Home Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
Article Open Access

Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study

  • Eman Alwan Erhim EMAIL logo , Manal A. Abbood and Halemah T. Halbos
Published/Copyright: October 21, 2024
Download Article (PDF)
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Open Engineering
From the journal Open Engineering Volume 14 Issue 1

Abstract

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is frequently utilised for fabricating denture bases due to its perfect qualities. However, a significant issue with this resin is the occurrence of frequent fractures caused by heavy chewing power, resulting in early cracks and fractures during clinical use. This study investigates the influence of silver, titanium dioxide, and silver zirconia nanoparticles on the surface hardness and impact strength of self-cured denture base. The samples were categorised into four categories according to the incorporation of different nanoparticles. The samples were divided into three subgroups based on the nanoparticle content: 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5% of TiO2 and ZrO2. Each group had a set ratio of 0.3% Ag as an antibacterial agent. Except for the fourth group (Group D), a combination of 0.05, 0.15, and 0.25% of TiO2 and ZrO2, along with 0.3% Ag, was utilised to investigate their collective impact. The Shore D hardness and Charpy test were employed to quantify the surface hardness and impact strength, respectively. The samples were subjected to X-ray diffraction analysis and field emission-scanning electron microscopy to characterise nanoparticles and ascertain the structure of acrylic samples. All nanoparticle-modified samples showed a substantial improvement in surface hardness compared to the control group. The maximum hardness value was seen in the samples containing 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2 and 0.3% Ag–0.5% ZrO2. The samples treated with 0.3% Ag and 0.3% TiO2 showed the maximum impact strength. The incorporation of Ag and ZrO2 hinders the ability to withstand impact strength. The samples treated with 0.3% Ag, 0.15% TiO2, and 0.15% ZrO2 exhibited an augmentation in impact strength. Modified samples in all groups showed a colour change, which required colour modifiers.

Keywords: denture base; impact strength; nanoparticles; PMMA; surface hardness

1 Introduction

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is extensively used to construct removable complete and partial dentures, making it one of the most commonly employed materials in this field [1]. This could be due to several reasons, such as its ease of manipulation, low cost, biocompatibility, oral environment stability, and aesthetic characteristics [2]. Despite all of the above, PMMA often encounters denture failures while being used due to its unfavourable properties, including its inherent susceptibility to fracture when dropped or exposed to significant occlusal stresses; this could generate several problems, especially for those who wear full dentures [3,4]. Recently, nanotechnology has benefited dentistry due to the growing demand for improved materials used in denture bases [5,6]. Nanoparticles such as silver, alumina, titanium oxide, and zirconia are used to improve the mechanical properties of denture resins [7]. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles, such as ultra-small sizes, increased chemical reactivity, and high surface-area-to-mass ratios, are harnessed in diverse fields, including drug delivery, sensing, and antimicrobial applications [8,9]. By incorporating nanoparticles into base materials, advanced and specially designed materials can be created with unique mechanical and physical characteristics that are impossible with just the base material [10]. The addition of silver nanoparticles to resin composites greatly enhances their ability to effectively inhibit the growth of oral streptococci, providing strong antibacterial properties. The enhancements render AgNP-infused resin composites exceedingly auspicious for dental restorations and other clinical applications, providing robustness and enduring safeguards against bacterial infections [11,12]. Furthermore, scientists have an increasing interest in nano-compounds that include nano-titanium dioxide. This substance is inexpensive, biocompatible, chemically stable, non-toxic, highly refractive, and resistant to corrosion. Additionally, it has demonstrated antibacterial capabilities [13]. Recently, there has been significant interest in incorporating ZrO2 nanoparticles into PMMA to improve its strength and enhance its characteristics. The study indicates that nano-ZrO2 nanoparticles have favourable characteristics that can enhance the mechanical properties of PMMA, such as elevated surface hardness, fracture toughness, and flexural strength [14,15].

This study aims to investigate the surface hardness and impact strength of self-cured acrylic resins that contained a constant percentage of 0.3 wt% Ag, and three different percentages, 0.1–0.3 wt%, and 0.5 wt%, of TiO2 and ZrO2 nanoparticles and compared with the control group.

2 Materials and methods

Self-curing PMMA powder (static S.A, Antioquia-Colombia) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) liquid monomer (static S.A, Antioquia-Colombia) were used as denture base material in this study. Silver nanoparticles 50 nm (Sky Spring Nanomaterials, USA), titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles 10 nm (Sky Spring Nanomaterials, USA) were used as inorganic fillers to prepare the nanocomposite. A total of 60 specimens were prepared for this work, using silicone moulds in dimensions 55 mm × 10 mm × 3 mm for assessing the surface hardness and impact strength. The self-curing denture base resin polymer was mixed with the monomer at a ratio of 2:1, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, to create the control (group A).

The silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a percentage of 0.3% Ag and 0.1–0.3, and 0.5 wt% TiO2 were added to prepare specimens (group B). They were added to the monomer MMA contained in a test tube. To achieve homogeneous MMA/Ag/TiO2 mixtures with equal distribution of particles, this mixture was magnetically stirred for 30 min, followed by ultrasound in a cold-water bath for 50 min. PMMA powder was added to the mixture and immediately packaged into the mould. The samples were set aside in the mould until the temperature dropped and the reaction was complete. After that, it is removed from the moulds, left at room temperature for 24 h, and immersed in distilled water for 48 h before each test.

In the same proportion as titanium oxide, zirconium oxide was added with silver to the PMMA powder to prepare specimens (group C). It was stirred manually before subjecting the mixture to ultrasound. Then, the monomer was added as a final step before being poured into the moulds [16]. Group D combines the three nanomaterials to study how they collectively affect the PMMA’s characteristics. Ag was added at a fixed ratio of 0.3% with each mixture. The proportion was 0.05% TiO2 + 0.05% ZrO2, 0.15% TiO2 + 0.15% ZrO2, and 0.25% TiO2 + 0.25% ZrO2 (Table 1 and Figure 1).

Table 1

Symbols of each type of material in groups being examined

No. Groups of specimens Code of specimens Percentage of nanoparticle (wt)
1 Group B B1 0.3% Ag–0.1% TiO2
B2 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2
B3 0.3% Ag–0.5% TiO2
2 Group C C1 0.3% Ag–0.1% ZrO2
C2 0.3% Ag–0.3% ZrO2
C3 0.3% Ag–0.5% ZrO2
3 Group D D1 0.3% Ag–0.05% TiO2–0.05% ZrO2
D2 0.3% Ag–0.15% TiO2–0.15% ZrO2
D3 0.3% Ag–0.25% TiO2–0.25% ZrO2
Figure 1 Nanoparticle-enforced specimens: (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.
Figure 1

Nanoparticle-enforced specimens: (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.

To characterise the nanoparticles, they were examined using X-ray diffraction (Malvern Panalytical, The Netherlands). The morphology was investigated using a field scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM INSPECT 50FEI, The Netherlands).

2.1 Surface hardness (shore D) test

Hardness (shore D) was performed using a handheld shore ASTM D2240-05(2010) device. To assess the depth of indentation, the values were modified according to the content of the specimen materials. With the digital screen of the device, the final value of the hardness was detected. Three different points were tested, and the average value was finally considered for each specimen.

2.2 Impact strength test

The Charpy impact test was conducted to determine the fracture toughness of PMMA rein before and after the reinforced process. A Charpy-type impact test apparatus was used (Impact Tester N. 43-1, TMI, USA). The principle of the Charpy impact test is to determine the amount of energy absorbed by a material sample during the fracture, where a pendulum of energy (2 J) is calculated from the following equation:

(1) Impact S t rength ( k J / m 2 ) = Energy of fracture ( k J ) Cross − s ectional area ( m 2 )

3 Results

3.1 X-ray diffraction

The crystal structure of the prepared samples was determined using X-ray diffraction, as shown in Figure 2(a)–(c). The XRD patterns of the silver nanoparticles, shown in Figure 2(a), exhibit three peaks at 2θ = 38.2°, 44.1°, and 64.3°, which correspond, respectively, to the (111), (200), and (220) planes face-centred cubic (FCC) metallic silver, and all peaks are compatible with JCDPS 04-0783. In Figure 2(b), the XRD patterns of TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited diffraction peaks at 25°, 37.9°, 47.6°, and 54.4°, which correspond to the (101), (004), (200), and (105) planes in the anatase phase and the diffraction data were consistent with JCPDS 21-1272 [17]. The XRD results confirmed the monoclinic structure of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. In Figure 2(c), the XRD patterns of ZrO2 nanoparticles exhibited diffraction peaks at 2θ = 24.1°, 28.2°, 31.4°, and 40.7° corresponding to the (110), (−111), (111), and (−121) and the peaks were compatible with JCPDS 37-1484. It also showed a peak at 50.8, which corresponds to (200) and belongs to the tetragonal phase of ZrO2 [JCPDS 17-0923] [18].

Figure 2 XRD patterns of the nanoparticles: (a) silver nanoparticles, (b) titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.
Figure 2

XRD patterns of the nanoparticles: (a) silver nanoparticles, (b) titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.

3.2 Field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM)

The morphology of the prepared sample was characterised by FE-SEM, as depicted in Figure 3(a)–(c). The morphology exhibited a compact and uniform structure, as shown in Figure 3(a) for a sample modified with silver and titanium oxide and Figure 3(c) for a sample modified with silver, titanium oxide, and zirconium dioxide. These figures demonstrate the formation of nanostructures characterised by compact arrangements and uniform dispersion of nanoparticles. Conversely, Figure 3(b) shows samples modified with silver and zirconium dioxide, demonstrating less nanoparticle distribution.

Figure 3 FE-SEM images showing nanoparticle distribution in a polymer matrix: (a) 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2, (b) 0.3% Ag–0.3% ZrO2, and (c) 0.3% Ag–0.15% TiO2–0.15% ZrO2.
Figure 3

FE-SEM images showing nanoparticle distribution in a polymer matrix: (a) 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2, (b) 0.3% Ag–0.3% ZrO2, and (c) 0.3% Ag–0.15% TiO2–0.15% ZrO2.

3.3 Surface hardness

The samples from the control (group A) exhibited a surface hardness of 81.2. We significantly improved surface hardness by incorporating silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles into group B. The highest recorded value was 85.3, with a 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2 composition. The results demonstrated that the surface hardness of the modified samples in group C increased gradually with the addition of silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles. Specifically, the surface hardness value increased as the percentage of zirconium dioxide nanoparticle increased. The highest hardness value recorded was 85.5 at 0.3% silver and 0.5% zirconium dioxide. The modified samples showed that the addition of a combination of nanoparticles in group D resulted in the most excellent hardness value of 83.2 when 0.3% Ag, 0.15% TiO2, and 0.15% ZrO2 were used (Figure 4).

Figure 4 Surface hardness rate with the percentage of addition of (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.
Figure 4

Surface hardness rate with the percentage of addition of (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.

3.4 Impact strength

The control (group A) attained an impact strength value of 6.81 kJ/m2. Group B exhibited a positive development with a 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2 composition (group B). Its impact strength value reached 7.54 kJ/m2. We observed a progressive increase in the impact strength value in group C as the addition percentage increased. However, the impact strength value in this group was lower than that of the control group. In group D, a similar pattern of behaviour was seen as in group B. Specifically, the impact strength value increased to 7.14 kJ/m2 with an addition of 0.3% Ag–0.15% TiO2–0.15% ZrO2. However, the impact strength value decreased as the percentage increased (Figure 5).

Figure 5 Impact strength with the percentage of addition of (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.
Figure 5

Impact strength with the percentage of addition of (a) silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (b) silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles, and (c) silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles.

4 Discussion

In the present study, three nanoparticles (Ag, TiO2, and ZrO2) were selected due to their excellent mechanical properties [19,20]. As shown in Figure 2(a)–(c), X-ray diffraction confirmed the absence of impurities and the nanoparticle purity [18]. The morphology of the sample surfaces described by FE-SEM was uniform and regular, with a good distribution of nanoparticles, as shown in Figure 3(a)–(c).

The surface hardness rate is determined by the percentage of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles added (Figure 4(a)). The addition of silver nanoparticles to the polymer matrix increases the surface hardening value. This is because the large surface area of the nanoparticles allows for a strong adhesive bond with the polymer, enabling it to resist external forces effectively [21]. The addition of TiO2 positively affected the surface hardness of the PMMA denture base, which increased as the percentage of titanium dioxide nanoparticles added to the modified samples increased compared to the control group. The increase in polymer hardness can be explained by the structural bonds between the polymer matrix and the added nanoparticles that bear the force applied; more energy is needed to break these bonds [22,23].

As the percentage of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles increases, surface hardness increases gradually; an increase in surface hardness can be attributed to ionic solid interatomic bonding, as well as the dimensions and arrangement of the filler material within the polymer [15,24], as shown in Figure 4(b).

The study involved the integration of TiO2, ZrO2, and Ag nanoparticles into PMMA to examine their influence on the material’s surface hardness. An increase in the proportion of nanoparticles resulted in a noticeable enhancement in surface hardness. The maximum value was achieved with a composition of 0.3% Ag, 0.15% TiO2, and 0.15% ZrO2, which measured 83.2. This behaviour can be attributed to the effective dispersion of nanoparticles throughout the polymer matrix [25,26]. Another factor is that inorganic compounds have superior resistance to penetration [27].

The polymer becomes saturated when filled with a greater quantity of filler. The polymer reached its maximum capacity to absorb filler, leading to a decline in its mechanical qualities [28]. This behaviour clarifies the decrease in surface hardness as the proportion of additives increased, as depicted in Figure 4(c).

The study shows that incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles into the denture base material improves its impact strength, as shown in Figure 5(a). The enhanced impact strength can be ascribed to the strong adhesion between titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the polymer matrix [29]. Moreover, the increase in the impact strength can be related to the transfer of stress to nanoparticles incorporated into the polymer matrix. This leads to a decrease in the impact of the applied stress [30].

A study was carried out to investigate the impact of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the strength of denture base materials. The addition of ZrO2 nanoparticles negatively affected the impact strength of denture resin, as shown in Figure 5(b). Although the percentage addition increased, the impact strength value remained lower than that of the control group. Including ZrO2 nanoparticles adversely affects the facade area due to insufficient adhesion between the filler particles and the polymer matrix. The reason for reduced energy dissipation results in a decline in the impact strength [7,21].

The results demonstrated an increase in the impact strength when TiO2, ZrO2, and Ag nanoparticles were integrated into PMMA compared to the control group, as shown in Figure 5(c). The increase in the impact strength values was attributed to the strong correlation between the polymer matrix and the nanofiller particles [31]. Another contributing aspect to the increase is the minimal size of the particles. This leads to the filling of the spaces between the polymer chains and generates a significant surface area that helps in the dispersal of energy [32,33,34].

5 Conclusion

  1. SEM images revealed a uniform dispersion of nanoparticles throughout the polymer matrix.

  2. All assemblages showed a notable increase in their surface hardness. The specimens containing 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2 and 0.3% Ag–0.5% ZrO2 presented the highest hardness level.

  3. The addition of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles at a concentration of 0.3% Ag–0.3% TiO2 improved the impact strength of PMMA.

  4. The addition of silver and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles harmed the impact strength.

  5. The addition of silver, titanium dioxide, and zirconium dioxide nanoparticles at a ratio of 0.3% Ag–0.15% TiO2–0.15% ZrO2 improved the impact strength.

  6. All samples in each group exhibited a colour change, requiring colour modifiers.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Technological University – Department of Applied Sciences – Medical and Industrial Materials Branch – Postgraduate Laboratories for supporting this work.

  1. Funding information: Authors state no funding involved.

  2. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. EAE is responsible for conducting the literature review, performing experiments, and analysing and interpreting data. MAA proposed the project and supervised the analysis of the work results. HTH performed manuscript revision and conducted a thorough review of the referenced papers.

  3. Conflict of interest: Authors state no conflict of interest.

  4. Data availability statement: The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

[1] Alhotan A, Abdelraouf RM, El-Korashy SA, Labban N, Alotaibi H, Matinlinna JP, et al. Effect of adding silver-doped carbon nanotube fillers to heat-cured acrylic denture base on impact strength, microhardness, and antimicrobial activity: a preliminary study. Polymers (Basel). 2023;15(13):1–2.10.3390/polym15132976Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[2] Le Bars P, Kouadio AA, Amouriq Y, Bodic F, Blery P. Different polymers for the base of removable dentures? Part II: A narrative review of the dynamics of microbial plaque formation on dentures. Polymers. 2024;16:40. 10.3390/polym16010040.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[3] Alraziqi ZNR. PMMA/PEEK binary blend assessment for denture fabrication. AIP Conf Proc. 2024;2922:030002. 10.1063/5.0185366.Search in Google Scholar

[4] Alraziqi ZN. Water temperature effect on hardness and flexural strength of (PMMA/TiO2 NPs) for dental applications. Baghdad Sci J. 2022;19:922–31.10.21123/bsj.2022.19.4.0922Search in Google Scholar

[5] Asim FA, Al-Mosaweb EH, Hussain WA. Studying the physical and biological characteristics of denture base resin PMMA reinforced with ZrO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles. Karbala Int J Mod Sci. 2022;8(3):1.10.33640/2405-609X.3251Search in Google Scholar

[6] Gad MM, Abualsaud R, Al-thobity AM, Frcd C, Baba NZ, Al-harbi FA. Influence of addition of different nanoparticles on the surface properties of poly (methylmethacrylate) denture base material. J Prosthodont. 2020;29:422–8.10.1111/jopr.13168Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[7] Gad MM, Al-Thobity AM, Rahoma A, Abualsaud R, Al-Harbi FA, Akhtar S. Reinforcement of PMMA denture base material with a mixture of ZrO2 nanoparticles and glass fibres. Int J Dent. 2019;2019:1–2.10.1155/2019/2489393Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[8] Modi S, Prajapati R, Inwati GK, Deepa N, Tirth V, Yadav VK, et al. Recent trends in fascinating applications of nanotechnology in allied health sciences. Crystals. 2022;12:39. 10.3390/cryst12010039.Search in Google Scholar

[9] Fatalla AA, Tukmachi MS, Jani GH. Assessment of some mechanical properties of PMMA/silica/zirconia nanocomposite as a denture base material. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;987(1):6–7.10.1088/1757-899X/987/1/012031Search in Google Scholar

[10] Haider AJ, Al-Shibaany Z, Hawy R, Hamed N. Impact of PS/PMMA polymer ratios with nanocomposite material on optical and morphological properties. Ziggurat J Mater Technol (ZJMT). 2020;1(1):23–32.10.36533/zjmt.v1i1.39Search in Google Scholar

[11] Gligorijevi N. Antimicrobial properties of silver-modified denture base resins. Nanomaterials. 2022;12:2453. 10.3390/nano12142453.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[12] Satie A, Roberto D, Fernando L, Adaobi E, Rodriques E, Camargo D, et al. Biocompatible silver nanoparticles incorporated in acrylic resin for dental application inhibit Candida albicans biofilm. Mater Sci Eng C. 2021;118:111341. 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111341.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[13] Mutiara S, Nasution H, Chairunnisa R, Harahap K, Harahap SA, Yudhit A, et al. The effect of titanium oxide (Tio2) nanoparticles addition on polymethyl methacrylate denture base impact strength, tensile strength, and hardness. J Int Dent Med Res. 2021;14(4):1442–6.Search in Google Scholar

[14] Viswambharan P, Adhershitha AR. Effect of titanium oxide and zirconium oxide nanoparticle incorporation on the flexural strength of heat – activated polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins – An in vitro experimental study. Int J Prev Clin Dent Res. 2020;7:91–5.10.4103/ijpcdr.ijpcdr_49_20Search in Google Scholar

[15] Neamah ZJ, Mahdi SH. Effect of zirconia addition on thermal and mechanical properties of poly-methyl methacrylate composites. Dig J Nanomater Biostruct. 2023;18(3):927–32.10.15251/DJNB.2023.183.927Search in Google Scholar

[16] Mangal U, Kim JY, Seo JY, Kwon JS, Choi SH. Novel poly(methyl methacrylate) containing and fungal resistance. Materials (Basel). 2019;12:3438.10.3390/ma12203438Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[17] Bhardwaj D, Singh R. Green biomimetic synthesis of Ag–TiO2 nanocomposite using Origanum majorana leaf extract under sonication and their biological activities. Bioresour Bioprocess. 2021;8(1):1–12. 10.1186/s40643-020-00357-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[18] Mangla O, Roy S. Monoclinic zirconium oxide nanostructures having tunable band gap synthesized under extremely non-equilibrium plasma conditions. Proceedings. 2019;3(1):10. 10.3390/IOCN_2018-1-05486.Search in Google Scholar

[19] Nanoparticles A, Baigonakova G, Larikov V, Monogenov A, Yasenchuk Y. Structure and mechanical properties of porous TiNi Alloys with Ag nanoparticles. Coatings. 2023;13:24. 10.3390/ coatings13010024.Search in Google Scholar

[20] Azmy E, Al-Kholy MRZ, Al-Thobity AM, Gad MM, Helal MA. Comparative effect of incorporation of ZrO2, TiO2, and SiO2 nanoparticles on the strength and surface properties of PMMA denture base material: An in vitro study. Int J Biomater. 2022;2022:5856545.10.1155/2022/5856545Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[21] Alla RK, Guduri V, Tiruveedula NB, KN RS, Vyas R. Effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on microhardness of Heat-cure denture base resins Effect of silver nanoparticles incorporation on microhardness of Heat – cure denture base resins. Int J Dent Mater. 2020;2(4):103–10. 10.37983/IJDM.2020.2401.Search in Google Scholar

[22] Paul L, Ravichandran R, Kumar H, Nair VV, Janardanan K. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles incorporation on tensile and impact strength in two different acrylic denture base resins – in vitro study. Int Dent J Stud Res. 2020;8(2):65–74.10.18231/j.idjsr.2020.014Search in Google Scholar

[23] Kaurani P, Hindocha AD, Jayasinghe RM, Pai UY, Batra K, Price C. Effect of addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the antimicrobial properties, surface roughness and surface hardness of polymethyl methacrylate: A systematic review. F1000Research. 2023;2(2):1–17.10.12688/f1000research.130028.1Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[24] Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J. Flexural strength and hardness of filler-reinforced PMMA targeted for denture base application. Materials. 2021;14(10):2659.10.3390/ma14102659Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[25] Nejatian T, Nathwani N, Taylor L, Sefat F. Denture base composites: Effect of surface modified nano- and micro-particulates on mechanical. Materials. 2020;13(2):307.10.3390/ma13020307Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[26] International BR. Retracted: Influence of the physical inclusion of ZrO2/TiO2 nanoparticles on physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of PMMA-based interim restorative material. BioMed Res Int. 2024;2022:9876827.10.1155/2024/9876827Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[27] Elabd GM, Eldars W, Shamaa MS, Tawfik MA. Evaluation of the antibacterial effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles combined with acrylic laminates for functional orthodontic appliances: a randomised controlled clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:20. 10.1186/s12903-023-03805-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[28] Yang A, Zhao D, Wu Y, Xu C. Effect of polyimide addition on mechanical properties of PMMA-based denture material. Dent Mater J. 2017;36(5):560–5.10.4012/dmj.2016-261Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[29] Cascione M, De Matteis V, Pellegrino P, Albanese G, De Giorgi ML, Paladini F, et al. Improvement of pmma dental matrix performance by addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and clay nanotubes. Nanomaterials. 2021;11(8):13.10.3390/nano11082027Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[30] Alhotan A, Yates J, Zidan S, Haider J, Silikas N. Assessing fracture toughness and impact strength of PMMA reinforced with nano-particles and fibre as advanced denture base materials. Materials (Basel). 2021;14(15):4127.10.3390/ma14154127Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[31] Alrahlah A, Khan R, Vohra F, Alqahtani IM, Alruhaymi AA, Haider S, et al. Influence of the physical inclusion of ZrO2/TiO2 nanoparticles on physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of PMMA-based interim restorative material. BioMed Res Int. 2022;2022(1):1743019.10.1155/2022/1743019Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[32] Pai E, Nayak A, Hallikerimath RB, Ruttonji Z, Astagi P, Pokale S. Comparison of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles for flexural strength once incorporated in heat – cure acrylic denture base resin: An in vitro Study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc. 2023;23(2):127–334.10.4103/jips.jips_354_22Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[33] Wojnarowska W, Kwolek M, Miechowicz S. Selection of a workpiece clamping system for computer-aided subtractive manufacturing of geometrically complex medical models. Open Eng. 2021;11(1):239–48. 10.1515/eng-2021-0026.Search in Google Scholar

[34] Dachowski R, Gałek K. Selection of the optimal solution of acoustic screens in a graphical interpretation of biplot and radar charts method. Open Eng. 2018;8(1):471–7. 10.1515/eng-2018-0061.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-05-12
Revised: 2024-06-22
Accepted: 2024-07-05
Published Online: 2024-10-21

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2024-0064
Keywords for this article
denture base; impact strength; nanoparticles; PMMA; surface hardness
Creative Commons
BY 4.0

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Regular Articles
  2. Methodology of automated quality management
  3. Influence of vibratory conveyor design parameters on the trough motion and the self-synchronization of inertial vibrators
  4. Application of finite element method in industrial design, example of an electric motorcycle design project
  5. Correlative evaluation of the corrosion resilience and passivation properties of zinc and aluminum alloys in neutral chloride and acid-chloride solutions
  6. Will COVID “encourage” B2B and data exchange engineering in logistic firms?
  7. Influence of unsupported sleepers on flange climb derailment of two freight wagons
  8. A hybrid detection algorithm for 5G OTFS waveform for 64 and 256 QAM with Rayleigh and Rician channels
  9. Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy
  10. Exploring the potential of ammonia and hydrogen as alternative fuels for transportation
  11. Impact of insulation on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in high-rise commercial buildings at various climate zones
  12. Advanced autopilot design with extremum-seeking control for aircraft control
  13. Adaptive multidimensional trust-based recommendation model for peer to peer applications
  14. Effects of CFRP sheets on the flexural behavior of high-strength concrete beam
  15. Enhancing urban sustainability through industrial synergy: A multidisciplinary framework for integrating sustainable industrial practices within urban settings – The case of Hamadan industrial city
  16. Advanced vibrant controller results of an energetic framework structure
  17. Application of the Taguchi method and RSM for process parameter optimization in AWSJ machining of CFRP composite-based orthopedic implants
  18. Improved correlation of soil modulus with SPT N values
  19. Technologies for high-temperature batch annealing of grain-oriented electrical steel: An overview
  20. Assessing the need for the adoption of digitalization in Indian small and medium enterprises
  21. A non-ideal hybridization issue for vertical TFET-based dielectric-modulated biosensor
  22. Optimizing data retrieval for enhanced data integrity verification in cloud environments
  23. Performance analysis of nonlinear crosstalk of WDM systems using modulation schemes criteria
  24. Nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC beams with various opening near supports
  25. Thermal analysis of Fe3O4–Cu/water over a cone: a fractional Maxwell model
  26. Radial–axial runner blade design using the coordinate slice technique
  27. Theoretical and experimental comparison between straight and curved continuous box girders
  28. Effect of the reinforcement ratio on the mechanical behaviour of textile-reinforced concrete composite: Experiment and numerical modeling
  29. Experimental and numerical investigation on composite beam–column joint connection behavior using different types of connection schemes
  30. Enhanced performance and robustness in anti-lock brake systems using barrier function-based integral sliding mode control
  31. Evaluation of the creep strength of samples produced by fused deposition modeling
  32. A combined feedforward-feedback controller design for nonlinear systems
  33. Effect of adjacent structures on footing settlement for different multi-building arrangements
  34. Analyzing the impact of curved tracks on wheel flange thickness reduction in railway systems
  35. Review Articles
  36. Mechanical and smart properties of cement nanocomposites containing nanomaterials: A brief review
  37. Applications of nanotechnology and nanoproduction techniques
  38. Relationship between indoor environmental quality and guests’ comfort and satisfaction at green hotels: A comprehensive review
  39. Communication
  40. Techniques to mitigate the admission of radon inside buildings
  41. Erratum
  42. Erratum to “Effect of short heat treatment on mechanical properties and shape memory properties of Cu–Al–Ni shape memory alloy”
  43. Special Issue: AESMT-3 - Part II
  44. Integrated fuzzy logic and multicriteria decision model methods for selecting suitable sites for wastewater treatment plant: A case study in the center of Basrah, Iraq
  45. Physical and mechanical response of porous metals composites with nano-natural additives
  46. Special Issue: AESMT-4 - Part II
  47. New recycling method of lubricant oil and the effect on the viscosity and viscous shear as an environmentally friendly
  48. Identify the effect of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on mechanical and microstructural characteristics of aluminum matrix composite produced by powder metallurgy technique
  49. Static behavior of piled raft foundation in clay
  50. Ultra-low-power CMOS ring oscillator with minimum power consumption of 2.9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique
  51. Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – Iraq
  52. Optimizing the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers
  53. Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II
  54. Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM
  55. The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3)
  56. Restrained captive domination number
  57. Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers
  58. Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber
  59. Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings
  60. Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks
  61. A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models
  62. Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review
  63. Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics
  64. Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent
  65. Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets
  66. A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys
  67. Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown
  68. Developing ANFIS-FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects
  69. Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation
  70. Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement
  71. Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Diyala River Basin using HEC-RAS, PMP, and neural network
  72. Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width
  73. The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm
  74. Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil
  75. Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement
  76. Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt
  77. Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study
  78. Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies
  79. Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates
  80. Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded BFRP composites
  81. Generalized RKM methods for solving fifth-order quasi-linear fractional partial differential equation
  82. An experimental and numerical study investigating sediment transport position in the bed of sewer pipes in Karbala
  83. Role of individual component failure in the performance of a 1-out-of-3 cold standby system: A Markov model approach
  84. Implementation for the cases (5, 4) and (5, 4)/(2, 0)
  85. Center group actions and related concepts
  86. Experimental investigation of the effect of horizontal construction joints on the behavior of deep beams
  87. Deletion of a vertex in even sum domination
  88. Deep learning techniques in concrete powder mix designing
  89. Effect of loading type in concrete deep beam with strut reinforcement
  90. Studying the effect of using CFRP warping on strength of husk rice concrete columns
  91. Parametric analysis of the influence of climatic factors on the formation of traditional buildings in the city of Al Najaf
  92. Suitability location for landfill using a fuzzy-GIS model: A case study in Hillah, Iraq
  93. Hybrid approach for cost estimation of sustainable building projects using artificial neural networks
  94. Assessment of indirect tensile stress and tensile–strength ratio and creep compliance in HMA mixes with micro-silica and PMB
  95. Density functional theory to study stopping power of proton in water, lung, bladder, and intestine
  96. A review of single flow, flow boiling, and coating microchannel studies
  97. Effect of GFRP bar length on the flexural behavior of hybrid concrete beams strengthened with NSM bars
  98. Exploring the impact of parameters on flow boiling heat transfer in microchannels and coated microtubes: A comprehensive review
  99. Crumb rubber modification for enhanced rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures
  100. Special Issue: AESMT-6
  101. Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs
  102. Forecasting empirical formula for suspended sediment load prediction at upstream of Al-Kufa barrage, Kufa City, Iraq
  103. Optimization and characterization of sustainable geopolymer mortars based on palygorskite clay, water glass, and sodium hydroxide
  104. Sediment transport modelling upstream of Al Kufa Barrage
  105. Study of energy loss, range, and stopping time for proton in germanium and copper materials
  106. Effect of internal and external recycle ratios on the nutrient removal efficiency of anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (VIP) wastewater treatment plant
  107. Enhancing structural behaviour of polypropylene fibre concrete columns longitudinally reinforced with fibreglass bars
  108. Sustainable road paving: Enhancing concrete paver blocks with zeolite-enhanced cement
  109. Evaluation of the operational performance of Karbala waste water treatment plant under variable flow using GPS-X model
  110. Design and simulation of photonic crystal fiber for highly sensitive chemical sensing applications
  111. Optimization and design of a new column sequencing for crude oil distillation at Basrah refinery
  112. Inductive 3D numerical modelling of the tibia bone using MRI to examine von Mises stress and overall deformation
  113. An image encryption method based on modified elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol and Hill Cipher
  114. Experimental investigation of generating superheated steam using a parabolic dish with a cylindrical cavity receiver: A case study
  115. Effect of surface roughness on the interface behavior of clayey soils
  116. Investigated of the optical properties for SiO2 by using Lorentz model
  117. Measurements of induced vibrations due to steel pipe pile driving in Al-Fao soil: Effect of partial end closure
  118. Experimental and numerical studies of ballistic resistance of hybrid sandwich composite body armor
  119. Evaluation of clay layer presence on shallow foundation settlement in dry sand under an earthquake
  120. Optimal design of mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures comprising nano-clay additives
  121. Advancing seismic performance: Isolators, TMDs, and multi-level strategies in reinforced concrete buildings
  122. Predicted evaporation in Basrah using artificial neural networks
  123. Energy management system for a small town to enhance quality of life
  124. Numerical study on entropy minimization in pipes with helical airfoil and CuO nanoparticle integration
  125. Equations and methodologies of inlet drainage system discharge coefficients: A review
  126. Thermal buckling analysis for hybrid and composite laminated plate by using new displacement function
  127. Investigation into the mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight mortar using commercial beads or recycled expanded polystyrene
  128. Experimental and theoretical analysis of single-jet column and concrete column using double-jet grouting technique applied at Al-Rashdia site
  129. The impact of incorporating waste materials on the mechanical and physical characteristics of tile adhesive materials
  130. Seismic resilience: Innovations in structural engineering for earthquake-prone areas
  131. Automatic human identification using fingerprint images based on Gabor filter and SIFT features fusion
  132. Performance of GRKM-method for solving classes of ordinary and partial differential equations of sixth-orders
  133. Visible light-boosted photodegradation activity of Ag–AgVO3/Zn0.5Mn0.5Fe2O4 supported heterojunctions for effective degradation of organic contaminates
  134. Production of sustainable concrete with treated cement kiln dust and iron slag waste aggregate
  135. Key effects on the structural behavior of fiber-reinforced lightweight concrete-ribbed slabs: A review
  136. A comparative analysis of the energy dissipation efficiency of various piano key weir types
  137. Special Issue: Transport 2022 - Part II
  138. Variability in road surface temperature in urban road network – A case study making use of mobile measurements
  139. Special Issue: BCEE5-2023
  140. Evaluation of reclaimed asphalt mixtures rejuvenated with waste engine oil to resist rutting deformation
  141. Assessment of potential resistance to moisture damage and fatigue cracks of asphalt mixture modified with ground granulated blast furnace slag
  142. Investigating seismic response in adjacent structures: A study on the impact of buildings’ orientation and distance considering soil–structure interaction
  143. Improvement of porosity of mortar using polyethylene glycol pre-polymer-impregnated mortar
  144. Three-dimensional analysis of steel beam-column bolted connections
  145. Assessment of agricultural drought in Iraq employing Landsat and MODIS imagery
  146. Performance evaluation of grouted porous asphalt concrete
  147. Optimization of local modified metakaolin-based geopolymer concrete by Taguchi method
  148. Effect of waste tire products on some characteristics of roller-compacted concrete
  149. Studying the lateral displacement of retaining wall supporting sandy soil under dynamic loads
  150. Seismic performance evaluation of concrete buttress dram (Dynamic linear analysis)
  151. Behavior of soil reinforced with micropiles
  152. Possibility of production high strength lightweight concrete containing organic waste aggregate and recycled steel fibers
  153. An investigation of self-sensing and mechanical properties of smart engineered cementitious composites reinforced with functional materials
  154. Forecasting changes in precipitation and temperatures of a regional watershed in Northern Iraq using LARS-WG model
  155. Experimental investigation of dynamic soil properties for modeling energy-absorbing layers
  156. Numerical investigation of the effect of longitudinal steel reinforcement ratio on the ductility of concrete beams
  157. An experimental study on the tensile properties of reinforced asphalt pavement
  158. Self-sensing behavior of hot asphalt mixture with steel fiber-based additive
  159. Behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete deep beams reinforced by basalt fibers
  160. Optimizing asphalt binder performance with various PET types
  161. Investigation of the hydraulic characteristics and homogeneity of the microstructure of the air voids in the sustainable rigid pavement
  162. Enhanced biogas production from municipal solid waste via digestion with cow manure: A case study
  163. Special Issue: AESMT-7 - Part I
  164. Preparation and investigation of cobalt nanoparticles by laser ablation: Structure, linear, and nonlinear optical properties
  165. Seismic analysis of RC building with plan irregularity in Baghdad/Iraq to obtain the optimal behavior
  166. The effect of urban environment on large-scale path loss model’s main parameters for mmWave 5G mobile network in Iraq
  167. Formatting a questionnaire for the quality control of river bank roads
  168. Vibration suppression of smart composite beam using model predictive controller
  169. Machine learning-based compressive strength estimation in nanomaterial-modified lightweight concrete
  170. In-depth analysis of critical factors affecting Iraqi construction projects performance
  171. Behavior of container berth structure under the influence of environmental and operational loads
  172. Energy absorption and impact response of ballistic resistance laminate
  173. Effect of water-absorbent polymer balls in internal curing on punching shear behavior of bubble slabs
  174. Effect of surface roughness on interface shear strength parameters of sandy soils
  175. Evaluating the interaction for embedded H-steel section in normal concrete under monotonic and repeated loads
  176. Estimation of the settlement of pile head using ANN and multivariate linear regression based on the results of load transfer method
  177. Enhancing communication: Deep learning for Arabic sign language translation
  178. A review of recent studies of both heat pipe and evaporative cooling in passive heat recovery
  179. Effect of nano-silica on the mechanical properties of LWC
  180. An experimental study of some mechanical properties and absorption for polymer-modified cement mortar modified with superplasticizer
  181. Digital beamforming enhancement with LSTM-based deep learning for millimeter wave transmission
  182. Developing an efficient planning process for heritage buildings maintenance in Iraq
  183. Design and optimization of two-stage controller for three-phase multi-converter/multi-machine electric vehicle
  184. Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of Al1050/Al2O3/Gr composite processed by forming operation ECAP
  185. Calculations of mass stopping power and range of protons in organic compounds (CH3OH, CH2O, and CO2) at energy range of 0.01–1,000 MeV
  186. Investigation of in vitro behavior of composite coating hydroxyapatite-nano silver on 316L stainless steel substrate by electrophoretic technic for biomedical tools
  187. A review: Enhancing tribological properties of journal bearings composite materials
  188. Improvements in the randomness and security of digital currency using the photon sponge hash function through Maiorana–McFarland S-box replacement
  189. Design a new scheme for image security using a deep learning technique of hierarchical parameters
  190. Special Issue: ICES 2023
  191. Comparative geotechnical analysis for ultimate bearing capacity of precast concrete piles using cone resistance measurements
  192. Visualizing sustainable rainwater harvesting: A case study of Karbala Province
  193. Geogrid reinforcement for improving bearing capacity and stability of square foundations
  194. Evaluation of the effluent concentrations of Karbala wastewater treatment plant using reliability analysis
  195. Adsorbent made with inexpensive, local resources
  196. Effect of drain pipes on seepage and slope stability through a zoned earth dam
  197. Sediment accumulation in an 8 inch sewer pipe for a sample of various particles obtained from the streets of Karbala city, Iraq
  198. Special Issue: IETAS 2024 - Part I
  199. Analyzing the impact of transfer learning on explanation accuracy in deep learning-based ECG recognition systems
  200. Effect of scale factor on the dynamic response of frame foundations
  201. Improving multi-object detection and tracking with deep learning, DeepSORT, and frame cancellation techniques
  202. The impact of using prestressed CFRP bars on the development of flexural strength
  203. Assessment of surface hardness and impact strength of denture base resins reinforced with silver–titanium dioxide and silver–zirconium dioxide nanoparticles: In vitro study
  204. A data augmentation approach to enhance breast cancer detection using generative adversarial and artificial neural networks
  205. Modification of the 5D Lorenz chaotic map with fuzzy numbers for video encryption in cloud computing
  206. Special Issue: 51st KKBN - Part I
  207. Evaluation of static bending caused damage of glass-fiber composite structure using terahertz inspection
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 18.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2024-0064/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button