Home Technology Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
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Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study

  • Rasha Hassan Al-Rubaee EMAIL logo and Irfan Talib Hameed
Published/Copyright: February 13, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Significant social, economic, and environmental costs are associated with traffic congestion. The effectiveness of intersections makes a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of entire road networks. The three-leg at-grade Al-Husainea intersection, located 20 km from the center of holy Karbala city in Iraq, is subjected to serious congestion, resulting in an increase in delay time, reduction in capacity, and bad level of service (LOS). Therefore, it is essential to use advanced software tools to ensure that the current intersection can be controlled, evaluated, and improved. So, the major goal of this study is to use SIDRA, an acronym for signalized and unsignalized intersection design and research aid, software to evaluate the LOS of the Al-Husainea intersection, in which the traffic is assessed using the current LOS. LOS, delay time, and degree of saturation were the criteria utilized to evaluate the traffic flow performance. SIDRA is also used to assess benefits as a result of suggested changes in the design of particular junctions. The first stage is to gather field data regarding traffic volumes utilizing a method of traffic volume gathering. From 7 am to 6 pm, the SIDRA program gathered data for a full 7 days. The results showed that the LOS for the Al-Husainea intersection in the Al-Husainea arm is F, with an average delay of 52 s per vehicle and a saturation level of 0.86 v/c. Finally, it was determined that the Al-Husainea intersection needs additional improvements based on the study and findings from the SIDRA program, and some remedies are suggested in this study to improve the intersection traffic flow.

Keywords: SIDRA intersection; unsignalized intersection; traffic congestion; level of service; delay time; traffic volume

1 Introduction

In Iraq, roads make up a substantial portion of the transportation network and are crucial to economic development. The enormous growth in Iraq’s population has raised the demand for goods and services across the board [1]. The rapid and unplanned increase in the number of vehicles in Iraq cities had caused many problems, including traffic congestion, a high rate of delay, and a poor level of service (LOS), because the current road network was designed in a period when the population was less, which in turn is linked to a limited number of vehicles where the road network can accommodate these vehicles. The carrying capacity of the roads in the cities has become disproportionate to this increase in the number of vehicles, which has negatively affected the traffic flow [2].

According to their level of complexity, intersections can be divided into two categories: simple intersections, where two roads intersect at a right angle, and complex intersections, which accommodate three or more crossing roads in the same space [3]. The comfort of drivers and passengers on any street or highway on road networks is impacted by the operational conditions of intersections [4,5].

Congestion has resulted from the number of vehicles’ impact on traffic efficiency. However, in addition to bottlenecks, intersections are one of the main sources of traffic congestion [6]. Congestion due to high volumes of traffic is a major problem in urban areas. Congestion increases the travel time delay and has a significant economic and environmental impact [7].

Over the last decade, the number of vehicles has affected traffic performance, causing congestion. However, intersections, where different flows intersect, are among the primary causes of traffic congestion besides bottlenecks [6].

For the intersections to be improved, maintaining a sufficient degree of traffic operation and safety is of utmost importance. Additionally, if the LOS decreases, there will be more traffic jams, accidents, fuel usage, emitted pollutants, and noise. According to the World Health Organization, bad traffic and congestion reduce people’s quality of life, use energy inefficiently, and contribute to global warming [8,9,10].

The operation and effectiveness of the transportation network may be impacted by a poorly performing unsignalized intersection. Due to the priority of traffic on the main road, unsignalized crossroads represent possible hazards that are not present in signalized crossings [11]. The effectiveness of traffic intersections is governed by the volume of traffic there overall. To increase the capacity of crossings, particularly in metropolitan areas, traffic engineers must therefore pay close attention to the research of crossing [12,13].

Therefore, improving these crossings’ performance has a significant impact on how well highways operate as a whole. As a result, one of the most efficient strategies to shorten delays at crossings is to increase traffic flow. Hasan and Hussein [14] and Al-Marafi et al. [15] also found that poor traffic management and parking problems were two of the most typical causes of delays at city intersections.

According to Akçelik [16], a roundabout’s and intersection’s capacity is the primary factor influencing how well they function. For instance, FHWA [17] outlines three essential performance indicators for assessing a roundabout’s performance: the level of delay, queue length, and saturation. As an additional performance indicator, the degree of service is also highlighted [18,16,17].

The average total vehicle delay of all movements through an intersection is known as the intersection LOS [19]. According to previous studies [18,20], it is frequently described as a combination of speed, journey duration, interruptions, comfort, or convenience. According to previous studies [19,21], vehicle delay assesses intangible variables such as lost travel time and drivers’ discomfort and annoyance. As measures of an intersection’s potential capacity and performance, delay and LOS are important contributing factors for moderate traffic congestion [22]. According to Joni and Hikmatt [9], additional performance metrics include the spatial volume of queues, the number of vehicle pauses at meetings, and vehicle delay. Each facility has a defined procedure and a performance metric that may be calculated for assessing capacity and LOS. These performance measures are influenced by the operational circumstances of each facility, including the traffic, roadway, and control circumstances [14]. The LOS for unsignalized junctions is determined by the computed or measured control delay defined for each minor movement [19].

Due to the excessive delay, the intersection may have numerous issues. As a result, impatient drivers may act irrationally and dangerously on the road [23,24].

Poor road network design tactics usually result in delays and lengthen travel times during normal and peak hours, which in turn contribute to traffic congestion at intersections [25]. Due to modern technological advancements, many engineers and designers working in the fields of transportation, urban planning, and traffic systems are now using computer simulation. This allows the designer to test a variety of solutions and operational conditions and look for the best solutions and alternatives [26].

The amount of time it would take a vehicle to pass through an intersection without any barriers is used to calculate the delay of a vehicle there [27]. The LOS is calculated using the average total delay of all vehicle movements through the intersection (LOS) [28].

SIDRA, an acronym for signalized and unsignalized intersection design and research aid, was created by the Australian Road Research Council (ARRB) [25]. According to Al-Omari and Ta’amneh [29], SIDRA is a popular micro-analytical software used in traffic engineering for a lane-by-lane examination of various intersection types with timing, amplitude, performance, and signal analysis for isolated intersections. Delay, optimal cycle duration, saturation level, LOS, performance index, fuel consumption, pollutants, and operational expenses are some of the output outcomes from SIDRA software [30]. SIDRA software is the finest software tool for forecasting field delay durations at crossings, according to [31].

This article aims to evaluate and analyze the existing traffic flow of the most important and congested intersection in holy Karbala city using SIDRA software. In addition, this article attempts to propose potential solutions to the existing problem in the presented intersection.

This study can aid the transportation system designers in estimating the LOS and delay time and anticipating future transport volumes and congestion, which allows them to explore a wide range of solutions and search for the best economic solution and alternative to solve the existing and future congestion problem and enhance the traffic flow along the intersection.

2 Materials and methods

This study is applied to the Al-Husainea intersection, located 20 km from the center of holy Karbala city as illustrated in Figure 1 with coordinate (424604 E 3619783 N) Northeast of the holy city of Karbala. It is a three-leg intersection where Karbala-Baghdad road forms two legs of that intersection, which is a two-way two-lane on each side (7 m for each side) with 10 m median (3 m shoulder with 8% slope outside) and a third leg formed by Al-Husainea branch road which is two-way one lane which intersects with 15°, and the layout of the intersection is illustrated in Figure 2 and its terrain is level.

Figure 1 Location of the studied intersection.
Figure 1

Location of the studied intersection.

Figure 2 The intersection layout.
Figure 2

The intersection layout.

The study is carried out in the following steps:

  1. Identification of the congested study area.

  2. Data collection: Data for the intersection of all movements in each approach and their classification (passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses) were manually gathered. Every 15 min during 12 h, on weekdays and weekends from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm, data were collected.

  3. Data analysis and evaluation: Microsoft Excel was used to analyze the measured traffic data in order to establish the peak hour flow, which was then utilized to assess the performance of the chosen intersection using SIDRA software.

  4. Performance improvement: Exploring different potential suggestions to improve the intersection LOS.

3 Results and discussion

Many kinds of vehicles are broken down into three categories: buses, trucks, and passenger automobiles. It is simpler to identify the types of cars that commonly use the road when they are divided into a few classes, especially during rush hours [32]. Thus, it is possible to examine the kinds of cars that are frequently seen at the Al-Husainea crossroads. The mix of the vehicles at the intersection under study is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Vehicle composition.
Figure 3

Vehicle composition.

For Musayab Arm (Musayab-Karbala) in the selected intersection, it is noted that traffic volumes were 529, 614, and 535 pcu/h on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, which are the highest, as many visitors are coming to the holy shrine on Karbala (AL-Imam AL-Husain and AL-Imam AL-Abbas), so all visitors from the capital and the cities north Holy Kabala used this way (Musayab-Karbala), as presented in Figure 4.

Figure 4 ‎Total traffic volume at Musayab Arm (Musayab-Karbala).
Figure 4

‎Total traffic volume at Musayab Arm (Musayab-Karbala).

While for the opposite direction (Karbala-Musayab), the highest value of traffic volumes was 758 pcu/h on Sunday, which is the first day of working days, and most of the students go to their universities in Baghdad, and the people who have businesses in offices and ministries prefer to go at the beginning of the week (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Total traffic volume at Musayab Arm (Karbala-Musayab).
Figure 5

Total traffic volume at Musayab Arm (Karbala-Musayab).

Similarly, for Karbala Arm (Karbala-Musayab), the highest value traffic volumes were on Sunday, the first day of working days. Most students go to their universities in Baghdad, and the people who work in offices and ministries and others prefer to go at the beginning of the week. However, for the opposite direction (Musayab-Karbala), it was noted that the traffic volumes were 485, 490, and 478 pcu/h on Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, which are the highest, as many visitors are coming to the holy shrine in Karbala (AL-Imam AL-Husain and AL-Imam AL-Abbas), so all visitors from the capital and the cities north Holy Kabala used this way, as illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.

Figure 6 Total traffic volume at Karbala Arm (Karbala-Musayab).
Figure 6

Total traffic volume at Karbala Arm (Karbala-Musayab).

Figure 7 Total traffic volume at Karbala Arm (Musayab-Karbala).
Figure 7

Total traffic volume at Karbala Arm (Musayab-Karbala).

Figure 8 shows that the highest values of traffic volumes for Husainea Arm (Musayab-Husainea) were 173, 203, and 163 pcu/h on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Sometimes when there is high traffic on the main road on the mentioned days or because of the checkpoints, some drivers prefer to use the AL-Husainea branch to reach holy Karbala city.

Figure 8 Total traffic volume at Husainea Arm (Musayab-Husainea).
Figure 8

Total traffic volume at Husainea Arm (Musayab-Husainea).

As mentioned earlier, the SIDRA intersection program was used to analyze the data which were collected at the site, which needs the dimension for each lane, the number of lanes in each approach, and the median width if it exists, then the volume for all movements, as illustrated in Figure 9.

Figure 9 The intersection volume.
Figure 9

The intersection volume.

The corresponding LOS can be obtained after assigning the traffic volumes for each arm in the intersection, as illustrated in Figure 10. The results for the LOS were as follows: all movements in Karbala–Baghdad way were with LOS A; all movements at Husainea road were of LOS F; and the movement at Baghdad–Karbala way was with LOS A and LOS B as illustrated in Figure 11. Figures 12 and 13 present the average delay and the degree of saturation.

Figure 10 LOS of Al-Husainea intersection.
Figure 10

LOS of Al-Husainea intersection.

Figure 11 The average delay in the intersection.
Figure 11

The average delay in the intersection.

Figure 12 Degree of saturation for Al-Husainea intersection.
Figure 12

Degree of saturation for Al-Husainea intersection.

Figure 13 Changing the geometric design in the Karbala arm.
Figure 13

Changing the geometric design in the Karbala arm.

Based on the obtained results, the LOS for the Musayab-Karbala and Karbala-Musayab arms is excellent, which are LOS A and LOS B. In contrast, for Husainea’s component, the LOS is very poor LOS F, which causes inconvenience and discomfort to road users. In addition, the degree of saturation for Husainea’s arm is exceptionally high, resulting in a high density of vehicles and high congestion. Additionally, the average delay in this arm is 53.1 s, which means that the car will be in line for a longer period of time.

With the aid of SIDRA software, a number of recommendations for enhancing the LOS for the Husainea arm were tested. They can be summed up as follows:

  1. Changing the geometric layout of the Karbala–Musayab road as illustrated in Figure 13 showed no change in LOS F in the AL-Husainea approach road so it cannot be used as it is not useful.

  2. Signals (cycle time) are re-coordinated based on the volume of traffic. This leads to an LOS E, which cannot be very efficient according to the current traffic conditions.

  3. Increasing the capacity of the Al-Husainea approach road by adding new lanes and then using SIDRA to find the new LOS A and E, which can be accepted as presented in Figure 14. This improvement is more economical than the others and gives a good result, which can be used to make all approaches have a satisfied LOS.

  4. It is possible that an overpass can be used on the AL-Husainea branch road to avoid conflict with other traffic, which can result in an excellent LOS, but what is taken on this option is that it is too expensive compared with different options.

Figure 14 Increasing the capacity of AL-Husainea approach road.
Figure 14

Increasing the capacity of AL-Husainea approach road.

4 Conclusions

This study has been conducted at the AL-Husainea intersection in Karbala, Iraq, for analysis, evaluation, and improvement, and SIDRA software has a valuable practical application for the studied intersection. After adopting the SIDRA software, it was concluded that currently the LOS in the AL-Husainea approach road is F, which is a really bad LOS due to high delay, while the other LOS is between A and B.

In Musayab-Karbala road, the traffic volumes are highest on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, while for Karbala–Musayab road, the results revealed that the highest traffic volume is at the beginning of the week (Sunday). On the other hand, the Al-Husainea approach road has a high volume of traffic on visit days of the week (Thursday, Friday, and Saturday). It works in times of high congestion as an assistant to the Musayab-Karbala road for visitors to the holy city of Karbala. The road, which only has two lanes – one in each direction – has a low capacity, which is the cause of the congestion.

In order to solve the congestion and the bad LOS problem, four suggestions have been presented in this study to improve the LOS for the Husainea arm, among which, the one with increased capacity and the one with the overpass are the best.

The obtained findings can help local authorities monitor the performance of the current intersection so intervention can be done to control the congestion.

Nevertheless, further work should be done to study the intersection traffic flow after the suggested improvement. It is suggested to analyze and evaluate the other intersections in Karbala City using the same approach in order to build a database regarding the existing LOS in the city. Other software tools, such as VISSIM and SYNCHRO, may be applied to the current intersection for the results comparison.

  1. Funding information: Also, I declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-29
Revised: 2023-09-15
Accepted: 2023-09-19
Published Online: 2024-02-13

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0537
Keywords for this article
SIDRA intersection; unsignalized intersection; traffic congestion; level of service; delay time; traffic volume
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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