Startseite Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
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Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams

  • Ahlam Sader Mohammed EMAIL logo , Humam Hussein Mohammed Al-Ghabawi , Ahmed A. Mansor und Layla Ali Ghalib Yassin
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 8. April 2024
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

This research aims to use numerical methods to analyze concrete beams with different reinforcement ratios. Two software packages – ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy – were employed to achieve this task. Empirical stress–strain relationships were utilized to forecast the concrete’s stress–strain behavior. The numerical analysis results were compared with previously published experimental results, and the findings showed a reasonable similarity. The results were consistent with the published laboratory results, particularly for ultimate and yield loads, with no more than 10% differences. However, the ultimate deflection variation was higher. For the first control beam, denoted as B 2−12, ABAQUS predicted a 24.64% difference in ultimate deflection, while OpenSeesPy predicted a 35.83% difference for the second beam, sampled as B 2–16. However, the ultimate deflection for the remaining beams differed by less than 10%. Meanwhile, the difference in yield deflection was greater than in ultimate deflection, with OpenSeesPy showing a maximum difference of 18.51%. The maximum ductility was found to occur at a reinforcement ratio equal to 0.0016. Additionally, OpenSeesPy was faster than ABAQUS in computation while still producing satisfactory agreement with experimental results.

Keywords: OpenSeesPy; ABAQUS; finite-element; ductility; deflection of the beams

1 Introduction

Reinforced concrete is still the most used material in construction due to its advantages. During the design of concrete structures, the structural engineer should ensure that the structure has enough ductility to stay stable and in service after catastrophic natural disasters like earthquakes to prevent casualties. The ductility of the structures, whether element-based or structure-based, is crucial, especially when the structure is designed to resist the earthquake load [1,2,3]. In some cases, ductility surpasses strength in significance. Ductility is defined as the ability of structures to sustain significant deformation after yielding and absorbing significant energy [4,5]. Ductility is essential for fending off seismic load. The ductility of concrete structures depends on many factors, such as steel reinforcement ratio for tension and compression reinforcement, distribution of steel bars, confinement degree of concrete, bond between reinforcement steel bars and concrete, ultimate and yield strength of reinforcement steel bars, the compressive strength of concrete, and use of additional material like steel fiber or geopolymer ferrocement, which, in turn, increases the ductility of concrete [6,7,8,9,10,11].

While ductility allows for the designing of safer structures, it also introduces complexity to calculations and makes it challenging to determine the design values of internal forces, as demonstrated in the study by Pejvoic et al. [12]. The ductility of steel-reinforced elements is contingent upon several factors. Capacity design is crucial at a structural level as it seeks to prevent non-ductile failures, such as shear. In the seismic region, the design of structures must have a certain level of ductility to avoid fragile failure [13]. Figure 1 shows the difference between the ductile failure and the fragile failure. The ductility of beams is crucial in moment-resisting frames; therefore, ACI 318 imposes minimum steel reinforcement and at least two continuous steel bars in tension and compression to avoid brittle failure. The purpose of seismic detailing and capacity design principles is to guarantee ductile flexural yielding and prevent undesirable failure modes like shear and anchoring failures.

Figure 1 Comparison between the ductile and fragile behavior of the structure [13].
Figure 1

Comparison between the ductile and fragile behavior of the structure [13].

The precise study of reinforced concrete structures poses a challenging problem. Current approaches for predicting ultimate strength rely on either elastic theory or semi-empirical formulae. Both options are partially unacceptable. Finite-element numerical models are recognized for their ability to forecast a concise solution for the nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete structures. Finite-element analysis is a numerical approach to analyzing various engineering problems [14]. The effectiveness of finite-element models is highly impacted by several factors, such as the type and number of elements, input information on material properties, and adapted boundary conditions [15]. The numerical technique allows for the resolution of a complicated problem with a large quantity of straightforward procedures. Numerical methods possess a notable edge over analytical approaches due to their straightforward implementation on contemporary computers and their capacity to swiftly generate solutions.

The primary goal of structural engineering is to ensure that the structure has enough strength and ductility to stay in service after yielding and cracking of the concrete elements, which can be provided by ensuring that the structural elements have enough ductility. So, the primary objective of this study is to numerically investigate and build a concise finite-element model for forecasting the ductility of reinforced concrete beams with different steel reinforcement ratios under monotonic loading conditions. Two different finite-element packages, ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy, were used to study the behavior of concrete beams and to conduct the goal of this study. Furthermore, OpenSeesPy has been used to perform a parametric study on concrete beams. Three cases were selected: (1) beams with tension reinforcement only, (2) beams with compression reinforcement equal to tension reinforcement, and (3) beams with different section dimensions.

2 Adopted experimental work (specimen details)

2.1 Properties of materials and specimen configuration

Six simply supported beams were chosen from the experimental work of Mansor et al. [16] to examine the proposed finite-element model. Mansor et al. [16] did an experimental study on the effect of flexural reinforcement ratio on the behavior of concrete beams. Six beams with different longitudinal steel reinforcement ratios were studied in that study. The properties of steel reinforcement used in that study are presented in Table 1. The properties of the beams are presented in Table 2. The beams’ dimensions are shown in Figure 2. The beams were loaded using a two-point load, and the deflection was measured at the center of the beam.

Table 1

Reinforcement properties [16]

Nominal Dia. (mm) Area (mm2) Modulus of elasticity (GPa) f y (MPa) f u (MPa)
25 498 201 440 720
16 193.6 201 459 698
12 119.8 207 460 648
10 79.01 208 452 652
Table 2

Properties of beam specimens [16]

Beam f c ′ (MPa) Tension Rein. ρ × 10−2
B 2−12 (control) 38.2 2Ø12 0.46
B 2−16 37.5 2Ø16 0.75
B 2−25 37.3 2Ø25 2.05
B 3−12 37 3Ø12 0.69
B 3−16 39.1 3Ø16 1.3
B 3−25 40.7 3Ø25 3
Figure 2 Beam configuration and loading details [16].
Figure 2

Beam configuration and loading details [16].

3 Finite-element modeling

Two different programs, ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy, were used to analyze the chosen beams numerically. These models can confirm the theoretical calculations and provide a valuable supplement to laboratory investigations.

3.1 Modeling of reinforced concrete beams in ABAQUS

Three constitutive models have been implemented in ABAQUS to model concrete: (1) “Smeared crack concrete model,” (2) “Brittle crack concrete model,” and (3) “Concrete damaged plasticity model.” Each constitutive model has unique failure criteria. The smeared crack concrete model failure criteria depend on tensile cracking or compressive crushing. The brittle crack concrete model failure criteria depend on tensile cracking and do not depend on compressive failure. However, the concrete damaged plasticity model considers the degradation of the elastic stiffness induced by plastic straining in tension and compression [17] and also depends on tensile cracking and compressive crushing as failure criteria [18].

In this study, concrete has been modeled in ABAQUS using concrete damage plasticity. This model requires compression and tension behavior of concrete. In addition to plasticity parameters such as dilation angle, eccentricity, f bO/f cO, k, and viscosity parameters. Table 3 summarizes the concrete damage parameters.

Table 3

Concrete damaged properties

Plasticity Value
Dilation angle 30
Eccentricity 0.1
f bO/f cO 1.16
K 0.667
Viscosity 0
Density 2.5 × 10−9 × tonne/mm3
Modulus of elasticity 2 × f c ′ /ε o
Poisson’s ratio 0.2

The compression stress–strain behavior is expressed by equations (1) and (2) [19,20] (cylinder compressive strength ( f c ′ ), and ultimate compressive strain of concrete (ε cu = 0.003). However, the concrete strain at the maximum compressive strength (ε 0) was taken as 0.002. ABAQUS requires stress and inelastic strain to define the concrete model. The inelastic strain is expressed by equation (3).

The tension strength of concrete was taken 0.62 f c ′ according to Committee ACI [21]. Then, the tension strength vanishes linearly after the crack occurs. The behavior of concrete in tension and compression is shown in Figure 3. The loading and supporting plates were modeled using elastic material with a modulus of elasticity equal to the steel modulus of elasticity. The width of the plate was 50 mm width by 25 mm thickness.

Figure 3 Stress–strain model of concrete.
Figure 3

Stress–strain model of concrete.

ABAQUS provides many elements with an appropriate integration system to model concrete behavior. C3D8R (an 8-node linear brick, reduced integration, hourglass control) element has been used for modeling concrete. The same element was used for plate meshing. The behavior of reinforcement bars inside the concrete beams can be represented using solid or truss elements. Truss element (T3D2 two-node 3D linear) was adopted in this study to avoid the high computation effort of the solid elements. The stress–strain relationship of steel material has been extracted from OpenSeesPy using the reinforcing steel model. This behavior is identical in compression and tension. The approximate global size of the elements was 30. Figure 4 shows the finite-element mesh of the B 2–16 specimen. The interaction between reinforcement and concrete was modeled using the embedded region interaction [22]. Embedded region interaction assumes complete bonding between steel bars and concrete. The interaction between the plate and concrete was modeled using general contact (Explicit) with hard contact normal behavior and a tangential friction coefficient equal to 0.3.

(1) f c ≔ f c ′ 2 ε c ε o − ε c ε o 2 for ε o ≤ ε c ≤ 0 ,

(2) f c ≔ f c ′ 1 − 0.15 ε c − ε o ε cu − ε o 2 for ε cu ≤ ε c ≤ ε o ,

(3) ε inelastic ≔ ε c − σ c E o .

Figure 4 Finite-element mesh of B 2–16 specimen.
Figure 4

Finite-element mesh of B 2–16 specimen.

3.2 Modeling the concrete beams in OpenSeesPy

OpenSeesPy provides many concrete models. This program is a widely utilized finite-element software tool for dynamic and static structure analyses, encompassing soil–structure interaction. OpenSeesPy has been used to analyze both concrete and steel structures.

In this study, Concrete04 [23] has been utilized to model the concrete material in OpenSeesPy. The behavior of Concrete04 is illustrated in Figure 3, which represents the typical behavior of concrete. Concrete04 behavior is governed by mainly six parameters, which were concrete compressive strength ( f c ′ ), concrete strain at maximum strength (ε o = 0.002), concrete strain at crushing strength (ε cu = 0.0038), initial stiffness Ec = ( 4 , 700 f c ′ ) , tensile strength ft = ( 0.62 f c ′ ) , and tension softening stiffness (ft = 0.002). The specified compressive strength for each beam has been assigned as specified in Table 2.

Fiber section, Lobattointegration with ten integration points, and dispBeamColumn [23] have been used to model the concrete beam in OpenSeesPy, as shown in Figures 5 and 6. DispBeamColumn has the ability to consider the spreadness of plasticity along the length of the element. The fiber section assumes that the plane section remains plane after deformation. This section can capture the nonlinearity of the materials.

Figure 5 Beam modeling and fiber section in OpenSeesPy.
Figure 5

Beam modeling and fiber section in OpenSeesPy.

Figure 6 3D conceptual schematic of reinforced concrete fiber section modeling in OpenSeesPy.
Figure 6

3D conceptual schematic of reinforced concrete fiber section modeling in OpenSeesPy.

Reinforcing steel [23] was used to model reinforced steel bars in compression and tension. The behavior of reinforcement steel is shown in Figure 7. The behavior of reinforcement steel is governed by three primary parameters: yield strength (F y ), initial elastic tangent (E o), and strain-hardening ratio (b). A complete bond between steel bars and concrete is assumed.

Figure 7 Behavior of Steel02 [23].
Figure 7

Behavior of Steel02 [23].

A two-point load was applied on the top surface of the beam, and the deflection was measured at the mid-span of it. The flexural stress distribution of all beams at failure is shown in Figure 8 in order to investigate the crack distribution in the beams. The model is set to end when the concrete’s compression stress drops to zero, which indicates crushing in concrete. Also, the model ends when the tension steel strain reaches 0.05, indicating steel bar breakout.

Figure 8 Flexural stress distribution of beams at mid-span at failure in OpenSeesPy.
Figure 8

Flexural stress distribution of beams at mid-span at failure in OpenSeesPy.

4 Ductility factor

The ductility of structural elements can be determined based on various parameters, including deflection, curvature, and energy absorption. The ductility in this study was determined based on the deflection factor, as it is a more convenient metric to assess compared to other parameters. The ductility was determined by applying equation (4), which considers Δ max as the maximum deflection of the beam at the point of concrete failure or fracture of the reinforcement steel bars. The Δ yield represents the deflection at the beam’s center when yielding occurs.

(4) μ ≔ Δ max Δ yield .

5 Results and discussion

Figure 9, Table 4, Figures 10 and 11 illustrate a comparison of experimental data, OpenSeesPy, and ABAQUS results. The midspan deflection was measured, while the load was determined by doubling the support’s reaction. The comparison indicates a reasonable level of agreement between the methods mentioned above. The numerical findings indicate a greater degree of stiffness than the experimental data. This discrepancy can be attributed to the assumed full bond between the steel and concrete in the ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy models, resulting in a stiffness value that was overestimated compared to what was observed.

Figure 9 Deflection relationships of the analyzed specimens.
Figure 9

Deflection relationships of the analyzed specimens.

Table 4

Comparison between yield load, yield deflection, ultimate load, and ultimate deflection of the beams

Beam Yield Ultimate
Load (kN) % Δ y (mm) % Load (kN) % Δ u (mm) %
B 2−12 Exp. 111 — 4 — 152 — 33 —
ABAQUS 112 0.53 3.3 −17.50 137 −9.87 24.87 −24.64
OpenSeesPY 114 2.52 3.6 −10.00 155 2.04 36.3 10.00
B 2−16 Exp. 172 — 3.8 − 239 — 24 —
ABAQUS 183 6.34 4.01 5.53 251 4.82 25.31 5.46
OpenSeesPY 177 2.62 3.3 −13.16 233 −2.62 15.4 −35.83
B 2−25 Exp. 340 — 5.65 — 371 — 15 —
ABAQUS 357 4.88 6.12 8.32 395 6.47 16.2 8.00
OpenSeesPY 330 −2.94 4.8 −15.04 392 5.63 14.97 −0.20
B 3−12 Exp. 178 — 4.97 — 237 — 21 —
ABAQUS 198 10.96 4.72 −5.03 224 −5.61 22.3 6.19
OpenSeesPY 182 2.47 4.05 −18.51 238 0.25 20 −4.76
B 3−16 Exp. 308 — 5.72 — 341 — 14 —
ABAQUS 312 1.20 6 4.90 360 5.57 15 7.14
OpenSeesPY 303 −1.62 5.07 −11.36 348 2.00 14.72 5.14
B 3−25 Exp. 495 — 6.3 — 516 — 7 —
ABAQUS 493 −0.43 7.36 16.83 481 −6.78 7.1 1.43
OpenSeesPY 508 2.63 6 −4.76 522 1.11 7.12 1.71
Figure 10 Comparison between ultimate load from Exp., ABAQUS, and OpenSeesPy.
Figure 10

Comparison between ultimate load from Exp., ABAQUS, and OpenSeesPy.

Figure 11 Comparison between ultimate deflection from Exp., ABAQUS, and OpenSeesPy.
Figure 11

Comparison between ultimate deflection from Exp., ABAQUS, and OpenSeesPy.

The ultimate and yield load predicted by ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy stayed within 10%. However, the maximum displacement for B 2−12 is less by 24.64% for ABAQUS and for B 2–16 is less by 35.83% for OpenSeesPy. The increase in load after 15 mm displacement is minimal, so the ultimate displacement can be considered 15 mm for B 2–16. The experimental results are shown in Figure 9. The maximum displacement for the rest of the beams predicted by ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy did not deviate by more than 10%. At the same time, the yield displacement has more deviation, with a maximum of 18.51%. The stress distribution over the cross-section in OpenSeesPy shows that the steel reinforcement did not yield in beams B 2–25 and B 3–25, as shown in Figure 8.

The fact that the stress–strain relationships for concrete and steel were used instead of experimentally testing the connection is one of the factors that may have contributed to the differences in the results. Additionally, the numerical model neglects the effects of concrete shrinkage and curing. In addition, since it is unrealistic, the proposed complete bond between the steel reinforcement bars and the surrounding concrete in the ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy models can lead to some inaccuracies. The authors of this research had noted the time disparity between ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy. On the same computer, ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy models were run; ABAQUS took roughly 7 hours, whereas OpenSeesPy took about 1 minute.

A correlation between the reinforcement ratio and ductility has been established in the present work, as illustrated in Figure 12. The results were developed using OpenSeesPy due to its superior speed compared to ABAQUS. This study aims to compare three cases involving the B 2−12 beam. The first case involves the B 2−12 beam, while the second pertains to the B 2−12 beam without compression reinforcement. Finally, the third case involves the B 2−12 beam with compression reinforcement equal to the tension reinforcement. The results suggest that the impact of compression reinforcement on ductility is limited to values after the maximum ductility, while the maximum ductility remains unaffected by compression reinforcement. The optimal level of ductility is achieved when the reinforcement ratio is equal to 0.0016. The study investigated the impact of alterations in section dimension on the ductility of a concrete beam with a fixed reinforcement ratio, as depicted in Figure 13. The study revealed that modifications in the beam’s dimensions do not impact the concrete beam’s ductility.

Figure 12 Ductility–reinforcement ratio relationship.
Figure 12

Ductility–reinforcement ratio relationship.

Figure 13 Effects of section dimension on the ductility of the concrete beam.
Figure 13

Effects of section dimension on the ductility of the concrete beam.

6 Conclusions

In this study, concrete beams with various reinforcement ratios were simulated using two finite-element software (ABAQUS and OpenSeesPy), and the results of each software were compared with experimental data. Both programs produced results with a respectable degree of accuracy compared with the experimental. OpenSeesPy, however, outperformed ABAQUS in terms of speed when running the models. OpenSeesPy has been used to perform a parametric study on concrete beams. Three cases were selected: (1) beams with tension reinforcement only, (2) with compression reinforcement equal to tension reinforcement, and (3) different beam section dimensions. The study’s authors came to the following conclusions:

  1. Both finite-element programs agreed well with the experimental data, particularly for the ultimate and yield loads, which did not diverge by more than 10%. At the same time, the variation was larger but still acceptable for the yield and final deflection. Consequently, the suggested models can be used.

  2. Both models can precisely forecast the load–deflection correlations of concrete beams with varying steel reinforcement ratios.

  3. The empirical equations of the concrete stress–strain relationship can be used in the numerical finite-element models.

  4. OpenSeesPy (open source) can be used to predict concrete beams ductility with reasonable confidence. And it is much faster than ABAQUS.

  5. Maximum ductility occurs at a reinforcement ratio of 0.0016.

  6. The compression reinforcement does not affect the maximum ductility. However, it only affects the ductility when the steel reinforcement ratio is higher than 0.0016.

  7. The change in section dimension does not affect the ductility of the beam when the reinforcement ratio is fixed.

  1. Funding information: Authors declare that the manuscript was done depending on the personal effort of the author, and there is no funding effort from any side or organization.

  2. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  3. Data availability statement: Most datasets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other datasets are available on reasonable request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2023-11-12
Revised: 2024-01-19
Accepted: 2024-01-25
Published Online: 2024-04-08

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0593
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
OpenSeesPy; ABAQUS; finite-element; ductility; deflection of the beams
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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