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Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns

  • Majid Faissal Jassim , Jasim M. Al-Battat and Jawad K. Mures EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: March 12, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

This research presents the effect of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) on a strength of concrete containing rice husk. Two shapes of columns (circular and square) were used to compare these two types in terms of resistance axial loading. Twelve concrete columns were casting; six are square and others are circular cross-section. All columns of each shape were divided into three groups, and each group consisted of two columns: the first group without CFRP, the second group covered with one layer of CFRP, and the last group covered with two layers of CFRP. The dimensions of the square columns were 300 mm × 300 mm and the height was 900 mm, with reinforced 4–6 mm steel bars. The circular columns were 300 mm in diameter with same height 900 mm and reinforced with 6–6 mm steel bars. Burnt rice husks are added at a rate of 10% of the amount of cement that should be added to the concrete mix. The test results showed the circular columns were the strongest and most resistant to axial loading than square columns. Also, the CFRP wrapping is very effective in strengthening circular concrete columns but significantly less effective in strengthening square concrete columns because the latter have sharp corners and flat sides.

Keywords: concrete columns; reinforced concrete columns; CFRP warping; husk rice concrete; concrete compressive strength

1 Introduction

Through the continuous development of the world, which changed the human history course, one of these developments that formed the modern area of human civilization is the infrastructure, as it is still considered the main element of the progress in any country. One of the materials widely used in construction is cement. Despite the cement advantages, there are harmful effects of its use, including that it is responsible for 7% of CO2 emissions worldwide [1]. It produces the carbon dioxide while reacting, when water is added to it, high temperatures are required during the production of cement [2]. Which, means serious problems of global warming and environmental degradation. If not controlled in time, this problem will push the earth to the extinction brink. For these reasons, cement must be changed to another material that has a smaller carbon footprint and lower heat emission as well as having better or the same properties than it. Also, cement residues emit less carbon dioxide and heat at lower rates [3]. If they are not disposed of or used properly, these materials can become sources of numerous sorts of the pollution. RHA is one of the SCMs made from rice crop agricultural waste. Rice grains are protected by rice husks, which are burned in rice mills to boil the paddy. After using rice husks as fuel, RHA is obtained. It has a silica content of more than 90% and works well as an SCM to create concrete [4]. It was discovered that early compressive strength of concrete containing RHA increased significantly. However, the compressive strength was reduced when the RHA concentration was increased by more than 15%. This is explained by the extra silica that is present in RHA but is not reacted. RHA was added to concrete by Chao-Lung et al. [5], who came to the conclusion that the RHA-containing concrete had 1.2–1.5 times the strength of the normal control mix. Concrete containing RHA was evaluated for resistance to sulfate attack by Chindaprasirt et al. [6], who found that it was quite successful in resisting it. Concrete containing RHA has a thick microstructure, according to Thomas [7] in a review paper, As a result, it can be used to minimize concrete’s water absorption by up to 30%. In a study by Rattanachu et al. [8], grounded RHA was combined with steel reinforcements. Due to RHA’s fine structure, it was found that using it in the presence of steel prevented steel from corroding. Consequently, several studies have been done on the effects of RHA on the environment.

Many different structures around the world have been developed in the past using outdated codes. Because of this, these buildings are now more susceptible to damage. Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), which costs less and offers one of the best economical options to strengthen the strength of deficient buildings, helps to lessen the damage caused by these weak structures. To improve the ductility and compressive strength of concrete column, FRP jacketing and wrapping have gained popularity [9]. Due to its advantages of being lightweight, very strong, long-lasting, and corrosion-resistant, FRP is frequently utilized in the civil engineering. Reinforced concrete (RC) components, such as concrete columns, beams, and beam-column connections, are frequently strengthened using FRP materials [10,11,12]. There are many previous studies that dealt with this topic where numerous experiments and numerical simulations [13] have been conducted to study how FRP-wrapped components fail. Researchers have studied FRP-wrapped concrete rectangular and circular columns extensively on the basis of those test studies, and numerous stress–strain curves and strength models have been put forth [14,15]. The grade of the concrete, the kind of FRP, the number of wrapping layers, and the cross-sectional shape are the primary determining factors. The aforementioned investigations have demonstrated that concrete columns’ compressive strength and ductility might be significantly increased in addition to their ability to effectively restrict lateral deformation. Most investigations focused primarily on the axial compression performance of small-sized components. There are four types of FRP, such as glass (GFRP), carbon (carbon fiber reinforced polymer [CFRP]), basalt (BFRP), aramid (AFRP), and poly-ethylene terephthalate (PETFRP), in this study used CFRP.

Due to its high strength-to-weight ratio, fatigue resistance, and strong corrosion resistance, CFRP material has been widely used to improve the ductility and bearing capacity of concrete [16,17,18,19]. However, because it typically fails via abrupt rupture, CFRP is a fragile material. In addition, the CFRP building process is labor- and time-intensive for new concrete structures because the concrete’s surface must first be cleaned before CFRP can be wrapped there. The sturdy protective covering that protects the rice grain is known as rice husk (or rice hull). Rice hulls can be used as fuel, insulation, fertilizer, building material, and a cover for the rice during the growing season.

Rice husk ash is produced by burning rice hulls (acronym RHA). Amorphous reactive silica, which has numerous uses in materials science, could be found in this ash. Portland cement is produced using the majority of the ash. When entirely burned, the ash can have a Blaine number as high as (3,600), which indicates that it is finer than cement (which has a Blaine number between 2,800 and 3,000). Sand, which is combined with cement for concreting and plastering, mostly consists of silica. This fine silica will produce a concrete that is incredibly dense. Ash is an excellent thermal insulator as well. Because of its fineness, ash is also very good choice for sealing small fractures in civil constructions because it can travel further into the crack than the typical cement-sand mixture can.

2 Test specimens

Twelve concrete columns were casting; six are square and others are circular cross-section. All columns of each shape were divided into three groups, each group consists of two columns: the first group without CFRP, the second group covered with one layer of CFRP, and the last group covered with two layers of CFRP. The dimensions of the square columns were 300 mm × 300 mm and the height was 900 mm. Reinforced with 4–6 mm steel bars, while the columns with a circular shape were 300 mm in diameter with same height 900 mm and reinforced with 6–6 mm steel bars.

All samples were created from the same concrete batch to reduce the dispersion of results. Ordinary Portland cement was used, which was mixed with the residue of burnt rice husk at a rate of 10% of the amount of cement that should be added to the concrete mix. Each sample’s material characteristics were quite similar. Along with other columns, concrete cube specimens were created at the same time. All samples were kept in the lab without any intervention for 28 days at the designated humidity level. The average concrete compressive strength was 42.29 MPa.

As mentioned all samples were divided into three groups, the first, the second, and the third groups were tested on the 29, 31, and 33 days from the date of casting, respectively. All concrete columns were subjected to repeat axial loading by electro-hydraulic servo load testing system as shown in Figure 1. The load was applied gradually on each column end until the column failed and destroyed. The process is repeated on all columns. The results were compared with each other and the maximum load that can be tolerated by each column to find out the best shape of the tested columns. Table 1 shows the columns classification to facilitate the test and analysis process.

Figure 1 Shape of the shaft inside the testing machine.
Figure 1

Shape of the shaft inside the testing machine.

Table 1

Column classification

Shape of column CFRP layer Abbreviation
Square column Without CFRP S
With one layer of CFRP SC1
With two layers of CFRP SC2
Circle column Without CFRP C
With one layer of CFRP CC1
With two layers of CFRP CC2

CFRP: carbon fiber-reinforced polymer.

The specification of CFRP and steel reinforcement bars used in this study are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.

Table 2

Mechanical parameters of CFRP

Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Single layer thickness (mm) Elasticity modulus (GPa) Ultimate rupture strain (%)
3461 0.167 241 1.61
Table 3

Mechanical parameters of steel bars

Grade of steel diameter (mm) Ultimate strength (MPa) Yield strength (MPa)
6 529 390

3 Results and discussion

All the testing data are presented as shown in Table 4 and Figures 2–4.

Table 4

Test results

Column Pu (kN) Peak Δp (mm) σNu (MPa) Peak εp (με) Failure position
S 645.94 — 10.77 — Middle
S 643.98 — 10.73 — Middle
SC1 1,550 1.4 25.83 1,560 Middle
SC1 1,580 1.45 26.33 1,611 Middle
SC2 3,167.54 3.90 52.79 4,333 Middle
SC2 3,170.1 3.91 52.84 4,344 Middle
C 864.32 9.18 — Middle
C 865.40 9.19 — Middle
CC1 2,050 1.19 21.76 1,322 Middle
CC1 2,054 1.19 21.80 1,322 Middle
CC2 4,135 3.78 43.89 4,200 Middle
CC2 4,132 3.78 43.86 4,200 Middle

Note: The nominal stress at peak load (the nominal compressive strength) is defined as σNu = Pu/D2, and the nominal compressive strain is defined as ε = Δ/L.

Figure 2 Column-Max load diagram.
Figure 2

Column-Max load diagram.

Figure 3 Load–deflection curve for square columns.
Figure 3

Load–deflection curve for square columns.

Figure 4 Load–deflection curve for circle columns.
Figure 4

Load–deflection curve for circle columns.

It is noticed from the results that the circular columns that are not surrounded by CFRP, have a higher resistance to axial loads than the square columns.

From Table 4, and Figure 2, the resistance to the loads begins to increase when the columns are surrounded by CFRP. In the case of a circular column surrounded by one layer, the axial load resistance increases by 14% over the circular column without CFRP, but when two layers of CFRP are added, the resistance increases by 39.1% than the column without CFRP. On the other side, in a square column, if one layer of CFRP is added, the axial load resistance increases by 11.9%, but when two layers are added, the resistance increases by 37%. From the above results can conclude that the circular columns with or without using CFRP give better resistance to axial load than square columns, in spite of they have the same proprieties.

Figure 3 shows the load–deflection comparison of the square columns surrounded by CFRP with a control square column where the columns surrounded with CFRP give less axial deflection due to the prevention of lateral deflection.

From Figure 4, it is noted that the axial load resistance increased with the increase in the number of layers of CFRP compared to the uncoated columns; on the other side, the axial displacement decreased with one of the CFRP layers increased. The results were compared with the authors Khan et al. and Chao et al. where the obtained results show higher axial load resistance due to the authors using husk rice but not using CFRP to strengthen the columns.

4 Conclusions

When mixing the ashes of burnt rice husks and adding them to the cement, it contributes to reducing the percentage of cement that must be added to the concrete mixture thus reducing the cost.

  1. The addition of rice husks to the concrete mix improves its physical properties by increasing the compressive strength.

  2. From the environmental point of view, the use of rice husk waste contributes to reducing pollution and improving the climate.

  3. The axial compressive failure modes of CFRP-wrapped reinforced concrete column with various structural shapes are comparable in the tests. The examined columns’ nominal compressive strength clearly varies by shape.

  4. External reinforcement for bi-directional RC columns exhibited normal compressive strength with CFRP sheets installed showing a high increase in maximum loads and column capacity. It was about 14.5% for a single layer of CFRP and 39% for two layers of CFRP compared to the circle-shaped control column.

  5. External reinforcement for bi-directional RC columns exhibited normal compressive strength with CFRP sheets installed showing a high increase in maximum loads and column capacity. It was about 11.9% for a single layer of CFRP and 37.8% for two layers of CFRP compared to the square-shaped control column.

  6. Decomposition in the CFRP RC column samples was very abrupt, and the only indication of initial failure was a few crackling sounds as urgent cracks rapidly spread to the end of the columns.

  7. The results show that the circular column is more resistant to axial loads because it is in the shape of cylinder, so there are no weak points. As for the square column, it contains four weak points (corner edge).

  8. From an economic point of view, square columns are more economical because they only need four bars of reinforcement, while circular columns require six bars of reinforcement as a minimum.

  1. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-29
Revised: 2023-08-30
Accepted: 2023-09-09
Published Online: 2024-03-12

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0534
Keywords for this article
concrete columns; reinforced concrete columns; CFRP warping; husk rice concrete; concrete compressive strength
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