Startseite Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
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Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives

  • Zainab Kassim Hassan und Khamaal Mohsin Kseer EMAIL logo
Veröffentlicht/Copyright: 20. März 2024
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Aus der Zeitschrift Open Engineering Band 14 Heft 1

Abstract

The mechanical and physical characteristics of composites are made of reinforced palm leaves and copper, the green palm leaves in nanoparticles forms once, and another sample from ash powder of palm leaves with copper powder metal as a matrix that was studied. First, a Cu metal was complemented with green palm leaf at a ratio (10:20:30)% on a sub-micron scale and second with the ash of palm leaves with the same ratio (10, 20, and 30)% and as nanoparticles. Apparent porosity, thermal conductivity, SEM, and compressive strength were carried out. It was noticed that adding additives to Cu causes its apparent porosity rise, porosity value of Cu samples supported with green palm leaves fibers was higher than that of Cu samples supported with palm leaves ash, and the highest percent of porosity was for the sample supported with 30% green palm leaves fibers which were 2.4%. It is also clear from the results that the increase in the percentage of additives led to a significant decrease in the thermal conductivity, as it decreased from 385 W/m K for the unsupported copper sample to 175 W/m K for the green copper supported sample, which was the lowest value, while the lowest value recorded for the palm leaves ash supported sample was 253 W/m K. The results of the compression test showed that the inverse relationship between the percentage of additives and the value of the compressive strength, as the lowest value of the compressive strength estimated at 23 MPa was recorded for the copper sample reinforced with 30% green palm leaves, and it is the same sample that recorded the highest value for porosity as mentioned before.

Keywords: palm leaf ash; Cu composites; powder metallurgy; porous metals

1 Introduction

Porous metals are recognized as an available engineering material in a variety of industrial applications because of their unique qualities, such as strong sound absorption, low weight, high damping and impact energy absorption, gas and liquid permeability, thermal conductivity, electrical insulating properties, and so on. The main application of porous materials is water purification, catalyst carrier, electrode material for power storage device, adsorbent, molecular sieve, and heat insulator [1]. Two major powder metallurgy methodologies are used to create porous copper and these are the space holder technique and the gas release reaction [2]. Many manufacturing methods develop to make porous metals including electro-deposition, vapor deposition, powder metallurgy, and directed solidification. Depending on the manufacturing technique, many types of porous structures, such as closed-cell, open-cell, and lotus-type structures, can be created. The macroscopic morphology of the porous bulk metals, however, is challenging to manage. In order to construct complex-shaped porous metal structures with regulated pore properties, a versatile process must be created [1].

It has been widely used to substitute certain petroleum-based materials with naturally plentiful materials like cellulose fiber as natural fiber reinforcement in composites such as palm leaf fibers. Natural fiber not only decreases composite weight but also lowers costs, boosts production, and enhances the product’s mechanical qualities [3,4]. Cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin make up the bulk of natural fiber. The d-glucose microfibrils that make up cellulose are kept together by hydrogen bonds between chains and have a highly organized structure, which gives it its strong qualities. Pentose and hexose polysaccharides make up the category known as hemicellulose. It serves as cellulose microfibril’s auxiliary component. The phenolic component, which has an amorphous structure, makes up lignin. It maintains and preserves microfibril [5]. Due to its abundant natural supply, natural fiber has great specific stiffness and strength while being low-density and inexpensive.

One of the largest producers of palm leaf fiber worldwide is Iraq. After being harvested, tons of palm leaf became agricultural trash that was sought after for value addition. The high specific modulus and strength of palm leaf (P.L.F.) are a result of its approximately 70–80% weight cellulose composition. After improving its surface with a coupling agent, it can be a useful reinforcement for many materials [6]. The mechanical characteristics of composite materials are significantly influenced by the compatibility of the components inside them, particularly in the interface area where stress transmission occurred. For the preparation of P.L., R. F. Gibson has established a novel extraction technique termed mechanical milling. This technique can create short, fine, and high-yield P.L. to reinforce [7].

Many researchers used organic materials to obtain porous metals. Xiao et al. used carbamide with a volume of up to 90% to prepare porous copper with high porosity. They found that the porosity of porous copper samples with 87.3% was slightly smaller than the spacer material. The SEM test clearly shows that the internal pores of porous copper developed an open-cell structure, and the compression tests reveal that stress–strain curve of a porous copper sample exhibits the typical properties of elastic–plastic metal foam [8]. Lokesh et al. made Al-4.5 wt% Cu reinforced and 12 wt% fly ash composite by squeeze casting with a pressure of 120 MPa. The results showed an increase in the weight percentage of fly ash composites caused by increased porosity even in squeeze casting but lesser than gravity cast matrix alloy [9].

Rasid et al. used different types of additive materials to produce porous copper by powder metallurgy; they used polymethyl methacrylate, natrium chloride, and potassium carbonate. X-Ray diffraction and SEM were used to perform phase and morphological analyses. The results showed that because K2CO3 decomposes at a higher temperature than other additives, the porous structure developed had an interesting morphology, promoting better porous structures to suit the desired applications in thermal control applications. Furthermore, the samples demonstrated improved shape rigidity throughout the processing stage [10].

The aim of this research is to manufacture composite materials from copper samples and additives from nanomaterials made of palm leaf fibers and to study the effect of these additive ratios on each of the apparent porosity, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength.

We hope that it can provide a new idea for the preparation of porous copper by using natural materials represented by palm leaves.

2 Experimental work

2.1 Composites preparation

To create a composite which has a weight ratio of 500 g and a purity of 99.5%, the Central Drug House (P) Ltd. provided Cu fine powder (220 µm) for this investigation. Natural materials were crushed into tiny bits and processed in an electric mortar to create a fine powder with a green size and cleaned with water in distilled water. Some of them were then dried in an oven for two days at 105°C, such as powdered palm leaves, and by using a sieving instrument to get a nanostructure for palm leaf powder in mesh (less than 1 micron: >0.085 µm) as seen in Figure 1; some of these burning and mixed with raw materials to create porous composite materials as a naturally flammable substance, with three additive percentages (10, 20, and 30%) for each situation; that is, for green palm leaves and for burnt leaves, composites were manually mixed in a mortar and then crushed in a hydraulic press for 15 min (dry pressing) than sintered at 950°C. One of the four samples used in this process was pure Cu. The finished sample was formed into a cylindrical shape, the sample dimension is (2 cm) for diameter, and 0.5 cm in thickness.

Figure 1 Photograph of (a) ash palm leaves, (b) green palm leaves.
Figure 1

Photograph of (a) ash palm leaves, (b) green palm leaves.

3 Physical tests

3.1 Apparent porosity

The standard Archimedes approach was used to measure the evident porosity of such specimens or instances. To get rid of the air trapped in the pores, the dry samples with a mass of (W d) were bubbled in water for an hour. After that, it was brought to ambient temperature, kept in the research facility for 24 h, weighed, and then immersed in water for the example mass (W s) (W i). When comparing the weight of the dry matter with the amount of water consumed, water assimilation is typically used as a measure. Examples’ remaining dry substance, which is separated by the outer volume and includes pores, is measured as clear thickness in (g/cm3). The Apparent porosity is defined by American standards ASTM (C373) (A.P) [11].

(1) ( A .P ) % = W s – W d / W s − W i × 100 .

3.2 Thermal conductivity

Heat is transferred from high-temperature to low-temperature regions by thermal conduction. Fourier law is the fundamental formula used to describe thermal conductivity [12].

(2) q = − k d t / d x .

Heat flow is denoted by q, thermal conductivity by k, and temperature gradient by dT/dx in a conducting material by dT/dx.

The link between thermal conductivity and porosity is referred to as [12]:

(3) k / K o ≈ ( 1 − P ) / ( 1 + P ) .

When the pore layers are parallel to the heat flow, their value is highest, and when they are perpendicular to it, it is least. P is the porosity ratio. K o is the material’s thermal conductivity when it has no pore; k is the lower value that pore layer is perpendicular to the flux of heat and higher when they are parallel to the pores. Because air has a very low thermal conductivity compared to solid phases, adding holes can greatly reduce (K).

3.3 Strength in compression

Compressive test is defined by American standards ASTM (C773). The capacity of a material to withstand vertical compression stress up to failure is known as compressive strength. This may be estimated by dividing the highest applied force at specimen failure by the specimens’ area when crushed at room temperature. The following equation shows how porosity affects the compressive strength of composites material [11]:

(4) σ c = σ o ⋅ e − n P ,

where n is the constant associated with the kind of: e is the theoretical compressive strength, c is the actual compressive strength, and P is the porosity in general.

3.4 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

HPLC is a technique that uses a model LC-2010A HT with the following specifications: 230 V, 50/60 Hz, 700 VA, made in Japan. It was done to identify the flammable natural material’s constituent for Palm leaves.

4 Results and discussion

A number of factors influence the apparent porosity, including the ratio of the additives, size, and shape of the pores. Figures 3 and 4 show the effect of adding palm leaves (P.L.) to Cu-(P.L.) composites.

Figure 2 represents pure copper without pores; Figures 3 and 4 show that more additives to Cu result in its apparent porosity rise and rise in composite samples in comparison to pure Cu specimens with no additions.

Figure 2 Cu-pure with out of pores.
Figure 2

Cu-pure with out of pores.

Figure 3 SEM For Cu–green submicron palm leaves fibers.
Figure 3

SEM For Cu–green submicron palm leaves fibers.

Figure 4 SEM For Cu–submicron ash palm leaves.
Figure 4

SEM For Cu–submicron ash palm leaves.

The result of the HPLC test showed that natural materials which are from palm fibers are lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses, as shown in Table 1. After rising temperature to 950°C for 2 h during the sintering process, the natural materials in P.L. turn to carbon; then, it is combined with oxygen-producing (CO2) gas [13], which rises in the air leaving a significant portion of pores in the metal. Some of the materials are listed in Table 1 which will change from solid to liquid at 950°C for each of the oxides (CaO, Na2O, MgO, SiO2, K2O, and FeO3); they solidify quickly and are found in small amounts of Cu metal [14].

Table 1

Chemical composition of P.L

Elements Weight%
SiO2 90
C 5
Al2O3 31
Na2O 0.21
CaO 1.67
MgO 0.58
K2O 0.41
Fe2O3 0.29

In comparison with Figures 3 and 4, we notice that the samples of green P.L. on SEM analysis reveal small rounded pores, and it increases with the increase in P.L. proportion with homogeneous distribution in Cu matrix, while the samples with ash P.L. show coarse pores with little different shapes compared with those of green P.L.; also, it appears in non-homogenous distribution for ash P.L. as a result of physical properties which are shown in the charts.

From Figure 5, it is shown that the apparent porosity of pure copper was 1.34%; after adding the additives, it was noticed that the ratio of the apparent porosity rose significantly. It was also noted that this rise is directly proportional to the rise in the additives, where the sample reinforced with 30% with green P.L. recorded the highest value of porosity, whose value was (2.4%), followed by the sample reinforced with green by 20% green P.L., whose porosity value was 1.9%; then, the sample reinforced with 30% of ash for which the porosity value was estimated as 1.74%. The pores in Cu samples supported with green P.L. are formed in two ways: first, the natural materials in P.L. turn to carbon and then it is combined with oxygen-producing (CO2) gas which rises in the air leaving a significant portion of pores in the metal. The second way for forming pores is by transforming materials listed in Table 1 into a mixture of liquid phases at a high temperature (950°C) which flows leaving pores in the Cu matrix [14]. Since all of the original components in palm leaves are turned into carbon, this results in the production of smaller pores when the shape and size of the pores are closed, with the size and form of the particles having the primary influence on the apparent porosity [15,16].

Figure 5 Apparent porosity % of Cu–P.L. composite.
Figure 5

Apparent porosity % of Cu–P.L. composite.

From Figure 6, it is clear that the thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to the increase of additives and that the samples reinforced with green P.L. recorded the lowest values in thermal conductivity, as the lowest value of the thermal conductivity was for the sample reinforced with the ratio 30% green P.L. whose value was equal to 175 W/m K. The samples reinforced with ash had a higher thermal conductivity value than the samples reinforced with green P.L. at the same ratio [17]. In pure Cu, there are no holes in the specimen to delay heat transition. While in green P.L., which consists of more small closed pores, this permits some heat transmission, therefore it provides better thermal insulation. However, in samples with ash, the carbon particles act as a bridge between the Cu particles; besides it, they have less porosity in contrast to the samples with green P.L. [18].

Figure 6 Thermal conductivity of Cu–P.L. composite.
Figure 6

Thermal conductivity of Cu–P.L. composite.

Figure 7 shows the values of the compression test, and it is clear that the highest value of the compressive strength was for the pure copper sample, and with the increase in the percentage of additives, the value of the compressive strength decreased. The samples reinforced with green P.L. recorded the lowest values of compressive strength compared to the samples reinforced with ash for the same weight ratio, where the sample reinforced with 30% green P.L. recorded the lowest value for compressive strength which was 23 MPa, while it was about 29 MPa for the samples supported with 30% of ash. This difference between the green-supported samples and the ash-supported samples is due to the fact that the porosity in the green-supported samples is higher than the porosity of the ash-supported samples. Besides that the dry pressing on the ash-supported composite during the forming process greatly helped the ash particles dispersion better and make ash particles rather tiny [19] and because of the fact that porous size is influenced by variables including the particle size and volume percentage of the particles [20]. Since the compressive strength is inversely proportional to the number of pores and their size [21], this led to a decrease in the compressive strength of samples reinforced with green P.L. compared to samples reinforced with the same percentage of ash [22,23].

Figure 7 Compressive strength of Cu–P.L. composite.
Figure 7

Compressive strength of Cu–P.L. composite.

5 Conclusions

  1. For the purpose of filtering, the final results demonstrated that the ash of P.L. as a reinforcing particle had no discernible impact on its miscibility with the matrix.

  2. The rise in ash particles is seen from physical characteristics only: P.L.: 10, 20, and 30%; grain size: less than 1 µm.

  3. Finely (P.L.) developed pores of various shapes after firing at 950°C.

  4. The extra ratio (P.L.) of grain size has an influence on the physical and mechanical qualities since it results in smaller holes in 30% of cases while creating various shapes and few pores in 20 and 10% in cases of green P.L.

  5. The use of palm fibers to reinforce copper metal in order to obtain a porous alloy has fulfilled the required purpose, and the percentage of porosity obtained from strengthening with green P.L. was higher than the percentage of porosity in the samples reinforced with ash P.L., but the samples reinforced with ash P.L. had better compressive resistance than samples with green P.L. And when the porosity increases, the thermal conductivity rate of the material decreases.

  1. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  2. Data availability statement: Most data sets generated and analyzed in this study are comprised in this submitted manuscript. The other data set is available on request from the corresponding author with the attached information.

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Received: 2022-10-22
Revised: 2022-11-24
Accepted: 2022-12-06
Published Online: 2024-03-20

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2022-0394
Schlagwörter für diesen Artikel
palm leaf ash; Cu composites; powder metallurgy; porous metals
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BY 4.0

Artikel in diesem Heft

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
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