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Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB

  • Sahar Basim Al-ghurabi , Esraa R. Al-gurah EMAIL logo and Walaa Mohammed Hamza
Published/Copyright: March 21, 2024
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Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

This study aims to ascertain the effects of polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) and to utilize mineral filler with micro-silica (MS) on various properties of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). In this work, three specimens of an asphalt-concrete mixture were prepared. The first specimen represents a control mixture, the second specimen contains MS at rates 15, 30, and 45% by the total weight of the total aggregate as filler, and the third specimen contains MS and PMB with 4% novolac by the weight of bitumen and 15% hexamine by the weight of the novolac. The properties of designed mixes were evaluated using the indirect tensile strength test, tensile–strength ratio, and creep compliance. The test results showed an increase in the resistance of asphalt concrete to moisture damage, a reduction influence of water on asphalt concrete properties, creep compliance values indicating growing stiffness for asphalt mixture, and enhanced fatigue life. In conclusion, using 45% MS and PMB improved the properties of HMA and provided long-lasting mixtures for highway construction.

Keywords: creep compliance; hot-mix asphalt; indirect tensile strength; micro-silica; polymer-modified bitumen

1 Introduction

Asphalt pavements encountered considerable distress due to inadequacies in their elastic properties, heavy traffic loading, and the weather’s effect on the characteristics of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Therefore, it is necessary to produce new materials that are resistant to these deformations to avoid reducing service life and increasing maintenance costs.

Qasim et al. [1] assessed the attributes of HMA utilizing nano-silica (NS) and micro-silica (MS) additions to determine the optimal modifier using various percentages 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% by bitumen weight. This research showed that NS is the best modifier since it achieved maximum stability, better tensile strength, lowest flow, and lower rutting depth. In contrast, the other modifier achieved lower rates of mix performance.

Al-Zajrawi et al. [2] examined the practicality of adding micro- and nano-sized silica to enhance the properties of asphalt. Asphalt cement (AC 60/70) was prepared by incorporating 0, 2, 4, and 6% silica filler by weight of asphalt and examined in terms of the ductility, viscosity, penetration, and penetration index values. Generally, silica filler addition positively affected the rheological properties of asphalt binder. Additionally, the proportion of NS content reduced the ductility due to the high surface area and degree of agglomeration. Furthermore, research showed that 4% of NS powder and 6% of MS powder were appropriate for developing rheological properties.

Thakare and Chauhan [3] investigated the effects of lime, fly ash, and MS on the stabilization of black cotton soil. According to the findings, the ideal amounts of lime, fly ash, and silica for this stabilizing soil were, respectively, 5, 3, and 3%. Utilizing lime, fly ash, and silica and their mixture to stabilize black cotton soil, the soaked CBR was increased to around 6.5 times that of unsterilized soil, while the unsoaked CBR was increased to approximately 1.8 times.

Shafabakhsh et al. [4] studied the impact of MS powder on the engineering parameters of asphalt concrete mixtures and bitumen. The results of this study showed that adding MS to bitumen had a significant impact on the enhancement of permanent deformation of HMA. In addition, experiments on bitumen revealed that adding MS reduced penetration, ductility, and temperature susceptibility and improved softening point, stiffness, and viscosity. Several investigations have demonstrated that HMA mixtures with polymer-modified bitumen (PMB) are more resistant than blends with pure binders. For a polymer to be helpful in road applications, it should be mixed with the asphalt to enhance its resistance (cracking, rutting, stripping, fatigue, etc.).

Chafat et al. [5] investigated the bitumen modification with novolac and its cross-link hexamine to make HMA more resistant to moisture and creep compliance. As a result, moisture damage and creep compliance were decreased by modification.

This issue has repeatedly arisen because the asphalt mixture did not meet the requirements for the ideal design blend, either the binder or the asphalt mix. This study investigates how the use of MS, filler aggregate, and PMB affects the behaviors of HMA mixtures. The primary focus of the current research is the investigation of the asphalt mix qualities utilizing varied MS content levels (15, 30, and 45% by filler weight).

2 Materials

2.1 Asphalt cement

Asphalt cement is used in this current work type (40/50) grade. It is supplied from the Al-Nasiriyah refinery, located in the southeast of Baghdad, and is more suited to highly hot climates in the surrounding area. The physical properties of asphalt-cement are shown in Table 1.

Table ‎1

The physical of properties the asphalt-cement

No. Tests Reference standard Test value (measured)
1 Penetration D5 [6] 46
2 Flash point D92 [7] 300
3 Softening point D36 [7] 50
4 Specific gravity D70 [8] 1.04
5 Apparent viscosity D4402 [9] 475
112
6 Ductility D113 [10] 131

2.2 Aggregate

The aggregate used in this work is a crushed aggregate supplied from Al-Badra quarry in the East of Iraq. This type of aggregate is widely used in the asphalt pavement industry. The test results for both coarse and fine aggregate are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

The results of the coarse and fine aggregate tests

Property Coarse of aggregate Fine of aggregate
Value ASTM standards Value ASTM standards
Bulk specific gravity (g/cm³) 2.631 C 127 [11] 2.527 C128 [12]
Apparent specific gravity (g/cm³) 2.659 C127 2.642 C128
Water absorption (%) 1.40 C127 0.93 C128
Los Angeles coefficient (LA) 23 C131 [13] — —
Percent of crushed surfaces in coarse aggregate particles (%) 96 D5821 [14] — —
Angularity for coarse aggregate 96% D 5821 [15]
The sand equivalent value of fine aggregate (%) — — 62 D2419 [16]
Flakiness indexes 22 D4791 [17]

2.3 Filler

This work utilized limestone dust (LD) and MS as mineral fillers. The physical and chemical characteristics of two types of mineral filler passed through sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm) are shown in Tables 3 and 4, while Figure 1 shows the chemical composition of LD and MS.

Table 3

The physical properties of limestone dust and MS

Property LD MS
Bulk specific gravity 2.56 2.23
Passing of sieve No. 200 (%) 97 95
Table 4

The chemical characteristics of limestone dust and MS

Chemical compositions % content
MS LS
Silica, SiO2 90.48 4.1
Sulfuric anhydride, SO3 0.45 2.08
Aluminum oxide, Al2O3 0.78 1.42
Iron oxide, Fe2O3 0.44 0.96
Lime, CaO 0.9 43.7
Magnesia, MgO 1.18 0.038
Loss on ignition 3.11 41.53
Non-soluble substances — 4.82
Figure 1 The chemical composition of limestone dust and MS. (a) Limestone dust and (b) micro silica.
Figure 1

The chemical composition of limestone dust and MS. (a) Limestone dust and (b) micro silica.

2.4 Additives

The polymer used in this study was novolac (phenol formaldehyde solid resin) with a ratio of 4% and its cross-linking agent hexamine (HMTA) with a percentage of 15%. Novolac is often a thermoplastic elastomer usually generated from the reaction of phenol with formaldehyde in an acidic medium. Due to its solid thermal stability through specific rigidity characteristics and its ability to withstand high temperatures during mechanical load with minimum deformation or moisture damage, the novolac polymer was used in this research as a new technique to enhance the properties of neat asphalt. After the asphalt binder had been heated to 160°C in a kiln and put in a mechanical shear mixer, the mixture was added to the asphalt while still dry. The shear mixer equipment for this study offers a speed of mix of 2,500 rpm of 45 min for asphalt in a closed chamber with electronics heating of control as shown in Figure 2. Figure 3 displays the superposed image obtained from a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The polymer modified improved the asphalt binder leading to in large semi-spherical the crystals that merged into one surface and developed a small crack during the homogenization procedure of the polymer particles, making the asphalt substrate less flexible than it would have been in its initial state without the polymer additives. This indicates that the composition bonding procedure for asphalt has been made possible and expedited by the addition of polymers. Table 5 shows the physical properties of PMB (Figure 4).

Figure 2 Mechanical of the shear mixer.
Figure 2

Mechanical of the shear mixer.

Figure 3 (a and b) FESEM images and (c) EDX of asphalt in the presence of phenol-formaldehyde and hexamine polymers.
Figure 3

(a and b) FESEM images and (c) EDX of asphalt in the presence of phenol-formaldehyde and hexamine polymers.

Table ‎5

The physical properties of the PMB

Tests Pure asphalt 4% of novolac with 15% of HMTAfrom the weight of novolac
Penetration (1/10 mm) 46 13
Flashpoint (°C) 300 >300
Softening point (°C) 50 60
Ductility (cm) 131 20
Apparent viscosity c.p. 135°C 480 787.3
165°C 116 166.8
After thin film oven test ASTM D1754 [18]
% retained penetration of original 55 63
Ductility of residue (cm) 70 22
%Mass of loss at 163°C, 5 h, 50 g 0.072 0.1
Figure 4 The tests on asphalt mixture. (a) The specimens of marshall test and (b) the creep compliance of test machine.
Figure 4

The tests on asphalt mixture. (a) The specimens of marshall test and (b) the creep compliance of test machine.

3 Methodology

This research is based on laboratory tests. The samples were produced using the Marshall testing method according to ASTM D6927. The mix design incorporated aggregates graded for the dense-graded, intermediate of specifications ASTM D3515, with a range of binder percent from 4.0 to 6.0%. Fifteen samples were produced for the control mix and the asphalt mixture blends with MS proportions of 15, 30, and 45%. Using a Marshall compactor, all specimens were compressed with 75 blows on each side. The optimum asphalt content (OAC) for the control mix was estimated using volumetric properties and analysis. To improve the performance of the mixtures used the different ratios 10, 15, and 45% MS as mineral filler + 4% PMB was prepared to show the combined effect of aggregate gradation by the MF and the modification of the asphalt properties by the use novolac and its cross-linking agent (hexamine) modifier in the mixture for wearing layer. As shown in the Laboratory work flowchart in Figure 5, the performance tests used the OAC value, including indirect tensile strength (ITS), tensile–strength ratio (TSR), and creep compliance. The modified Lottman test was used to assess the moisture susceptibility of the mixtures according to the procedures described in AASHTO T 283 [19]. The test specimens were prepared with 7 + 0.5% air voids. The creep compliance test was used to determine the mixture’s fatigue life. Creep compliance tests were conducted at 0°C (32°F) on cylindrical specimens having a diameter of 101.6 mm and a height of 50 mm, as described in AASHTO T322 [20]. Where steady-static stress is applied along the sample’s diametric axis for 100 s, the horizontal and vertical deformations at the center of the sample as a function of time were calculated to determine the tensile creep compliance [21].

Figure 5 The laboratory of work flowchart.
Figure 5

The laboratory of work flowchart.

4 Results

Figure 6 illustrates the ITS values for unconditioned and conditioned examples of HMA blends produced with varying ratios of MS filler and pure bitumen. The result indicated that HMA blends containing MS filler have significantly higher cracking resistance when compared to control blends. This is related to the shape and surface area of the MS filler particle; this property improves the tensile strength resistance and reinforces the bituminous mastic between the aggregates.

Figure 6 Results of ITS tests for samples with various percentages of MS with unmodified asphalt binder.
Figure 6

Results of ITS tests for samples with various percentages of MS with unmodified asphalt binder.

The ITS results for unconditioned and conditioned samples of HMA mixes made with various percentages of MS and PMB are shown in Figure 7. The findings demonstrate that the ITS for HMA mixtures novolac modified is higher than that of the control mixture. This means that mixes containing PMB have better tensile strength at failure values, which also showed increased cohesive strengths of novolac-modified mixtures and improved adhesion and cohesion of binder, and prevented the striping of bitumen from the aggregate surface.

Figure 7 Results of ITS tests for samples containing various percentages of MS with modified asphalt binder.
Figure 7

Results of ITS tests for samples containing various percentages of MS with modified asphalt binder.

Figure 8 shows the findings of ITS for HMA mixtures produced with unmodified and modified bitumen and HMA mixtures with various amounts of MS filler. According to AASHTO T283, the results indicated TSR higher than 80%, which is below the minimum limit. The addition of MS filler and PMB improves the TSR values of all blends significantly.

Figure 8 Results of TSR tests performed on samples using various percentages of MS concentrations on both unmodified and modified asphalt binder.
Figure 8

Results of TSR tests performed on samples using various percentages of MS concentrations on both unmodified and modified asphalt binder.

Figure 9 displays the creep compliance data for various replacement percentages of MS mineral filler following 100 s of an application under a steady load at 0°C. The findings demonstrated that adding MS as a mineral filler to HMA papered with pure bitumen greatly lowered the creep compliance values, increasing the stiffness of the mix and enhancing its crack resistance. This might be explained by the form of the particle and the increased surface area of the MS in the mixture, which decreases the creep compliance and increases the crack resistance of HMA.

Figure 9 Results of creep compliance tests for samples with various percentages of MS with unmodified asphalt binder.
Figure 9

Results of creep compliance tests for samples with various percentages of MS with unmodified asphalt binder.

The results of the creep compliance test utilizing PMB rather than pure bitumen are shown in Figure 10 for the previously addressed MS mineral filler percentages. The creep compliance values were reduced compared to control mixes and mixes made with only pure bitumen. This proves that using PMB increases the stiffness of HMA and the resistance to crack initiations.

Figure 10 Results of creep compliance tests for samples containing various percentages of MS with modified asphalt binder.
Figure 10

Results of creep compliance tests for samples containing various percentages of MS with modified asphalt binder.

5 Conclusion

The current study investigates the impact of MS and PMB on the properties of HMA blends. For this purpose, three different mixes were prepared by replacing mineral filler with MS in different. proportions. In accordance with the findings, the best blend was selected. Then, to increase the mechanical- strength of HMA made with the best blend, the MS with partial replacement of LD at 15, 30, and 45% was used. Based on the findings of the tests, the main conclusions are given below:

  1. The performance of HMA-containing MS filler can be significantly improved by utilizing PMB binder, which is produced by blending novolac and hexamine with pure bitumen.

  2. From the tensile strength test, HMA contained MS filler and PMB was improved compared to the control mixture. It has been found that the addition of 45% MS to asphalt mixture containing PMB shows the maximum increase in ITS.

  3. The HMA mixture containing PMB significantly improved the TSR value for the specimens produced with MS and those produced with MS filler.

  4. The creep compliance test results showed that all HMA, including MS filler and PMB, decrease the creep compliance values, which indicates that HMA is becoming stiffer and enhances the fatigue life.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-06-08
Revised: 2023-08-26
Accepted: 2023-09-01
Published Online: 2024-03-21

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
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  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
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  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
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  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
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  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
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  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
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  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
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  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0527
Keywords for this article
creep compliance; hot-mix asphalt; indirect tensile strength; micro-silica; polymer-modified bitumen
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BY 4.0

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  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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