wave led to mitigate the effects of the earthquake waves transmitted by the soil from one building to the other, this result is compatible with the study result of Knappett et al. [20] which indicated that the structures surrounded by other adjacent structures become highly secured against earthquake risks. According to the distance between structures, it appeared that whenever the distance gets longer (d/a = 1, d/a = 2, and d/a = 3) the effects of the earthquake wave get larger (up to d/a = 2 then the response became reduced whenever the distance got beyond this limit for the case of parallel orientation), this finding is congruent with the results of Yahyai et al. [11] which indicated that the impact of SSSI resulted in ultimate lateral displacement in d/a = 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0. Most of responses recorded in this study were of minimum values at d/a = 1 (the shortest distance between structures), so this finding is concordant with the one of Naserkhaki and Pourmohammad [12], which stated that the SSI influences were noticed to be more severe than SSSI impacts especially when the distance between the buildings was very short. It is also compatible with the conclusion of Wang [14] which illustrated that the interaction between adjacent buildings diminishes if the distance is huge sufficiently. This fact is consistent with the result of Ada and Ayvaz [16] which stated that the responses had a general tendency to be decreased for the close distances. The outcome of Gan et al. [17] also confirmed that the impacts of SSSI were minimized quickly when the clear distance between neighboring structures became large, and on the other hand, the effects of SSSI were substantial as the clear distance between them was fewer than 9 m. This issue can be explained that the longer distance permits the wave to be amplified during the earthquake activity and lead the dynamic responses of the structure to be greater. To summarize, and as shown in the results, we believe that they will be of a valuable contribution to the field of earthquake engineering with cases of SSI and SSSI for the present time at which the world experiences massive seismic activities throughout many parts of the world especially those lying in critical seismic regions and needs all the possible efforts in this field particularly to prevent or minimize the expected damages. Furthermore, these findings reveal the critical influences resulted from varying neighboring buildings’ orientation in addition to the distance between them which were not investigated earlier by previous studies and they also offer unique collective data of different seismic and structural responses including acceleration, horizontal displacement, foundation rotation, and soil pressure beneath the foundation, which can be useful for structural and geotechnical engineers who are interested in design of earthquakes resisting structures, effects of seismic activity on soil behavior, improving seismic design codes, rehabilitation of existing buildings against earthquakes, and so on as suggested future works. Moreover, the presence of soil medium with its various types has to be taken into consideration too in dynamic design and analysis.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-10-21
Revised: 2023-12-08
Accepted: 2023-12-23
Published Online: 2024-03-02

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
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  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
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  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
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  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
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  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
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  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
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  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
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  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
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  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
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  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
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  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
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  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0582
Keywords for this article
soil–structure interaction; structure–soil–structure interaction; seismic analysis; adjacent structures
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
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  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
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  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
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  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
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  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
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  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
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  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
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  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
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  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
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  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
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  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
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  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
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  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
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  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
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  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
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  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
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  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
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